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• 201. [Article] Effect of late foliar applications of urea on protein, hardness, and yield of winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)

  The response of cultivars of winter wheat to foliar applications of urea was examined for grain protein content, yield, and kernel hardness. The objectives of this study were to measure the effect of urea ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of late foliar applications of urea on protein, hardness, and yield of winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Altman, David W. The response of cultivars of winter wheat to foliar applications of urea was examined for grain protein content, yield, and kernel hardness. The objectives of this study were to measure the effect of urea on these three traits in diverse environments and to explain how potential responses could occur by (1) determining potential uptake of N15 labelled urea from foliar application under greenhouse conditions using different cultivars, light duration, and soil fertility levels; (2) analyzing immature spike samples collected following foliar applications in the field during the flowering period; and (3) examining grain from primary and secondary tillers and from central and lateral florets within spikelets. Foliar applications significantly increased grain protein content over the control and standard topdressing treatment in most cultivars. For example, for a single cultivar at the Hyslop location in 1979-1980, protein percents of 11.18, 12.22, and 13.60 were obtained for the control, standard topdressing, and foliar urea treatments respectively. Generally, foliar applications of urea failed to increase grain yield over the control, and yield was significantly below the standard topdressing treatment. However, the combination of topdressed nitrogen with foliar sprays produced yields equal to topdressing alone while significantly increasing protein. Mean yields at the Wasco location of the topdressing treatment and the combination of topdressing and one foliar application were 4.05 and 4.04 T/ha, whereas the grain protein content averaged 9.34 and 10.45 percent respectively. Foliar applications of urea did not significantly alter kernel hardness. Significant cultivar x nitrogen treatment interactions were found for protein, yield, and hardness, and split applications of foliar nitrogen did not significantly change these results. A potential uptake of 29.2 to 61.4 percent of actual foltar applications was found with N15 labelled urea in a greenhouse experiment. A significant effect for light duration was observed with recovery values of 41.4 and 46.6 percent for 12 and 18 hour photo-periods respectively. The varieties Stephens and Centurk had a significant difference in uptake of 48.1 and 39.9 percent recovery respectively. Following urea sprays which were initially applied at the heading stage, nitrogen treatment differences were found within three weeks after anthesis. The ranking of treatments from immature spike analysis corresponded to grain protein analysis at harvest. Nitrogen treatments did not change the protein or hardness levels disproportionately for mature spikes in comparing grain from primary and secondary tillers or from central and lateral florets within the spikelets. Title: Effect of late foliar applications of urea on protein, hardness, and yield of winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Altman, David W. The response of cultivars of winter wheat to foliar applications of urea was examined for grain protein content, yield, and kernel hardness. The objectives of this study were to measure the effect of urea on these three traits in diverse environments and to explain how potential responses could occur by (1) determining potential uptake of N15 labelled urea from foliar application under greenhouse conditions using different cultivars, light duration, and soil fertility levels; (2) analyzing immature spike samples collected following foliar applications in the field during the flowering period; and (3) examining grain from primary and secondary tillers and from central and lateral florets within spikelets. Foliar applications significantly increased grain protein content over the control and standard topdressing treatment in most cultivars. For example, for a single cultivar at the Hyslop location in 1979-1980, protein percents of 11.18, 12.22, and 13.60 were obtained for the control, standard topdressing, and foliar urea treatments respectively. Generally, foliar applications of urea failed to increase grain yield over the control, and yield was significantly below the standard topdressing treatment. However, the combination of topdressed nitrogen with foliar sprays produced yields equal to topdressing alone while significantly increasing protein. Mean yields at the Wasco location of the topdressing treatment and the combination of topdressing and one foliar application were 4.05 and 4.04 T/ha, whereas the grain protein content averaged 9.34 and 10.45 percent respectively. Foliar applications of urea did not significantly alter kernel hardness. Significant cultivar x nitrogen treatment interactions were found for protein, yield, and hardness, and split applications of foliar nitrogen did not significantly change these results. A potential uptake of 29.2 to 61.4 percent of actual foltar applications was found with N15 labelled urea in a greenhouse experiment. A significant effect for light duration was observed with recovery values of 41.4 and 46.6 percent for 12 and 18 hour photo-periods respectively. The varieties Stephens and Centurk had a significant difference in uptake of 48.1 and 39.9 percent recovery respectively. Following urea sprays which were initially applied at the heading stage, nitrogen treatment differences were found within three weeks after anthesis. The ranking of treatments from immature spike analysis corresponded to grain protein analysis at harvest. Nitrogen treatments did not change the protein or hardness levels disproportionately for mature spikes in comparing grain from primary and secondary tillers or from central and lateral florets within the spikelets. Close

• 202. [Article] Fiber artists of Oregon

  The objectives of this study were: 1. To identify factors which contribute to the success of a fiber artist in Oregon, including skills or knowledge gained from training or experience. 2. To draw up recommendations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fiber artists of Oregon Author: Smith, Barbara E. The objectives of this study were: 1. To identify factors which contribute to the success of a fiber artist in Oregon, including skills or knowledge gained from training or experience. 2. To draw up recommendations for use by colleges and universities to facilitate the evaluation of programs designed to train successful artists. 3. To provide fiber artists with a summary of general information regarding their Oregon peers. The investigator interviewed ninety-five fiber artists from twentysix cities and towns in Oregon; eighty-eight artists were females and seven were males. A measure of success was devised and used to rate the artists. The Investigator's Rating of Success and the artists' own ratings of success were compared and correlated with several other variables. No significant relationship was found between scores on the Investigator's Rating of Success and the Self Rating of Success. Significant relationships were found between the Investigator's Rating of Success scores and the number of years doing work, the hobbyist/ professional self rating, and the number of hours doing work each week. The Self Rating of Success scores were significantly related with the hobbyist/professional self ratings. T-tests were used to assess differences in the Investigator's Rating of Success scores and in the Self Rating of Success scores of artists divided according to techniques used, articles produced, sales outlets, source of commissions, training, and sex. Significant differences were found in the Investigator's Rating of Success scores of artists who do/do not (a) use weaving techniques, (b) use techniques other than weaving, and (c) use construction techniques. Significant differences were found in the Self Rating of Success scores of artists who do/do not use surface embellishment techniques. The artists were asked to rate a list of skills or knowledge according to the extent to which they contributed to success as an artist, and to indicate where each could best be learned. The skills which were rated the highest were design ability and expertise in technique(s). Other skills which were rated very high were related to exhibiting work. Income and money management skills were rated relatively high. How to obtain grants, and how to set up a studio were skills whose high, medium, and low ratings were almost equally distributed. Skills which were rated relatively low in contribution to success were: ability to teach, ability to write, and ability to lecture. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through training or mostly through training were use of contracts, how to obtain grants, how to put portfolio together and getting good photos of your work. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through both training and experience were ability to write, expertise in technique(s), design ability, ability to teach, ability to lecture, and management of income. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through experience, or mostly through experience, include how to exhibit, how to price artwork, how to obtain commissions, organization of work, how to set up a studio, where to exhibit and obtaining of materials at reasonable cost. Keeping good records of income and expenses was the only skill whose ratings were evenly divided among the five categories of where each skill could best be learned. Several recommendations, based upon the artists ratings of the factors which contribute to success, were drawn up for the use of colleges and universities to facilitate the evaluation of programs designed to train fiber artists. Suggestions for further study were made. A summary of the thesis was prepared and sent to the participating artists. Title: Fiber artists of Oregon Author: Smith, Barbara E. The objectives of this study were: 1. To identify factors which contribute to the success of a fiber artist in Oregon, including skills or knowledge gained from training or experience. 2. To draw up recommendations for use by colleges and universities to facilitate the evaluation of programs designed to train successful artists. 3. To provide fiber artists with a summary of general information regarding their Oregon peers. The investigator interviewed ninety-five fiber artists from twentysix cities and towns in Oregon; eighty-eight artists were females and seven were males. A measure of success was devised and used to rate the artists. The Investigator's Rating of Success and the artists' own ratings of success were compared and correlated with several other variables. No significant relationship was found between scores on the Investigator's Rating of Success and the Self Rating of Success. Significant relationships were found between the Investigator's Rating of Success scores and the number of years doing work, the hobbyist/ professional self rating, and the number of hours doing work each week. The Self Rating of Success scores were significantly related with the hobbyist/professional self ratings. T-tests were used to assess differences in the Investigator's Rating of Success scores and in the Self Rating of Success scores of artists divided according to techniques used, articles produced, sales outlets, source of commissions, training, and sex. Significant differences were found in the Investigator's Rating of Success scores of artists who do/do not (a) use weaving techniques, (b) use techniques other than weaving, and (c) use construction techniques. Significant differences were found in the Self Rating of Success scores of artists who do/do not use surface embellishment techniques. The artists were asked to rate a list of skills or knowledge according to the extent to which they contributed to success as an artist, and to indicate where each could best be learned. The skills which were rated the highest were design ability and expertise in technique(s). Other skills which were rated very high were related to exhibiting work. Income and money management skills were rated relatively high. How to obtain grants, and how to set up a studio were skills whose high, medium, and low ratings were almost equally distributed. Skills which were rated relatively low in contribution to success were: ability to teach, ability to write, and ability to lecture. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through training or mostly through training were use of contracts, how to obtain grants, how to put portfolio together and getting good photos of your work. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through both training and experience were ability to write, expertise in technique(s), design ability, ability to teach, ability to lecture, and management of income. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through experience, or mostly through experience, include how to exhibit, how to price artwork, how to obtain commissions, organization of work, how to set up a studio, where to exhibit and obtaining of materials at reasonable cost. Keeping good records of income and expenses was the only skill whose ratings were evenly divided among the five categories of where each skill could best be learned. Several recommendations, based upon the artists ratings of the factors which contribute to success, were drawn up for the use of colleges and universities to facilitate the evaluation of programs designed to train fiber artists. Suggestions for further study were made. A summary of the thesis was prepared and sent to the participating artists. Close

• 203. [Article] Growth and reproductive ecology of Larix laricina in interior Alaska

  Larix laricina in Alaska occurs on sites ranging from productive slopes and riverbottoms to wet bogs underlain by permafrost. It is largest on sites without permafrost, where it is associated with Picea ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and reproductive ecology of Larix laricina in interior Alaska Author: Brown, Kevin R. Larix laricina in Alaska occurs on sites ranging from productive slopes and riverbottoms to wet bogs underlain by permafrost. It is largest on sites without permafrost, where it is associated with Picea glauca, but is much more common in bogs, where it occurs with Picea mariana. In this study, I describe the environment of different Larix habitats; compare growth and reproduction of Larix on different sites; and compare the ecology of Larix with the associated Picea species. Larix is a deciduous conifer; however, some needles on juvenile Larix, usually on new shoots, are retained during the winter and function the following spring. This habit may conserve carbohydrates and nutrients. Browsing damage to seedlings by snowshoe hares is common. Larix in bogs die younger than those in warm uplands or riverbottoms; the maximum ages observed in each were 71, 87, and 127 years, respectively. Maximum height and diameter growth rates of Larix were as great or greater than in uplands or riverbottoms, but the duration of rapid growth was twice as long in upland and four times longer in riverbottom trees (90-100 years), resulting in their greater size. Cone production and seed viability of Larix vary between stands and from year to year. Maximum annual cone production among 10 cone crops observed was 1.97 x10⁵ cones ha⁻¹; the highest seed viability was 60 percent. When stand cone production was high, cone production of individual trees was strongly correlated with tree size. Seeds mature by mid-August and disperse beginning in late August to early September. Ninety-five percent of viable seed at one stand fell by November 1. Germination in the laboratory is inhibited at or below 10 deg C. At 12 and 15 deg, germination is stimulated by long photo-period and stratification period; this stimulation decreases at higher temperatures. Natural germination occurs after soils warm and summer rains begin. In riverbottoms, germination is better on mineral seedbeds than feathermoss, possibly due to a better moisture regime. In tussocky bogs, low temperatures may delay germination in troughs; inadequate moisture may delay germination in higher microsites. The best microsites for survival of germlings in tussocky bogs appear to be open troughs which are high enough to escape submergence. Larix laricina appears to be a serai species on warmer sites, establishing soon after P. glauca, but dying earlier. Its serai relationship to P. mariana is less clear, in part due to ignorance of bog processes. Title: Growth and reproductive ecology of Larix laricina in interior Alaska Author: Brown, Kevin R. Larix laricina in Alaska occurs on sites ranging from productive slopes and riverbottoms to wet bogs underlain by permafrost. It is largest on sites without permafrost, where it is associated with Picea glauca, but is much more common in bogs, where it occurs with Picea mariana. In this study, I describe the environment of different Larix habitats; compare growth and reproduction of Larix on different sites; and compare the ecology of Larix with the associated Picea species. Larix is a deciduous conifer; however, some needles on juvenile Larix, usually on new shoots, are retained during the winter and function the following spring. This habit may conserve carbohydrates and nutrients. Browsing damage to seedlings by snowshoe hares is common. Larix in bogs die younger than those in warm uplands or riverbottoms; the maximum ages observed in each were 71, 87, and 127 years, respectively. Maximum height and diameter growth rates of Larix were as great or greater than in uplands or riverbottoms, but the duration of rapid growth was twice as long in upland and four times longer in riverbottom trees (90-100 years), resulting in their greater size. Cone production and seed viability of Larix vary between stands and from year to year. Maximum annual cone production among 10 cone crops observed was 1.97 x10⁵ cones ha⁻¹; the highest seed viability was 60 percent. When stand cone production was high, cone production of individual trees was strongly correlated with tree size. Seeds mature by mid-August and disperse beginning in late August to early September. Ninety-five percent of viable seed at one stand fell by November 1. Germination in the laboratory is inhibited at or below 10 deg C. At 12 and 15 deg, germination is stimulated by long photo-period and stratification period; this stimulation decreases at higher temperatures. Natural germination occurs after soils warm and summer rains begin. In riverbottoms, germination is better on mineral seedbeds than feathermoss, possibly due to a better moisture regime. In tussocky bogs, low temperatures may delay germination in troughs; inadequate moisture may delay germination in higher microsites. The best microsites for survival of germlings in tussocky bogs appear to be open troughs which are high enough to escape submergence. Larix laricina appears to be a serai species on warmer sites, establishing soon after P. glauca, but dying earlier. Its serai relationship to P. mariana is less clear, in part due to ignorance of bog processes. Close

• 204. [Article] A biosystematic study of some North American species of Agrostis L. and Podagrostis (Griseb.) Scribn. & Merr.

  A taxonomic investigation was made of 24 taxa belonging to the section Trichodium (Michx.) Trin., of Agrostis, and the genus Podagrostis. Experimental methods were employed, including: uniform garden culture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A biosystematic study of some North American species of Agrostis L. and Podagrostis (Griseb.) Scribn. & Merr. Author: Carlbom, Curt Gerald, 1932- A taxonomic investigation was made of 24 taxa belonging to the section Trichodium (Michx.) Trin., of Agrostis, and the genus Podagrostis. Experimental methods were employed, including: uniform garden culture of transplants and plants grown from seeds collected in natural populations; breeding studies; physiological and phenological investigations; cytological studies; ecological studies in natural populations. Herbarium exsiccatae including the type material of most of the 24 taxa were studied. In addition, comparative morphological studies were made of several of the taxa in their natural habitats and again in the uniform experimental garden. Twenty-four taxa are recognized in this study. Generic and species descriptions, distributional maps, generic and species keys, photographs of 23 taxa including several types, and photomicrographs of meiotic and mitotic figures of 12 taxa are presented. In addition, the various taxa are discussed individually, and the criteria and concepts used for species delimitation in Agrostis and Podagrostis are presented. Chromosome counts of nine species and two varieties of Agrostis and three species of Podagrostis are reported for the first time. Additional counts of other native taxa confirm earlier published counts. Eleven of the 19 species of Agrostis are hexaploids, four species are known to be tetraploids and two species are octoploids. Two hexaploid groups have been delimited - the A. exarata and A. dieqoensis complexes. The three Podagrostis species, P. aequivalvis, P. humilis and P. thurberiana are diploids, 2n = 14. This chromosome number supports previous morphological evidence that Podagrostis is an independent evolutionary group deserving generic status. Three Old World species of Agrostis, adventive in western North America, have been studied cytologically, and chromosome counts are presented. Agrostis perennans, hitherto unknown in western North America, was collected by the investigator on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Putative natural hybridization and introgression were observed between several taxa of Agrostis and Podagrostis, namely: A. diegoensis and A. hallii; A. diegoensis and A. pallens; P. humilis and P. thureriana. Physiological races in P. thurberiana and A. exarata have been studied. Clinal races occur with a north-south distributional pattern in P. thurberiana. Races from southern California flowered under shorter photoperiods, while races from northern California, Oregon and Washington flowered at successively later dates under increased photoperiodic regimes. Mountain ecotypes of A. exarata were obligately long-day plants, while sea-level ecotypes were day-neutral and remontant. Agrostis howellii, a species found near sea level, required a long-day photo-periodic regime and cold vernalization for floral initiation. Autogamy occurs in several of the native species of Agrostis. Facultative autogamy seems to occasion rapid ecotypic and racial diversification with concomitant morphological complexity within the taxa. A tentative phylogenetic scheme is presented. The North American species of Agrostis are believed to comprise two main evolutionary groups; the "primitive" and "derived" species of section Trichodium. The "primitive" taxa are chiefly characterized by: 1) having some species with Old World distributions; 2) more northern and/or widespread distributions; 3) a perennial habit; 4) mostly medium to large anthers; 5) reproducing by allogamy; 6) having tetra-, hexa-, and octoploid chromosome levels; 7) inhabiting mesic and sylvan or bog habitats; 8) occurring on older geological formations and soils. The "derived" species are characterized by: 1) not having any conspecific taxa in the Old World; 2) more southern distributions; 3) being weakly perennial or annual; 4) small anthers; 5) reproducing by autogamy or facultative auto-gamy; 6) having hexa- and octoploid chromosome levels; 7) occupying arid and semi-arid habitats; 8) occurring on newer geological formations and soils. Title: A biosystematic study of some North American species of Agrostis L. and Podagrostis (Griseb.) Scribn. & Merr. Author: Carlbom, Curt Gerald, 1932- A taxonomic investigation was made of 24 taxa belonging to the section Trichodium (Michx.) Trin., of Agrostis, and the genus Podagrostis. Experimental methods were employed, including: uniform garden culture of transplants and plants grown from seeds collected in natural populations; breeding studies; physiological and phenological investigations; cytological studies; ecological studies in natural populations. Herbarium exsiccatae including the type material of most of the 24 taxa were studied. In addition, comparative morphological studies were made of several of the taxa in their natural habitats and again in the uniform experimental garden. Twenty-four taxa are recognized in this study. Generic and species descriptions, distributional maps, generic and species keys, photographs of 23 taxa including several types, and photomicrographs of meiotic and mitotic figures of 12 taxa are presented. In addition, the various taxa are discussed individually, and the criteria and concepts used for species delimitation in Agrostis and Podagrostis are presented. Chromosome counts of nine species and two varieties of Agrostis and three species of Podagrostis are reported for the first time. Additional counts of other native taxa confirm earlier published counts. Eleven of the 19 species of Agrostis are hexaploids, four species are known to be tetraploids and two species are octoploids. Two hexaploid groups have been delimited - the A. exarata and A. dieqoensis complexes. The three Podagrostis species, P. aequivalvis, P. humilis and P. thurberiana are diploids, 2n = 14. This chromosome number supports previous morphological evidence that Podagrostis is an independent evolutionary group deserving generic status. Three Old World species of Agrostis, adventive in western North America, have been studied cytologically, and chromosome counts are presented. Agrostis perennans, hitherto unknown in western North America, was collected by the investigator on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Putative natural hybridization and introgression were observed between several taxa of Agrostis and Podagrostis, namely: A. diegoensis and A. hallii; A. diegoensis and A. pallens; P. humilis and P. thureriana. Physiological races in P. thurberiana and A. exarata have been studied. Clinal races occur with a north-south distributional pattern in P. thurberiana. Races from southern California flowered under shorter photoperiods, while races from northern California, Oregon and Washington flowered at successively later dates under increased photoperiodic regimes. Mountain ecotypes of A. exarata were obligately long-day plants, while sea-level ecotypes were day-neutral and remontant. Agrostis howellii, a species found near sea level, required a long-day photo-periodic regime and cold vernalization for floral initiation. Autogamy occurs in several of the native species of Agrostis. Facultative autogamy seems to occasion rapid ecotypic and racial diversification with concomitant morphological complexity within the taxa. A tentative phylogenetic scheme is presented. The North American species of Agrostis are believed to comprise two main evolutionary groups; the "primitive" and "derived" species of section Trichodium. The "primitive" taxa are chiefly characterized by: 1) having some species with Old World distributions; 2) more northern and/or widespread distributions; 3) a perennial habit; 4) mostly medium to large anthers; 5) reproducing by allogamy; 6) having tetra-, hexa-, and octoploid chromosome levels; 7) inhabiting mesic and sylvan or bog habitats; 8) occurring on older geological formations and soils. The "derived" species are characterized by: 1) not having any conspecific taxa in the Old World; 2) more southern distributions; 3) being weakly perennial or annual; 4) small anthers; 5) reproducing by autogamy or facultative auto-gamy; 6) having hexa- and octoploid chromosome levels; 7) occupying arid and semi-arid habitats; 8) occurring on newer geological formations and soils. Close

• 205. [Article] The use of surface energy balance models as a means to quantify changes in glacier mass balance : an application to the Collier Glacier

  This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the measured and modeled mass balance of the Collier Glacier, a small (0.70 km²), valley glacier located in the Oregon Cascade Range (44° 10' N, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of surface energy balance models as a means to quantify changes in glacier mass balance : an application to the Collier Glacier Author: Beedlow, Andrew Cody This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the measured and modeled mass balance of the Collier Glacier, a small (0.70 km²), valley glacier located in the Oregon Cascade Range (44° 10' N, 121° 47' W). Here we present mass-balance measurements conducted for the 2009 and 2010 balance years on the Collier Glacier. The glacier has a unique photo record of retreat throughout the 20th century, thus making it one of the best-recorded glaciers in the Oregon Cascade Range. As part of the study, we installed and maintained automated weather stations (AWS) to collect data needed to apply and validate the OSU surface energy balance model (SEBM). The variations in the mass balance for the Collier Glacier continue previously determined variations where there are years with significant mass loss, and years of mass gain. The general form of the Collier Glacier's net balance did not change appreciably between 1989 and 2010, with high ablation gradients below the ELA and low gradients above the ELA. However, there was a slight increase in elevation of the location of maximum ablation as well as the terminus, coinciding with the decrease in surface area since completion of the last study in 1994. The net balance curve continues to translate back and forth along the x-axis from year to year depending on the timing and magnitude of winter snow accumulation and summer temperatures. These data suggest that potential negative balance years could result in an ELA that is above the icefall, exposing a significant amount of mass flux to the ablation area, enhancing ablation and subsequent retreat. Model results indicate that the OSU SEBM is capable of capturing the seasonal pattern of mass balance for the Collier Glacier. The model also shows good agreement both spatially and temporally with the mass-balance measurements conducted for the 2009 and 2010 balance years. Model experiments were conducted to compare model performance and investigate the superiority of more complex models with simpler approaches. Model comparisons between the OSU SEBM calculating the turbulent heat fluxes with the bulk method showed similar performances with the SEBM calculating the turbulent heat fluxes with a simpler transfer coefficient method. Furthermore, the OSU SEBM was also compared to a simple positive degree-day (PDD) model. Model simulations indicated that the PDD model explained approximately 82% of the variance in summer ablation, while the SEBM explained approximately 78% of the variance in summer ablation. These results indicate that simpler methods to model glacier mass balance may be just as effective as the more complex methods. Title: The use of surface energy balance models as a means to quantify changes in glacier mass balance : an application to the Collier Glacier Author: Beedlow, Andrew Cody This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the measured and modeled mass balance of the Collier Glacier, a small (0.70 km²), valley glacier located in the Oregon Cascade Range (44° 10' N, 121° 47' W). Here we present mass-balance measurements conducted for the 2009 and 2010 balance years on the Collier Glacier. The glacier has a unique photo record of retreat throughout the 20th century, thus making it one of the best-recorded glaciers in the Oregon Cascade Range. As part of the study, we installed and maintained automated weather stations (AWS) to collect data needed to apply and validate the OSU surface energy balance model (SEBM). The variations in the mass balance for the Collier Glacier continue previously determined variations where there are years with significant mass loss, and years of mass gain. The general form of the Collier Glacier's net balance did not change appreciably between 1989 and 2010, with high ablation gradients below the ELA and low gradients above the ELA. However, there was a slight increase in elevation of the location of maximum ablation as well as the terminus, coinciding with the decrease in surface area since completion of the last study in 1994. The net balance curve continues to translate back and forth along the x-axis from year to year depending on the timing and magnitude of winter snow accumulation and summer temperatures. These data suggest that potential negative balance years could result in an ELA that is above the icefall, exposing a significant amount of mass flux to the ablation area, enhancing ablation and subsequent retreat. Model results indicate that the OSU SEBM is capable of capturing the seasonal pattern of mass balance for the Collier Glacier. The model also shows good agreement both spatially and temporally with the mass-balance measurements conducted for the 2009 and 2010 balance years. Model experiments were conducted to compare model performance and investigate the superiority of more complex models with simpler approaches. Model comparisons between the OSU SEBM calculating the turbulent heat fluxes with the bulk method showed similar performances with the SEBM calculating the turbulent heat fluxes with a simpler transfer coefficient method. Furthermore, the OSU SEBM was also compared to a simple positive degree-day (PDD) model. Model simulations indicated that the PDD model explained approximately 82% of the variance in summer ablation, while the SEBM explained approximately 78% of the variance in summer ablation. These results indicate that simpler methods to model glacier mass balance may be just as effective as the more complex methods. Close

• 206. [Article] Periglacial debris-flow initiation and susceptibility and glacier recession from imagery, airborne LiDAR, and ground-based mapping

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Geological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Periglacial debris-flow initiation and susceptibility and glacier recession from imagery, airborne LiDAR, and ground-based mapping Author: Copeland, Elizabeth A., Lancaster, Stephen T., Grant, Gordon E., Nolin, Anne W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Geological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.geosociety.org/. Title: Periglacial debris-flow initiation and susceptibility and glacier recession from imagery, airborne LiDAR, and ground-based mapping Author: Copeland, Elizabeth A., Lancaster, Stephen T., Grant, Gordon E., Nolin, Anne W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Geological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.geosociety.org/. Close

• 207. [Article] Historical evolution of the Columbia River littoral cell

  Article appears in Marine Geology (http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503350/description#description) and is copyrighted by Elsevier.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical evolution of the Columbia River littoral cell Author: Kaminsky, George M., Buijsman, Maarten, Gelfenbaum, Guy, McCandless, Diana, Ruggiero, Peter Article appears in Marine Geology (http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503350/description#description) and is copyrighted by Elsevier. Title: Historical evolution of the Columbia River littoral cell Author: Kaminsky, George M., Buijsman, Maarten, Gelfenbaum, Guy, McCandless, Diana, Ruggiero, Peter Article appears in Marine Geology (http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503350/description#description) and is copyrighted by Elsevier. Close

• 208. [Article] Methodology for cuticular identification of selected eastern Oregon range plants

  Animal dietary preferences have been studied by feeding-site examinations, animal observation, and stomach and esophageal collections. Analysis of fecal material for undigested plant cuticle is another ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Methodology for cuticular identification of selected eastern Oregon range plants Author: Schrumpf, Barry J. Animal dietary preferences have been studied by feeding-site examinations, animal observation, and stomach and esophageal collections. Analysis of fecal material for undigested plant cuticle is another means for obtaining the same information. This study was conducted to: (1) prepare a microscope slide series depicting the surface features of leaves and current annual growth of stems of selected plants, (2) evaluate methods for preparing plant and fecal material for cuticle examination, and (3) develop a key for identification of these plant surfaces. Plants were collected and identified by personnel of the PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station. All other work was conducted at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Reference slides were prepared by three techniques: scraping, maceration and replication. All were appropriate for fresh or herbarium plant material. Scraping was a tedious method which provided pieces of cuticle representing the surface where other methods were unsuitable. Maceration yielded cuticle fragments strong enough to withstand the acid treatment, but was not adaptable to some plant surfaces. Replication techniques were easiest, but only half of the plant surfaces were acceptably represented in this manner and these caused additional problems during photomicrography. Fecal material was prepared for analysis by a macerating technique. Photomicrographs of reference slides were prepared for use in subsequent key development. Pictures were taken with a Makam camera mounted on a Wild M20 binocular microscope equipped with photo tube, using Kodak Contrast Process Panchromatic 3-1/4 x 4-1/4 sheet film. The key was developed using epidermal cell arrangement, trichome characteristics, stomata subsidiary cell arrangement, and silica bodies as dependable characters. Secondary characters included hair lengths, stomata size and cell outline. Differential digestion attributable to plant and (or) animal differences is a variable in analyzing cuticle fragments in fecal material not tested in this study. However, the key, a first approximation to cuticular identification of these selected plants, appears to handle this variability for most species studied. Successful use of the key is dependent upon a comprehensive assessment of the vegetation in the study area and the biology of the animal under study. This perspective is necessary to restrict the variables which would otherwise decrease the effectiveness of identification of cuticular fragments in fecal material. Title: Methodology for cuticular identification of selected eastern Oregon range plants Author: Schrumpf, Barry J. Animal dietary preferences have been studied by feeding-site examinations, animal observation, and stomach and esophageal collections. Analysis of fecal material for undigested plant cuticle is another means for obtaining the same information. This study was conducted to: (1) prepare a microscope slide series depicting the surface features of leaves and current annual growth of stems of selected plants, (2) evaluate methods for preparing plant and fecal material for cuticle examination, and (3) develop a key for identification of these plant surfaces. Plants were collected and identified by personnel of the PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station. All other work was conducted at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Reference slides were prepared by three techniques: scraping, maceration and replication. All were appropriate for fresh or herbarium plant material. Scraping was a tedious method which provided pieces of cuticle representing the surface where other methods were unsuitable. Maceration yielded cuticle fragments strong enough to withstand the acid treatment, but was not adaptable to some plant surfaces. Replication techniques were easiest, but only half of the plant surfaces were acceptably represented in this manner and these caused additional problems during photomicrography. Fecal material was prepared for analysis by a macerating technique. Photomicrographs of reference slides were prepared for use in subsequent key development. Pictures were taken with a Makam camera mounted on a Wild M20 binocular microscope equipped with photo tube, using Kodak Contrast Process Panchromatic 3-1/4 x 4-1/4 sheet film. The key was developed using epidermal cell arrangement, trichome characteristics, stomata subsidiary cell arrangement, and silica bodies as dependable characters. Secondary characters included hair lengths, stomata size and cell outline. Differential digestion attributable to plant and (or) animal differences is a variable in analyzing cuticle fragments in fecal material not tested in this study. However, the key, a first approximation to cuticular identification of these selected plants, appears to handle this variability for most species studied. Successful use of the key is dependent upon a comprehensive assessment of the vegetation in the study area and the biology of the animal under study. This perspective is necessary to restrict the variables which would otherwise decrease the effectiveness of identification of cuticular fragments in fecal material. Close

• 209. [Article] In and Out of Touch : Fabricated Histories in Nella Larsen's Passing and James VanDerZee's Studio Portraiture

  Author Nella Larsen and photographer James VanDerZee are two of the most canonical figures of Harlem Renaissance studies, whose respective novels and portraits have been explored extensively, if separately, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: In and Out of Touch : Fabricated Histories in Nella Larsen's Passing and James VanDerZee's Studio Portraiture Author: Trowbridge, A. Hayley Author Nella Larsen and photographer James VanDerZee are two of the most canonical figures of Harlem Renaissance studies, whose respective novels and portraits have been explored extensively, if separately, by scholars. Both Larsen's 1929 novel Passing and VanDerZee's studio portraiture of the 1920s and 1930s have been read in terms of black middle class values and the visuality of race, and Passing in particular has spurred illuminating discussions on the intersections between race, visuality and sexuality embedded in its narrative. Yet these modes of reading, however attentive to detail, tend to translate close readings into major critical conversations of race, gender, sexuality and class. This project offers an alternative methodology that foregrounds the surprising formalistic textures in Larsen's and VanDerZee's works. These inconsistencies are integral to the texts and the histories they reference, but are at risk of being smoothed over by both uplift values that mine a static notion of the past to project a single vision of the future, as well as critical readings that try to uncover "meaning" rather than attune to the dynamism of the text's composition. Through an unlikely pairing of bourgeois narratives with a queer theoretical genealogy, I trace what Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick calls "middle ranges of agency"--moving moments rather than momentous movements--to recognize the ways that these texts are both products of the Harlem Renaissance and invested in more personal relationships that might exist alongside and in collision with well-intended but singular notions of progress and prosperity. Specifically, I close read traces of Larsen's and VanDerZee's craft--including but not limited to physical correspondence, corporeal language and photo processing manipulations--to illuminate how touch operates through different forms to rearrange normative notions of progress, and how contact manifests physically, emotionally and temporally to produce moments where curiosity, uncertainty or imagination interrupt naturalized ideologies that shape collective histories. Title: In and Out of Touch : Fabricated Histories in Nella Larsen's Passing and James VanDerZee's Studio Portraiture Author: Trowbridge, A. Hayley Author Nella Larsen and photographer James VanDerZee are two of the most canonical figures of Harlem Renaissance studies, whose respective novels and portraits have been explored extensively, if separately, by scholars. Both Larsen's 1929 novel Passing and VanDerZee's studio portraiture of the 1920s and 1930s have been read in terms of black middle class values and the visuality of race, and Passing in particular has spurred illuminating discussions on the intersections between race, visuality and sexuality embedded in its narrative. Yet these modes of reading, however attentive to detail, tend to translate close readings into major critical conversations of race, gender, sexuality and class. This project offers an alternative methodology that foregrounds the surprising formalistic textures in Larsen's and VanDerZee's works. These inconsistencies are integral to the texts and the histories they reference, but are at risk of being smoothed over by both uplift values that mine a static notion of the past to project a single vision of the future, as well as critical readings that try to uncover "meaning" rather than attune to the dynamism of the text's composition. Through an unlikely pairing of bourgeois narratives with a queer theoretical genealogy, I trace what Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick calls "middle ranges of agency"--moving moments rather than momentous movements--to recognize the ways that these texts are both products of the Harlem Renaissance and invested in more personal relationships that might exist alongside and in collision with well-intended but singular notions of progress and prosperity. Specifically, I close read traces of Larsen's and VanDerZee's craft--including but not limited to physical correspondence, corporeal language and photo processing manipulations--to illuminate how touch operates through different forms to rearrange normative notions of progress, and how contact manifests physically, emotionally and temporally to produce moments where curiosity, uncertainty or imagination interrupt naturalized ideologies that shape collective histories. Close

• 210. [Article] The Role of Diurnal Light, Temperature, and Forced Egg Retention on Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Survival and Ovipositional Rates

  Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a devastating pest that attacks thin-skinned stone and small fruit in all major production regions of the United States and worldwide. D. suzukii first appeared ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Diurnal Light, Temperature, and Forced Egg Retention on Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Survival and Ovipositional Rates Author: York, Riki M. Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a devastating pest that attacks thin-skinned stone and small fruit in all major production regions of the United States and worldwide. D. suzukii first appeared in the United States in 2008 and is believed to be native to Southeast Asia. This vinegar fly has a unique ovipositor that is serrated allowing oviposition in fully intact fruit. The larvae that emerge from the eggs damage fruit through feeding rendering them unmarketable. Typical management practices include increased pesticide applications, primarily targeting gravid females. The first objective of this research was to determine the impact of light, temperature, and forced egg retention of D. suzukii under different diurnal regimes. These regimes included cool (10-23°C) and warm (12-27°C) daily cycles with a 16:8 (light: dark), 24h light, and 24h dark cycles. Under all regimes, the oviposition peaked during 14h00-17h00. Under dark conditions, egg-laying levels were elevated compared to normal daily light regimes. Under 24h light conditions, oviposition was reduced to virtually zero. When flies were forced to retain their eggs, oviposition occurred at elevated levels compared to treatments where there was no forced egg retention. In this treatment, oviposition started directly after the oviposition medium was offered. The second objective was to evaluate the survival of D. suzukii larvae when exposed to temperatures on a thermogradient bench ranging from 29-49°C for 60 minutes. Lower temperatures resulted in the highest survival levels. At 38-45°C, survival was significantly reduced to virtually zero. Four-day-old larvae were additionally exposed to ‘heat conditioning treatments’ to determine if pre-conditioning would allow increased larval survival at temperatures above 38°C. Larval ‘heat therapy treatments’ included 30, 60, and 90 min at 35°C. All larvae were then allowed to cool to room temperature (22°C) for 60 mins prior to being exposed to thermogradient temperatures within a thermal heat bench. Larval survival for no heat therapy and 90-minute heat therapy treatments (no and less optimal heat therapy) were statistically similar. Larval survival for more optimal heat therapy treatments (30 and 60 minute treatments) were statistically similar. More flies emerged in optimal heat therapy treatments compared to the less optimal and no heat therapy treatments. At 41-48°C, the more optimal heat therapy treatments resulted in adult D. suzukii emergence and showed higher emergence trends compared to the no heat therapy and less optimal treatments. This research contributed to the understanding of D. suzukii oviposition behavior and ability to adapt to heat extremes as described above. This information can be incorporated into pest management strategies to reduce pesticide reliance and lead to better control methods. Knowing the heat necessary to restrict larval survival may be incorporated by increasing the heat surrounding the fruiting plant. Using black weed mat while pruning potentially could increase heat. This could be paired with adding lighting during the vulnerable growing period when D. suzukii are likely to attack. Both recommendations need to be researched in an outside growing environment before industry implantation. Title: The Role of Diurnal Light, Temperature, and Forced Egg Retention on Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Survival and Ovipositional Rates Author: York, Riki M. Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a devastating pest that attacks thin-skinned stone and small fruit in all major production regions of the United States and worldwide. D. suzukii first appeared in the United States in 2008 and is believed to be native to Southeast Asia. This vinegar fly has a unique ovipositor that is serrated allowing oviposition in fully intact fruit. The larvae that emerge from the eggs damage fruit through feeding rendering them unmarketable. Typical management practices include increased pesticide applications, primarily targeting gravid females. The first objective of this research was to determine the impact of light, temperature, and forced egg retention of D. suzukii under different diurnal regimes. These regimes included cool (10-23°C) and warm (12-27°C) daily cycles with a 16:8 (light: dark), 24h light, and 24h dark cycles. Under all regimes, the oviposition peaked during 14h00-17h00. Under dark conditions, egg-laying levels were elevated compared to normal daily light regimes. Under 24h light conditions, oviposition was reduced to virtually zero. When flies were forced to retain their eggs, oviposition occurred at elevated levels compared to treatments where there was no forced egg retention. In this treatment, oviposition started directly after the oviposition medium was offered. The second objective was to evaluate the survival of D. suzukii larvae when exposed to temperatures on a thermogradient bench ranging from 29-49°C for 60 minutes. Lower temperatures resulted in the highest survival levels. At 38-45°C, survival was significantly reduced to virtually zero. Four-day-old larvae were additionally exposed to ‘heat conditioning treatments’ to determine if pre-conditioning would allow increased larval survival at temperatures above 38°C. Larval ‘heat therapy treatments’ included 30, 60, and 90 min at 35°C. All larvae were then allowed to cool to room temperature (22°C) for 60 mins prior to being exposed to thermogradient temperatures within a thermal heat bench. Larval survival for no heat therapy and 90-minute heat therapy treatments (no and less optimal heat therapy) were statistically similar. Larval survival for more optimal heat therapy treatments (30 and 60 minute treatments) were statistically similar. More flies emerged in optimal heat therapy treatments compared to the less optimal and no heat therapy treatments. At 41-48°C, the more optimal heat therapy treatments resulted in adult D. suzukii emergence and showed higher emergence trends compared to the no heat therapy and less optimal treatments. This research contributed to the understanding of D. suzukii oviposition behavior and ability to adapt to heat extremes as described above. This information can be incorporated into pest management strategies to reduce pesticide reliance and lead to better control methods. Knowing the heat necessary to restrict larval survival may be incorporated by increasing the heat surrounding the fruiting plant. Using black weed mat while pruning potentially could increase heat. This could be paired with adding lighting during the vulnerable growing period when D. suzukii are likely to attack. Both recommendations need to be researched in an outside growing environment before industry implantation. Close