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• 2071. [Article] Toxicity of some commonly used pesticides to Trioxys Pallidus and its establishment in filbert orchards of Willamette Valley

  A parasitic wasp, Trioxys pallidus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) was imported from Europe and initially released against the filbert aphid Mvzocallis coryli (Goetze) in hazelnut (filbert) orchards ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toxicity of some commonly used pesticides to Trioxys Pallidus and its establishment in filbert orchards of Willamette Valley Author: Saeed, Mohammad A parasitic wasp, Trioxys pallidus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) was imported from Europe and initially released against the filbert aphid Mvzocallis coryli (Goetze) in hazelnut (filbert) orchards of the Willamette Valley, Oregon beginning in 1984. In the present study, I investigated the establishment rates of this parasitoid. A total of 13 orchards in 1987 and 30 orchards in 1988 were sampled twice per year. Five to ten trees were selected at random in each orchard and these trees were sampled by collecting and examining ten twigs per tree and counting the number of aphids and aphid mummies on four leaves per twig. The rate of parasitization was calculated by Total No. of mummies / Total No. of aphids + mummies X 100. Data show that the parasitoid has established in many commercial orchards and out of the total of 3 0 orchards studied eleven had breeding population of Trioxys pallidus and that is rapidly moving to adjoining orchards. The parasitoid appears to have survived the standard insecticide applications in commercial orchards. The level of resistance of a field collected population of Trioxys pallidus to the most commonly used pesticides in the filbert system including Metasystox-R, Pydrin, Zolone, Diazinon, and Lorsban was determined. Adult parasitoid populations continuously exposed to Pydrin (2 sprays per year) and carbaryl (1 spray per year) since 1985, were collected near Corvallis, Benton County, Oregon and their response to various insecticides was assessed. Similar data were collected from a laboratory reared susceptible population which was never exposed to insecticides. Comparasion of LC50 and LC95 values showed no significant differences in the susceptibility of these two populations to test insecticides, although build up of some tolerance against Pydrin was evident. The field population required 1.9 times higher rate than the laboratory population for 50% mortality. Metasystox-R was highly toxic to both populations with LC50 values of 1.06 ppm and Lorsban was the least toxic with LC50 of 28.3 ppm. An insecticide toxicity rating was determined. The test chemicals were rated in a decreasing order of toxicity as Metasystox-R, Pydrin, Zolone, Diazinon and Lorsban. Title: Toxicity of some commonly used pesticides to Trioxys Pallidus and its establishment in filbert orchards of Willamette Valley Author: Saeed, Mohammad A parasitic wasp, Trioxys pallidus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) was imported from Europe and initially released against the filbert aphid Mvzocallis coryli (Goetze) in hazelnut (filbert) orchards of the Willamette Valley, Oregon beginning in 1984. In the present study, I investigated the establishment rates of this parasitoid. A total of 13 orchards in 1987 and 30 orchards in 1988 were sampled twice per year. Five to ten trees were selected at random in each orchard and these trees were sampled by collecting and examining ten twigs per tree and counting the number of aphids and aphid mummies on four leaves per twig. The rate of parasitization was calculated by Total No. of mummies / Total No. of aphids + mummies X 100. Data show that the parasitoid has established in many commercial orchards and out of the total of 3 0 orchards studied eleven had breeding population of Trioxys pallidus and that is rapidly moving to adjoining orchards. The parasitoid appears to have survived the standard insecticide applications in commercial orchards. The level of resistance of a field collected population of Trioxys pallidus to the most commonly used pesticides in the filbert system including Metasystox-R, Pydrin, Zolone, Diazinon, and Lorsban was determined. Adult parasitoid populations continuously exposed to Pydrin (2 sprays per year) and carbaryl (1 spray per year) since 1985, were collected near Corvallis, Benton County, Oregon and their response to various insecticides was assessed. Similar data were collected from a laboratory reared susceptible population which was never exposed to insecticides. Comparasion of LC50 and LC95 values showed no significant differences in the susceptibility of these two populations to test insecticides, although build up of some tolerance against Pydrin was evident. The field population required 1.9 times higher rate than the laboratory population for 50% mortality. Metasystox-R was highly toxic to both populations with LC50 values of 1.06 ppm and Lorsban was the least toxic with LC50 of 28.3 ppm. An insecticide toxicity rating was determined. The test chemicals were rated in a decreasing order of toxicity as Metasystox-R, Pydrin, Zolone, Diazinon and Lorsban. Close

• 2072. [Article] Economic considerations in marketing Oregon grain : factors affecting Columbia Basin producers

  Wheat is the primary field crop in Oregon. Selection of time of sale is one of the most important marketing problems facing grain producers. The objectives of the study deal with economic considerations involved ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic considerations in marketing Oregon grain : factors affecting Columbia Basin producers Author: Wood, George E. Wheat is the primary field crop in Oregon. Selection of time of sale is one of the most important marketing problems facing grain producers. The objectives of the study deal with economic considerations involved in a wheat producer's marketing process including factors motivating the time of sale, price analysis, availability and use of market information, the role of country grain handlers, and the use of marketing alternatives to improve net income. The study area consisted of wheat-fallow farms in the Columbia Basin in north central Oregon. Included are specialized wheat units in Umatilla, Gilliam, Morrow, Sherman, and Wasco Counties. Data were obtained through a mail survey of a selected sample of farms and through personal interviews with country elevator managers. The most frequently used alternatives for marketing wheat are selling the grain all at one time (34 percent), selling at more than one time (23 percent), and placing all or part of the wheat under government loan (43 percent). The time of marketing wheat varied from year to year for 70 percent of the growers. Eighty-five percent of the growers who varied the time of sale did so to sell at a better price. Barley sales were much more concentrated in the late summer and early fall months than were wheat sales. Wheat is held longer than barley before selling because of greater fluctuations of wheat prices during the marketing year. The months were ranked from high to low according to an adjusted seasonal price index. Grower estimates of the high and low months of wheat and barley prices ranged throughout the adjusted seasonal price index. Growers have a greater awareness of the months of low prices than the months of high prices for both wheat and barley. In basing their selling decision growers place more importance on unofficial market information than on official reports. Grain handlers, newsletters, magazines, and past experience were the most important unofficial information sources. The weekly grain market report issued at Portland was the most important official source of market information. Even though farmers have ready access to general market and price information, they expressed a need for more specific information on the demand and supply outlook in foreign countries and government grain marketing operations. Country elevator managers stressed the point they do not offer advice on when to market. They only present the market information they have available, and all marketing decisions rest with the grower. The price growers receive equals coastal price minus transportation, wheat commission, and elevator charges. Characteristics of a producer's marketing environment are price uncertainty, scarcity of relevant market information, and the oligopsonistic market structure a producer faces in the sale of his grain. The following marketing plan was profitable from 1955-56 through 1964-65. If the domestic cash price minus the effective support rate for wheat is greater than or equal to $0.10 per bushel during August then August sale of the grain is recommended. If the difference is less than $0.10 per bushel, the sale is made in November or December. The net income received from using this alternative for marketing wheat is $0.035 per bushel more than a straight August sale and more than $0.015 per bushel greater than a straight November or December sale. Barley sales in October and November during the same time period returned about $1.25 per ton more than an August sale. All calculations include storage charges and the opportunity cost of not having sold the grain in August, freeing the producer's capital for other uses. Title: Economic considerations in marketing Oregon grain : factors affecting Columbia Basin producers Author: Wood, George E. Wheat is the primary field crop in Oregon. Selection of time of sale is one of the most important marketing problems facing grain producers. The objectives of the study deal with economic considerations involved in a wheat producer's marketing process including factors motivating the time of sale, price analysis, availability and use of market information, the role of country grain handlers, and the use of marketing alternatives to improve net income. The study area consisted of wheat-fallow farms in the Columbia Basin in north central Oregon. Included are specialized wheat units in Umatilla, Gilliam, Morrow, Sherman, and Wasco Counties. Data were obtained through a mail survey of a selected sample of farms and through personal interviews with country elevator managers. The most frequently used alternatives for marketing wheat are selling the grain all at one time (34 percent), selling at more than one time (23 percent), and placing all or part of the wheat under government loan (43 percent). The time of marketing wheat varied from year to year for 70 percent of the growers. Eighty-five percent of the growers who varied the time of sale did so to sell at a better price. Barley sales were much more concentrated in the late summer and early fall months than were wheat sales. Wheat is held longer than barley before selling because of greater fluctuations of wheat prices during the marketing year. The months were ranked from high to low according to an adjusted seasonal price index. Grower estimates of the high and low months of wheat and barley prices ranged throughout the adjusted seasonal price index. Growers have a greater awareness of the months of low prices than the months of high prices for both wheat and barley. In basing their selling decision growers place more importance on unofficial market information than on official reports. Grain handlers, newsletters, magazines, and past experience were the most important unofficial information sources. The weekly grain market report issued at Portland was the most important official source of market information. Even though farmers have ready access to general market and price information, they expressed a need for more specific information on the demand and supply outlook in foreign countries and government grain marketing operations. Country elevator managers stressed the point they do not offer advice on when to market. They only present the market information they have available, and all marketing decisions rest with the grower. The price growers receive equals coastal price minus transportation, wheat commission, and elevator charges. Characteristics of a producer's marketing environment are price uncertainty, scarcity of relevant market information, and the oligopsonistic market structure a producer faces in the sale of his grain. The following marketing plan was profitable from 1955-56 through 1964-65. If the domestic cash price minus the effective support rate for wheat is greater than or equal to $0.10 per bushel during August then August sale of the grain is recommended. If the difference is less than $0.10 per bushel, the sale is made in November or December. The net income received from using this alternative for marketing wheat is $0.035 per bushel more than a straight August sale and more than $0.015 per bushel greater than a straight November or December sale. Barley sales in October and November during the same time period returned about $1.25 per ton more than an August sale. All calculations include storage charges and the opportunity cost of not having sold the grain in August, freeing the producer's capital for other uses. Close

• 2073. [Article] Factors affecting risk perception about drinking water and response to public notification

  Contamination of drinking water occurs despite strict regulations, yet few studies have been conducted to assess the public's perception of risk about drinking water. The purpose of this study was to assess ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors affecting risk perception about drinking water and response to public notification Author: Anadu, Edith Chijioke Contamination of drinking water occurs despite strict regulations, yet few studies have been conducted to assess the public's perception of risk about drinking water. The purpose of this study was to assess risk perception associated with drinking water supplied by small water systems and to determine alternative measures that people take in response to public notification (PN). The study also explored whether health belief model (HBM) variables and general risk perception about drinking water, were significant predictors of response to PN. Participants were selected from four small Oregon cities (one with a long-term filtration problem and the other with a short-term contamination problem) and two cities without such problems using a stratified random sampling technique. A total of 391 telephone interviews were completed for an average response rate of 69 percent. Results indicated higher risk perception about drinking water among residents of the city with a long-term drinking water problem (Falls City) when compared to the city with a short-term problem (Jefferson) (p=.008). A higher proportion of residents in Jefferson than in Falls City responded to the PN by boiling water (p=.O11), and by taking any action (p=.023) in response to PN. There was a significant difference between the cities with respect to regular bottled water consumption patterns (p=.0002), with Falls City showing the highest mean ranking for bottled water consumption, of all the cities. Logistic regression analysis supported the HBM variables perceived seriousness (OR=2.05, p=.O01), and household size (OR=2.2; p=.027) as predictors of response to PN by taking any action. Perceived seriousness (OR 0.5; p=.004) and income (OR= 2.3; p=.000) emerged as preditors of response to PN by drinking bottled water. General risk perception was a significant negative predictor of response to PN by boiling water (OR=0.57; p=.O19). Mail from the city water utility, county health department and newspapers were the top three sources respondents used to obtain information about drinking water. In all the cities, three quarters of the respondents indicated willingness to pay for the improvement of drinking water, particularly to correct problems related to chemical and microbiological contamination. Title: Factors affecting risk perception about drinking water and response to public notification Author: Anadu, Edith Chijioke Contamination of drinking water occurs despite strict regulations, yet few studies have been conducted to assess the public's perception of risk about drinking water. The purpose of this study was to assess risk perception associated with drinking water supplied by small water systems and to determine alternative measures that people take in response to public notification (PN). The study also explored whether health belief model (HBM) variables and general risk perception about drinking water, were significant predictors of response to PN. Participants were selected from four small Oregon cities (one with a long-term filtration problem and the other with a short-term contamination problem) and two cities without such problems using a stratified random sampling technique. A total of 391 telephone interviews were completed for an average response rate of 69 percent. Results indicated higher risk perception about drinking water among residents of the city with a long-term drinking water problem (Falls City) when compared to the city with a short-term problem (Jefferson) (p=.008). A higher proportion of residents in Jefferson than in Falls City responded to the PN by boiling water (p=.O11), and by taking any action (p=.023) in response to PN. There was a significant difference between the cities with respect to regular bottled water consumption patterns (p=.0002), with Falls City showing the highest mean ranking for bottled water consumption, of all the cities. Logistic regression analysis supported the HBM variables perceived seriousness (OR=2.05, p=.O01), and household size (OR=2.2; p=.027) as predictors of response to PN by taking any action. Perceived seriousness (OR 0.5; p=.004) and income (OR= 2.3; p=.000) emerged as preditors of response to PN by drinking bottled water. General risk perception was a significant negative predictor of response to PN by boiling water (OR=0.57; p=.O19). Mail from the city water utility, county health department and newspapers were the top three sources respondents used to obtain information about drinking water. In all the cities, three quarters of the respondents indicated willingness to pay for the improvement of drinking water, particularly to correct problems related to chemical and microbiological contamination. Close

• 2074. [Article] Comparison and analysis of small area estimation methods for improving estimates of selected forest attributes

  One of the most common practices regarding estimation of forest attributes is the partitioning of large forested subpopulations into smaller areas of interest to coincide with specific objectives of present ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparison and analysis of small area estimation methods for improving estimates of selected forest attributes Author: Goerndt, Michael E. One of the most common practices regarding estimation of forest attributes is the partitioning of large forested subpopulations into smaller areas of interest to coincide with specific objectives of present and future forest management. New estimators are needed to improve estimation of selected forest attributes in small areas where the existing sample is insufficient to obtain precise estimates. This dissertation assessed the strength of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) as auxiliary information for estimating plot-level forest attributes (trees/ha, basal area/ha, volume/ha, quadratic mean diameter, Lorey's height) using intensity and nonintensity area-level LiDAR metrics and single tree remote sensing (STRS). LiDAR intensity metrics were useful for increasing precision for trees/ha. With the exception of Lorey's height, STRS did not significantly improve precision for most of the attributes. Small area estimation (SAE) techniques were assessed for precision and bias in estimating stand-level forest attributes (trees/ha, basal area/ha, volume/ha, quadratic mean diameter, mean height of 100 largest trees/ha) assuming a localized subpopulation using LiDAR auxiliary information. Selected estimation methods included area-level regression-based composite estimators and indirect estimators based on synthetic prediction and nearest neighbor imputation. The composite estimators produced lower bias and higher precision than synthetic prediction and imputation. The traditional composite estimator outperformed empirical best linear unbiased prediction for bias but not for precision. SAE methods were compared for precision and bias in estimating county-level forest attributes (trees/ha, basal area/ha, volume/ha, quadratic mean diameter, mean height of 100 largest trees/ha) assuming a regional subpopulation using Landsat auxiliary information. Selected estimation methods included unit-level mixed regression-based indirect and composite estimators, and imputation-based indirect and composite estimators. The indirect and composite estimators based on linear mixed effects models generally outperformed those based on imputation. The composite estimators performed the best in terms of bias for all attributes. Title: Comparison and analysis of small area estimation methods for improving estimates of selected forest attributes Author: Goerndt, Michael E. One of the most common practices regarding estimation of forest attributes is the partitioning of large forested subpopulations into smaller areas of interest to coincide with specific objectives of present and future forest management. New estimators are needed to improve estimation of selected forest attributes in small areas where the existing sample is insufficient to obtain precise estimates. This dissertation assessed the strength of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) as auxiliary information for estimating plot-level forest attributes (trees/ha, basal area/ha, volume/ha, quadratic mean diameter, Lorey's height) using intensity and nonintensity area-level LiDAR metrics and single tree remote sensing (STRS). LiDAR intensity metrics were useful for increasing precision for trees/ha. With the exception of Lorey's height, STRS did not significantly improve precision for most of the attributes. Small area estimation (SAE) techniques were assessed for precision and bias in estimating stand-level forest attributes (trees/ha, basal area/ha, volume/ha, quadratic mean diameter, mean height of 100 largest trees/ha) assuming a localized subpopulation using LiDAR auxiliary information. Selected estimation methods included area-level regression-based composite estimators and indirect estimators based on synthetic prediction and nearest neighbor imputation. The composite estimators produced lower bias and higher precision than synthetic prediction and imputation. The traditional composite estimator outperformed empirical best linear unbiased prediction for bias but not for precision. SAE methods were compared for precision and bias in estimating county-level forest attributes (trees/ha, basal area/ha, volume/ha, quadratic mean diameter, mean height of 100 largest trees/ha) assuming a regional subpopulation using Landsat auxiliary information. Selected estimation methods included unit-level mixed regression-based indirect and composite estimators, and imputation-based indirect and composite estimators. The indirect and composite estimators based on linear mixed effects models generally outperformed those based on imputation. The composite estimators performed the best in terms of bias for all attributes. Close

• 2075. [Article] Physicians' attitudes toward deaf persons and the communication methods used with their deaf patients

  The central purpose of this study was to examine physicians' attitudes and communication methods which they used with deaf patients. This study was conducted with 100 physicians practicing medicine in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physicians' attitudes toward deaf persons and the communication methods used with their deaf patients Author: McNeil, Ellen E. The central purpose of this study was to examine physicians' attitudes and communication methods which they used with deaf patients. This study was conducted with 100 physicians practicing medicine in Linn and Marion counties in Oregon. Attitude was measured by the Attitude Toward Deaf Persons Scale and was compared to demographic information, physician response to statements about communication with the deaf, and the actual methods of communication physicians used with their deaf patients. Analysis of variance, chi square, and a standard t test were utilized for statistical analysis of relationships between attitude and each variable. Selected conclusions of the study were: 1.) Physicians were found to have generally positive attitudes toward the deaf as scored by the ATD scale. 2.) Physicians who attended a greater number of medical continuing education meetings or who had seen a greater number of deaf patients were found to have a higher incidence of preparedness to communicate with deaf patients. 3.) The communication modes physicians used most often with deaf patients were lipreading, writing notes and gestures or body language. Only 23 percent of the physicians had used a professional interpreter. 4.) A large disparity existed between the physicians' judgement of effectiveness of interpreting and the actual usage of any form of interpreting. Over 90% of the physicians judged interpreting to be an effective communication mode, yet actual usage varied from 12-58%. Selected recommendations were: 1.) The educational community has a responsibility to provide health care professionals with accurate information about the communication problems of the deaf. Specific topics for inservices were suggested. 2.) Physicians need inservice training pertaining to appropriate communication modes to use with deaf patients and the availability of interpreter services in their local medical communities. 3.) Medical school training should include information on the communication problems encountered with the deaf. Otolaryngology and emergency room residency programs were targeted for increased training pertaining to deafness. 4.) Deaf students' health vocabulary and information base needs to be examined. School curriculum may need to be developed which encourages deaf persons to take a more informed and active role in their own health care. Title: Physicians' attitudes toward deaf persons and the communication methods used with their deaf patients Author: McNeil, Ellen E. The central purpose of this study was to examine physicians' attitudes and communication methods which they used with deaf patients. This study was conducted with 100 physicians practicing medicine in Linn and Marion counties in Oregon. Attitude was measured by the Attitude Toward Deaf Persons Scale and was compared to demographic information, physician response to statements about communication with the deaf, and the actual methods of communication physicians used with their deaf patients. Analysis of variance, chi square, and a standard t test were utilized for statistical analysis of relationships between attitude and each variable. Selected conclusions of the study were: 1.) Physicians were found to have generally positive attitudes toward the deaf as scored by the ATD scale. 2.) Physicians who attended a greater number of medical continuing education meetings or who had seen a greater number of deaf patients were found to have a higher incidence of preparedness to communicate with deaf patients. 3.) The communication modes physicians used most often with deaf patients were lipreading, writing notes and gestures or body language. Only 23 percent of the physicians had used a professional interpreter. 4.) A large disparity existed between the physicians' judgement of effectiveness of interpreting and the actual usage of any form of interpreting. Over 90% of the physicians judged interpreting to be an effective communication mode, yet actual usage varied from 12-58%. Selected recommendations were: 1.) The educational community has a responsibility to provide health care professionals with accurate information about the communication problems of the deaf. Specific topics for inservices were suggested. 2.) Physicians need inservice training pertaining to appropriate communication modes to use with deaf patients and the availability of interpreter services in their local medical communities. 3.) Medical school training should include information on the communication problems encountered with the deaf. Otolaryngology and emergency room residency programs were targeted for increased training pertaining to deafness. 4.) Deaf students' health vocabulary and information base needs to be examined. School curriculum may need to be developed which encourages deaf persons to take a more informed and active role in their own health care. Close

• 2076. [Article] Biosystematic studies of Phacelia capitata (Hydrophyllaceae), a species endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon

  Phacelia capitata Rruckeberg is a member of the Phacelia magellanica polyploid complex (species group Magellanicae), a group of wide-ranging, polymorphic perennials in western North America related to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biosystematic studies of Phacelia capitata (Hydrophyllaceae), a species endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon Author: Shelly, J. Stephen Phacelia capitata Rruckeberg is a member of the Phacelia magellanica polyploid complex (species group Magellanicae), a group of wide-ranging, polymorphic perennials in western North America related to the South American P. secunda (= P. magellanica). The purpose of this project was to determine, to the extent possible, the interrelationships of P. capitata within the Magellanicae, using studies of its distribution, cytology, morphology, reproductive biology, and population ecology. Phacelia capitata is endemic to ultramafic (serpentine and peridotite) outcrops, or similar metamorphic substrates, in Coos, Douglas, and Jackson Counties, southwestern Oregon. Field surveys revealed 22 extant populations. The species occurs on open serpentine slopes, outcrops, and roadbanks or similarly disturbed sites, generally in areas with a south to southeast exposure. The native plant community with which P. capitata is frequently associated is a Pinus ieffreyi/grass savanna. Soils from five P. capitata sites and two E. corvmbosa sites were chemically analyzed. At six of these locations the soils were derived from fully serpentinized parent materials, and were found to possess low levels of phosphorus and very low calcium/magnesium ratios when compared to an eighth sample from a non-serpentine soil. A soil sample from one P. capitata site, derived from a metamorphic rock similar in appearance to serpentine, had chemical characteristics intermediate between those of serpentine and non-serpentine soils. Chromosome counts from 20 P. capitata populations revealed the existence of diploids (n=11) at 19 of them; tetraploid (n=22) counts were obtained from two populations, one of these populations also containing diploids. Taximetric studies of living plants from 26 Phacelia populations verify the morphological distinctiveness of P. capitata when compared to P. corvmbosa, P. hastata, and P. heterophylla ssp. virgata. Phacelia capitata is most readily distinguished from the other species by its narrow, mostly entire, silvery-pubescent rosette leaves, its often capitate or sub-capitate cyme branches, and its sparse, obscure glandulosity. Significant seed set in P. capitata does not occur in the absence of insect visitors. When natural pollinators collect nectar from the congested flowers, it is likely that self-pollination between adjacent flowers of an inflorescence is predominant (geitonogamy). However, cross-pollination occurs to some extent in members of the Magellanicae, as evidenced by hybridization and introgression at the tetraploid level. The origin of the polyploids of P. capitata is problematic. It is possible that P. capitata may have interbred in the past with P. Jeterophvlla ssp. virciata, or with a more southerly member of the complex, P. egena. There is also some morphological evidence that P. capitata may have occasionally hybridized with P. hastata. However, no plants have been found that suggest any hybrid contact between E. capitata and Z. corymbosa. At many locations there has been an increase in numbers of P. capitata following habitat disturbance, and this appears to have "released" the species from any paucity that formerly characterized its populations. The species evidently possesses poor competitive ability in the more closed vegetation which exists on non-serpentine soils, and also appears to be a poor competitor even in some undisturbed serpentine communities. Owing to its favorable response to disturbance, P. capitata is not endangered with extinction. However, it should be maintained on a monitoring list, because of its very narrow geographic distribution and restriction to serpentine or sub-serpentine soils. Title: Biosystematic studies of Phacelia capitata (Hydrophyllaceae), a species endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon Author: Shelly, J. Stephen Phacelia capitata Rruckeberg is a member of the Phacelia magellanica polyploid complex (species group Magellanicae), a group of wide-ranging, polymorphic perennials in western North America related to the South American P. secunda (= P. magellanica). The purpose of this project was to determine, to the extent possible, the interrelationships of P. capitata within the Magellanicae, using studies of its distribution, cytology, morphology, reproductive biology, and population ecology. Phacelia capitata is endemic to ultramafic (serpentine and peridotite) outcrops, or similar metamorphic substrates, in Coos, Douglas, and Jackson Counties, southwestern Oregon. Field surveys revealed 22 extant populations. The species occurs on open serpentine slopes, outcrops, and roadbanks or similarly disturbed sites, generally in areas with a south to southeast exposure. The native plant community with which P. capitata is frequently associated is a Pinus ieffreyi/grass savanna. Soils from five P. capitata sites and two E. corvmbosa sites were chemically analyzed. At six of these locations the soils were derived from fully serpentinized parent materials, and were found to possess low levels of phosphorus and very low calcium/magnesium ratios when compared to an eighth sample from a non-serpentine soil. A soil sample from one P. capitata site, derived from a metamorphic rock similar in appearance to serpentine, had chemical characteristics intermediate between those of serpentine and non-serpentine soils. Chromosome counts from 20 P. capitata populations revealed the existence of diploids (n=11) at 19 of them; tetraploid (n=22) counts were obtained from two populations, one of these populations also containing diploids. Taximetric studies of living plants from 26 Phacelia populations verify the morphological distinctiveness of P. capitata when compared to P. corvmbosa, P. hastata, and P. heterophylla ssp. virgata. Phacelia capitata is most readily distinguished from the other species by its narrow, mostly entire, silvery-pubescent rosette leaves, its often capitate or sub-capitate cyme branches, and its sparse, obscure glandulosity. Significant seed set in P. capitata does not occur in the absence of insect visitors. When natural pollinators collect nectar from the congested flowers, it is likely that self-pollination between adjacent flowers of an inflorescence is predominant (geitonogamy). However, cross-pollination occurs to some extent in members of the Magellanicae, as evidenced by hybridization and introgression at the tetraploid level. The origin of the polyploids of P. capitata is problematic. It is possible that P. capitata may have interbred in the past with P. Jeterophvlla ssp. virciata, or with a more southerly member of the complex, P. egena. There is also some morphological evidence that P. capitata may have occasionally hybridized with P. hastata. However, no plants have been found that suggest any hybrid contact between E. capitata and Z. corymbosa. At many locations there has been an increase in numbers of P. capitata following habitat disturbance, and this appears to have "released" the species from any paucity that formerly characterized its populations. The species evidently possesses poor competitive ability in the more closed vegetation which exists on non-serpentine soils, and also appears to be a poor competitor even in some undisturbed serpentine communities. Owing to its favorable response to disturbance, P. capitata is not endangered with extinction. However, it should be maintained on a monitoring list, because of its very narrow geographic distribution and restriction to serpentine or sub-serpentine soils. Close

• 2077. [Article] Aquatic invertebrate-habitat relationships and stream channel cross section area change in response to streamside management zones in North Central Mississippi

  The southern states lead the country in timber production and are subject to Best Management Practices (BMPs) designed to mediate the effects of forest harvesting on water quality. Small headwater streams ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquatic invertebrate-habitat relationships and stream channel cross section area change in response to streamside management zones in North Central Mississippi Author: Luecker, Terry A. The southern states lead the country in timber production and are subject to Best Management Practices (BMPs) designed to mediate the effects of forest harvesting on water quality. Small headwater streams on timberland in North Central Mississippi have received little attention with respect to effectiveness of the BMPs designed to protect them. With stand rotations of 25-30 years and with some counties held in nearly 30% private industrial forestry ownership, impacts of intensive forest management on water resources have the potential to be large. In North Central Mississippi, I evaluated the effectiveness of Streamside Management Zones (SMZs), corridors of the riparian zone along the stream left unharvested, as a component of BMPs. The streams sampled were low-order perennial headwaters either within a clearcut with no SMZ, a clearcut with an SMZ, or a site that had not been harvested. Aquatic invertebrate community composition, habitat and substrate composition, and stream channel cross-section areas were evaluated in 2002 and again in 2003. My objectives were 1) to describe the invertebrates and habitat conditions at each site, 2) to determine if there are relationships between invertebrates and water quality, cover metrics, or relative amounts of substrate size fractions, and 3) to determine whether or not there were detectable treatment effects on either substrate composition or stream channel cross-section areas. Water quality, cover, and substrate size classes were highly variable within each harvest treatment. No significant differences were found downstream of harvest treatments for relative distribution of substrate within each harvest treatment group. Even though the habitat and substrate were highly variable, the invertebrate composition at many sites was dominated by a single family, Chironomidae. Ordinations of the presence of invertebrate taxa using non-metric multidimensional scaling showed a separation of the Reference and No-SMZ treatment groups for 2003, indicating that treatment effects may only be expressed in the biota and not in physical stream habitat characteristics measured by this study three to five years after harvesting. Changes in stream channel cross-section area occurred for all treatments, with Reference treatments degrading and SMZ and No-SMZ treatments aggrading between 24 and 29 months after harvesting treatments were established. Overall, No-SMZ treatments did not have significant changes in stream channel cross-section between sampling intervals, while Reference and SMZ treated streams changed significantly throughout the study. High natural variability of the streams made it difficult to discern differences in stream habitat parameters for each harvest treatment. Differences between Reference and No-SMZ sites in the 2003 ordinations and between No-SMZ and the other treatments for stream channel cross-sections indicated that SMZs are functioning in these low-order streams. Title: Aquatic invertebrate-habitat relationships and stream channel cross section area change in response to streamside management zones in North Central Mississippi Author: Luecker, Terry A. The southern states lead the country in timber production and are subject to Best Management Practices (BMPs) designed to mediate the effects of forest harvesting on water quality. Small headwater streams on timberland in North Central Mississippi have received little attention with respect to effectiveness of the BMPs designed to protect them. With stand rotations of 25-30 years and with some counties held in nearly 30% private industrial forestry ownership, impacts of intensive forest management on water resources have the potential to be large. In North Central Mississippi, I evaluated the effectiveness of Streamside Management Zones (SMZs), corridors of the riparian zone along the stream left unharvested, as a component of BMPs. The streams sampled were low-order perennial headwaters either within a clearcut with no SMZ, a clearcut with an SMZ, or a site that had not been harvested. Aquatic invertebrate community composition, habitat and substrate composition, and stream channel cross-section areas were evaluated in 2002 and again in 2003. My objectives were 1) to describe the invertebrates and habitat conditions at each site, 2) to determine if there are relationships between invertebrates and water quality, cover metrics, or relative amounts of substrate size fractions, and 3) to determine whether or not there were detectable treatment effects on either substrate composition or stream channel cross-section areas. Water quality, cover, and substrate size classes were highly variable within each harvest treatment. No significant differences were found downstream of harvest treatments for relative distribution of substrate within each harvest treatment group. Even though the habitat and substrate were highly variable, the invertebrate composition at many sites was dominated by a single family, Chironomidae. Ordinations of the presence of invertebrate taxa using non-metric multidimensional scaling showed a separation of the Reference and No-SMZ treatment groups for 2003, indicating that treatment effects may only be expressed in the biota and not in physical stream habitat characteristics measured by this study three to five years after harvesting. Changes in stream channel cross-section area occurred for all treatments, with Reference treatments degrading and SMZ and No-SMZ treatments aggrading between 24 and 29 months after harvesting treatments were established. Overall, No-SMZ treatments did not have significant changes in stream channel cross-section between sampling intervals, while Reference and SMZ treated streams changed significantly throughout the study. High natural variability of the streams made it difficult to discern differences in stream habitat parameters for each harvest treatment. Differences between Reference and No-SMZ sites in the 2003 ordinations and between No-SMZ and the other treatments for stream channel cross-sections indicated that SMZs are functioning in these low-order streams. Close

• 2078. [Article] Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use and herbage (or biomass) removal from grazing at Jack Creek, Klamath County, Oregon

  We evaluated the effects of herbage removal from livestock grazing on Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use by monitoring frog locations in grazed and matched ungrazed treatments across a range ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use and herbage (or biomass) removal from grazing at Jack Creek, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Shovlain, Amie M. We evaluated the effects of herbage removal from livestock grazing on Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use by monitoring frog locations in grazed and matched ungrazed treatments across a range of grazing intensities at Jack Creek, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Oregon. Thirteen cattle exclosures were deployed along Jack Creek in the summer of 2003. Movements were monitored using radio telemetry on adult frogs (N = 24 frogs) within treatments sites from July through October 2004. Individual frogs were located 1 to 28 times ([mean]=11.7) and were tracked from 1 to 74 days [mean]=35.8 days). A 10-pinpoint intercept frame was used to estimate relative differences in removed vegetation cover. This difference between ungrazed treatments and paired grazed controls was used as a measure of grazing pressure at treatment sites, and examined in relation to frog habitat preference. Pin measurements ranged from an average monthly difference of -1.2 to 2.97 pin hits between an exclosure and its control. As pin differences increased by one unit, the odds of finding a frog in the exclosure increased by a factor of 1.62 (F1,4 = 3.90, p = 0.05) with an approximate 95% confidence interval of 1.00 to 2.74. Based on the proportion of time frogs spent inside exclosures, there was evidence that as grazing pressure increased, frogs preferred ungrazed livestock exclosures. Secondary objectives of this study were to describe migration routes and identify overwintering sites of the R. pretiosa population on Jack Creek. From August to mid-December 2003, frogs (N = 36) were tracked from 5 to 92 days ([mean] = 49.5 days) and located 2 to 39 times ([mean] = 23.2 times). In mid-October, individuals were located in sheltered areas along the creek such as willow root complexes and abandoned beaver runs. Frogs also were found in deep (130 cm) pools associated with active springs and individuals in these areas were active within the pools under 5 cm of ice. Using mark-recapture techniques and deployment of cattle exclosures, we examined 1) frog migration and 2) grazing effects on frog habitat use for the Jack Creek R. pretiosa population in 2003-2004. Ultimately, a more complete understanding of the natural history of this species and how anthropogenic activities affect amphibians such as R. pretiosa will aid managers in mitigating potential adverse affects, especially in riparian systems, and contribute to recovery and restoration strategies. Title: Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use and herbage (or biomass) removal from grazing at Jack Creek, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Shovlain, Amie M. We evaluated the effects of herbage removal from livestock grazing on Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use by monitoring frog locations in grazed and matched ungrazed treatments across a range of grazing intensities at Jack Creek, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Oregon. Thirteen cattle exclosures were deployed along Jack Creek in the summer of 2003. Movements were monitored using radio telemetry on adult frogs (N = 24 frogs) within treatments sites from July through October 2004. Individual frogs were located 1 to 28 times ([mean]=11.7) and were tracked from 1 to 74 days [mean]=35.8 days). A 10-pinpoint intercept frame was used to estimate relative differences in removed vegetation cover. This difference between ungrazed treatments and paired grazed controls was used as a measure of grazing pressure at treatment sites, and examined in relation to frog habitat preference. Pin measurements ranged from an average monthly difference of -1.2 to 2.97 pin hits between an exclosure and its control. As pin differences increased by one unit, the odds of finding a frog in the exclosure increased by a factor of 1.62 (F1,4 = 3.90, p = 0.05) with an approximate 95% confidence interval of 1.00 to 2.74. Based on the proportion of time frogs spent inside exclosures, there was evidence that as grazing pressure increased, frogs preferred ungrazed livestock exclosures. Secondary objectives of this study were to describe migration routes and identify overwintering sites of the R. pretiosa population on Jack Creek. From August to mid-December 2003, frogs (N = 36) were tracked from 5 to 92 days ([mean] = 49.5 days) and located 2 to 39 times ([mean] = 23.2 times). In mid-October, individuals were located in sheltered areas along the creek such as willow root complexes and abandoned beaver runs. Frogs also were found in deep (130 cm) pools associated with active springs and individuals in these areas were active within the pools under 5 cm of ice. Using mark-recapture techniques and deployment of cattle exclosures, we examined 1) frog migration and 2) grazing effects on frog habitat use for the Jack Creek R. pretiosa population in 2003-2004. Ultimately, a more complete understanding of the natural history of this species and how anthropogenic activities affect amphibians such as R. pretiosa will aid managers in mitigating potential adverse affects, especially in riparian systems, and contribute to recovery and restoration strategies. Close

• 2079. [Article] Vulnerability of port and harbor communities to earthquake and tsunami hazards in the Pacific Northwest

  Earthquakes a . tsunamis pose significant threats to port and harbor communities in the Pacific Northwest. Developing effective mitigation and preparedness plans requires a comprehensive understanding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vulnerability of port and harbor communities to earthquake and tsunami hazards in the Pacific Northwest Author: Wood, Nathan J. Earthquakes a . tsunamis pose significant threats to port and harbor communities in the Pacific Northwest. Developing effective mitigation and preparedness plans requires a comprehensive understanding of community vulnerability. Research presented here focuses on the vulnerability of ports and harbors to earthquake and tsunami hazards and includes a regional study of stakeholder perceptions, a community-based process that integrates stakeholder and technical advisor expertise and a GIS-based approach that combines regional data with local stakeholder knowledge. The perception study was conducted to gauge hazard and vulnerability awareness, current state of readiness and priorities for future work. To date, communities have developed mitigation and response strategies, with less energy devoted to post-event recovery plans. Although city and county hazard strategies have been developed, little has been done to make individual offices or businesses less vulnerable. To further vulnerability reduction efforts, respondents rated public outreach programs, cost/benefit analyses and hazard mapping efforts as high priority. The second study of port and harbor vulnerability focuses on an assessment approach based on the integration of technical advisor and stakeholder expertise in a collaborative workshop setting. Through this process, participants were most concerned with potential life loss and other nonstructural vulnerability issues rather than structural issues, such as damage to specific buildings. The inclusion of stakeholder input and assessments from both geographic and community function viewpoints provided a more robust representation of community vulnerability issues than only site-specific technical analyses. The third study of port and harbor vulnerability focuses on the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, with an emphasis on identifying community resources that protect life safety, the built environment and infrastructure integrity, and economic vitality. Products from this GIS approach, such as composite vulnerability maps, can serve as a basis for setting community priorities for increasing resiliency to natural hazards. Results from this GIS approach suggest that widely available on-line data sources must be supplemented with local knowledge if realistic preparedness and mitigation strategies are to be developed. Research presented here will help numerous agencies, organizations, and communities set priorities in future mitigation actions, be it research action plans, resource allocation, or investment planning. Title: Vulnerability of port and harbor communities to earthquake and tsunami hazards in the Pacific Northwest Author: Wood, Nathan J. Earthquakes a . tsunamis pose significant threats to port and harbor communities in the Pacific Northwest. Developing effective mitigation and preparedness plans requires a comprehensive understanding of community vulnerability. Research presented here focuses on the vulnerability of ports and harbors to earthquake and tsunami hazards and includes a regional study of stakeholder perceptions, a community-based process that integrates stakeholder and technical advisor expertise and a GIS-based approach that combines regional data with local stakeholder knowledge. The perception study was conducted to gauge hazard and vulnerability awareness, current state of readiness and priorities for future work. To date, communities have developed mitigation and response strategies, with less energy devoted to post-event recovery plans. Although city and county hazard strategies have been developed, little has been done to make individual offices or businesses less vulnerable. To further vulnerability reduction efforts, respondents rated public outreach programs, cost/benefit analyses and hazard mapping efforts as high priority. The second study of port and harbor vulnerability focuses on an assessment approach based on the integration of technical advisor and stakeholder expertise in a collaborative workshop setting. Through this process, participants were most concerned with potential life loss and other nonstructural vulnerability issues rather than structural issues, such as damage to specific buildings. The inclusion of stakeholder input and assessments from both geographic and community function viewpoints provided a more robust representation of community vulnerability issues than only site-specific technical analyses. The third study of port and harbor vulnerability focuses on the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, with an emphasis on identifying community resources that protect life safety, the built environment and infrastructure integrity, and economic vitality. Products from this GIS approach, such as composite vulnerability maps, can serve as a basis for setting community priorities for increasing resiliency to natural hazards. Results from this GIS approach suggest that widely available on-line data sources must be supplemented with local knowledge if realistic preparedness and mitigation strategies are to be developed. Research presented here will help numerous agencies, organizations, and communities set priorities in future mitigation actions, be it research action plans, resource allocation, or investment planning. Close

• 2080. [Article] Comparison of methods to estimate population density of Pacific giant salamanders in small streams of the southern Oregon Cascades

  I compared hand sampling, two-pass multiple removal sampling, mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) at 22 sites in 11 streams ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparison of methods to estimate population density of Pacific giant salamanders in small streams of the southern Oregon Cascades Author: Leuthold, Niels C. I compared hand sampling, two-pass multiple removal sampling, mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) at 22 sites in 11 streams of Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates were not significantly different (p 0.86). Hand sampling and two-pass multiple removal population estimates were not significantly different (p = 0.57). However, mark-recapture and catchability-based estimates were significantly greater than two-pass multiple removal and hand sampling estimates. Hand sampling and multiple removal population estimates were frequently lower than the number of individual Pacific giant salamanders captured by all methods at a site. The catchability of each method differed between streams and within consecutive sites on the same stream. Unacknowledged differences in catchabilities among sites are a potential source of error when using hand-sampling index counts to estimate and compare populations without correcting the estimates for the differences in Pacific giant salamander catchability. Catchability decreased significantly between the first pass of electroshocking and the subsequent recapture pass of electroshocking. This decrease was observed even though the recapture passes were performed the day after the multiple removal electroshocking. A decrease in catchability violates the assumptions of constant catchability for multiple removal population estimates and potentially explains the weaker performance of removal estimates. Hand sampling estimates did not adjust for the proportion of the population captured at each site, and this is probably the cause of their poor performance. The presumption of constant catchability in hand sampling produced biases in the population estimates, because the catchabilities were not constant. In future studies of stream amphibian abundance, catchability needs to be included in population estimation procedures to produce accurate estimates and to allow valid comparisons of population sizes between sites. Catchability models can be used to calibrate less intensive survey methods, such as hand sampling or a single pass of electroshocking, with the results from more intensive mark-recapture methods. Intensive work would be needed to do the calibrations, but afterwards a standard, more convenient method, such as electroshocking or hand sampling, can be used within the ranges of habitat values for which the calibration model is valid. Title: Comparison of methods to estimate population density of Pacific giant salamanders in small streams of the southern Oregon Cascades Author: Leuthold, Niels C. I compared hand sampling, two-pass multiple removal sampling, mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) at 22 sites in 11 streams of Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates were not significantly different (p 0.86). Hand sampling and two-pass multiple removal population estimates were not significantly different (p = 0.57). However, mark-recapture and catchability-based estimates were significantly greater than two-pass multiple removal and hand sampling estimates. Hand sampling and multiple removal population estimates were frequently lower than the number of individual Pacific giant salamanders captured by all methods at a site. The catchability of each method differed between streams and within consecutive sites on the same stream. Unacknowledged differences in catchabilities among sites are a potential source of error when using hand-sampling index counts to estimate and compare populations without correcting the estimates for the differences in Pacific giant salamander catchability. Catchability decreased significantly between the first pass of electroshocking and the subsequent recapture pass of electroshocking. This decrease was observed even though the recapture passes were performed the day after the multiple removal electroshocking. A decrease in catchability violates the assumptions of constant catchability for multiple removal population estimates and potentially explains the weaker performance of removal estimates. Hand sampling estimates did not adjust for the proportion of the population captured at each site, and this is probably the cause of their poor performance. The presumption of constant catchability in hand sampling produced biases in the population estimates, because the catchabilities were not constant. In future studies of stream amphibian abundance, catchability needs to be included in population estimation procedures to produce accurate estimates and to allow valid comparisons of population sizes between sites. Catchability models can be used to calibrate less intensive survey methods, such as hand sampling or a single pass of electroshocking, with the results from more intensive mark-recapture methods. Intensive work would be needed to do the calibrations, but afterwards a standard, more convenient method, such as electroshocking or hand sampling, can be used within the ranges of habitat values for which the calibration model is valid. Close