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• 2061. [Article] The effect of selected socio-environmental variables on the dietary intake of preschool children

  This investigation was undertaken to obtain information on the dietary intake of Oregon preschool children and to determine the effect of certain socio-environmental variables on the nutrient intake of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of selected socio-environmental variables on the dietary intake of preschool children Author: Condit, Mary Garidel This investigation was undertaken to obtain information on the dietary intake of Oregon preschool children and to determine the effect of certain socio-environmental variables on the nutrient intake of these children. Three hundred boys and girls who were attending Well Child or Multiphasic Screening Clinics in 11 counties participated in this project. A home economist interviewed the parent to obtain the child's dietary intake and socio-environmental data of the family. Dietary intake was determined by 24-hour recall or 3-day records. Nutrient intake was compared to the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA); intakes below 67 percent of the RDA were considered low. Correlations of socio-environmental factors with nutrient intake were determined by simple linear regression and multiple regression analysis. The mean and median of the children's intake of vitamin A, exceeded the RDA. While the median of their niacin intake was just below the RDA, the mean and median of their iron intake was below the recommended level. Protein and riboflavin were consumed abundantly, with 0 and 3.3 percent of the subjects, respectively, failing to receive two-thirds of the RDA. Sixty-three percent of the children ingested diets that supplied two to three times the RDA for protein. The nutrients most commonly lacking were iron, ascorbic acid, calcium and thiamin, with 39.7, 18.7, 15.3, and 13.0 percent, respectively, of the children having low intakes. Forty-one percent of the children received a nutrient supplement, which was not included in these calculations. The percentage of children consuming diets containing less than 67 percent of the RDA increased with age for the intakes of vitamin A, thiamin, and kilocalories. Low intakes of iron, on the other hand, declined with age. Riboflavin intake was lowest among the four- to six-year-old children. Adequacy of ascorbic acid, niacin and calcium did not show any relation to age. The socio-environmental variables examined were geographic location (urban, rural, or metropolitan), number of siblings as well as education and occupation of each parent. Other socio-environmental variables considered were whether or not the family received public assistance or had contact with the Cooperative Extension Service personnel and bulletins. When multiple regression analysis was ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, protein, and kilocalories performed, the only significant correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between the intake of ascorbic acid, mother's education, and mother's profession. Four socio-environmental variables were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with the intake of one or more nutrients by simple linear regression. A significant correlation was found between mother's education and the intakes of ascorbic acid, calories, and thiamin. A significant correlation was observed between mother's profession and the intakes of niacin and ascorbic acid. Father's education was found to be significantly related to the intake of thiamin. The only significant, negative correlation was found between the intake of thiamin and the number of siblings. Title: The effect of selected socio-environmental variables on the dietary intake of preschool children Author: Condit, Mary Garidel This investigation was undertaken to obtain information on the dietary intake of Oregon preschool children and to determine the effect of certain socio-environmental variables on the nutrient intake of these children. Three hundred boys and girls who were attending Well Child or Multiphasic Screening Clinics in 11 counties participated in this project. A home economist interviewed the parent to obtain the child's dietary intake and socio-environmental data of the family. Dietary intake was determined by 24-hour recall or 3-day records. Nutrient intake was compared to the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA); intakes below 67 percent of the RDA were considered low. Correlations of socio-environmental factors with nutrient intake were determined by simple linear regression and multiple regression analysis. The mean and median of the children's intake of vitamin A, exceeded the RDA. While the median of their niacin intake was just below the RDA, the mean and median of their iron intake was below the recommended level. Protein and riboflavin were consumed abundantly, with 0 and 3.3 percent of the subjects, respectively, failing to receive two-thirds of the RDA. Sixty-three percent of the children ingested diets that supplied two to three times the RDA for protein. The nutrients most commonly lacking were iron, ascorbic acid, calcium and thiamin, with 39.7, 18.7, 15.3, and 13.0 percent, respectively, of the children having low intakes. Forty-one percent of the children received a nutrient supplement, which was not included in these calculations. The percentage of children consuming diets containing less than 67 percent of the RDA increased with age for the intakes of vitamin A, thiamin, and kilocalories. Low intakes of iron, on the other hand, declined with age. Riboflavin intake was lowest among the four- to six-year-old children. Adequacy of ascorbic acid, niacin and calcium did not show any relation to age. The socio-environmental variables examined were geographic location (urban, rural, or metropolitan), number of siblings as well as education and occupation of each parent. Other socio-environmental variables considered were whether or not the family received public assistance or had contact with the Cooperative Extension Service personnel and bulletins. When multiple regression analysis was ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, protein, and kilocalories performed, the only significant correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between the intake of ascorbic acid, mother's education, and mother's profession. Four socio-environmental variables were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with the intake of one or more nutrients by simple linear regression. A significant correlation was found between mother's education and the intakes of ascorbic acid, calories, and thiamin. A significant correlation was observed between mother's profession and the intakes of niacin and ascorbic acid. Father's education was found to be significantly related to the intake of thiamin. The only significant, negative correlation was found between the intake of thiamin and the number of siblings. Close

• 2062. [Article] Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon

  A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon Author: Dustrude, Ann Marie A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project listing of Indian households in the six-county area. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained by interview method from 504 individuals, representing 226 Indian households; a food frequency questionnaire served as a cross-check. Ages of the participants ranged from 1 to 81 years. The dietary intakes, excluding supplements, of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid were computer analyzed for 13 age-sex groupings. Mean and median nutrient intakes were compared to the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and discussed as meeting 33.3 percent or less of the RDA, meeting 33.4 to 66.6 percent of the RDA, meeting 66.7 to 99.9 percent of the RDA, or meeting the RDA fully. Iron was the nutrient found to be low most often, with children ages 1 to 3 years and females 11 to 50 years having mean intakes from 61 to 87 percent of the 1980 RDA. Calcium intakes were low for all female groups age 11 years and beyond; females 51 years and over had the lowest intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Mean and median dietary intakes of protein, riboflavin, and niacin were close to or in excess of the appropriate RDA for all age-sex groups. Ascorbic acid and vitamin A were consumed in adequate mean amounts, but there were large numbers of low intakes in some age-sex groups. Data concerning shopping habits, sources of food, food aid, tribal affiliation(s), cooking and refrigeration adequacy, consumption of "traditional" Indian foods, and income were obtained by means of a household questionnaire. A comparison was made between selected demographic factors and Household Diet Scores, which were based on individual nutrient intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Households which obtained food from a home garden and households which canned or froze food for later use had significantly higher (p [less than or equal to] .05) mean Household Diet Scores than did households which did not have these characteristics. Income levels and the practice of obtaining meat from hunting or from fishing lacked a significant relationship to Household Diet Scores at p [less than or equal to] 0.05. The percentage contributions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to caloric intakes were: 45 percent from carbohydrate, 39 percent from fat, and 16 percent from protein. In general, the diets of the Southwest Oregon Native American population were found to approximate the diets of the general United States population as reported in the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey in relation to nutrient intakes and caloric sources. Title: Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon Author: Dustrude, Ann Marie A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project listing of Indian households in the six-county area. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained by interview method from 504 individuals, representing 226 Indian households; a food frequency questionnaire served as a cross-check. Ages of the participants ranged from 1 to 81 years. The dietary intakes, excluding supplements, of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid were computer analyzed for 13 age-sex groupings. Mean and median nutrient intakes were compared to the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and discussed as meeting 33.3 percent or less of the RDA, meeting 33.4 to 66.6 percent of the RDA, meeting 66.7 to 99.9 percent of the RDA, or meeting the RDA fully. Iron was the nutrient found to be low most often, with children ages 1 to 3 years and females 11 to 50 years having mean intakes from 61 to 87 percent of the 1980 RDA. Calcium intakes were low for all female groups age 11 years and beyond; females 51 years and over had the lowest intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Mean and median dietary intakes of protein, riboflavin, and niacin were close to or in excess of the appropriate RDA for all age-sex groups. Ascorbic acid and vitamin A were consumed in adequate mean amounts, but there were large numbers of low intakes in some age-sex groups. Data concerning shopping habits, sources of food, food aid, tribal affiliation(s), cooking and refrigeration adequacy, consumption of "traditional" Indian foods, and income were obtained by means of a household questionnaire. A comparison was made between selected demographic factors and Household Diet Scores, which were based on individual nutrient intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Households which obtained food from a home garden and households which canned or froze food for later use had significantly higher (p [less than or equal to] .05) mean Household Diet Scores than did households which did not have these characteristics. Income levels and the practice of obtaining meat from hunting or from fishing lacked a significant relationship to Household Diet Scores at p [less than or equal to] 0.05. The percentage contributions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to caloric intakes were: 45 percent from carbohydrate, 39 percent from fat, and 16 percent from protein. In general, the diets of the Southwest Oregon Native American population were found to approximate the diets of the general United States population as reported in the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey in relation to nutrient intakes and caloric sources. Close

• 2063. [Article] Food selection and juvenile survival in Nuttall's cottontails in central Oregon

  A population of Nuttall's cottontails (Sylvilagus nuttallii) in Deschutes County, Oregon, decreased fromm 166 individuals in August 1978 to 76 individuals in August 1979. Survival rates of four annual ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food selection and juvenile survival in Nuttall's cottontails in central Oregon Author: Hundertmark, Kris Joseph A population of Nuttall's cottontails (Sylvilagus nuttallii) in Deschutes County, Oregon, decreased fromm 166 individuals in August 1978 to 76 individuals in August 1979. Survival rates of four annual litter groups in 1978 were 0.74, 0.35, 0.72, and 0.93; survival rates for the same litter groups, respectively, in 1979 were 0.12, 0.28, 0.07, and 0.18. Population density and juvenile survival decreased between the 2 years possibly because of alterations in forage quality and quantity caused by precipitation. Numbers of cottontails on the study area on 30 August were related significantly (P<0.O1) to initial breeding density and to precipitation falling during the breeding season (February - July). Survival in juvenile cottontails from birth to 30 August was related significantly to precipitation in the first (P<O.05), third (P<O.01), and fourth (p<0.O1) annual litter groups. Vegetative abundance at the end of the growing season (September) decreased by approximately 30% between the 2 years; the decline corresponded with a 45% decrease in crop-year (September - June) precipitation. Succulence of grasses, forbs, and shrubs was greatest in spring, declined in summer, and increased slightly in late summer. Forbs consistently were the most succulent group, except in September when shrubs were most succulent. Grasses exhibited the greatest variation in succulence in response to precipitation; shrubs exhibited the least. A moisture availability index (MAI) indicated that, despite approximately equal estimates of succulence between the 2 years, moisture was more available to cottontails in 1978 because of greater abundance of vegetation. Cottontails seemingly selected forage groups in relation to their relative succulence, within limits. Shrubs were avoided, and succulent juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) foliage was eaten only in dry periods, possibly because of low tolerance in cottontails to plant secondary compounds, particularly terpenoids. Juveniles selected forbs in significantly (P<0.05) greater proportions than adults, possibly to aquire additional moisture for growth; diets of younger (<600 g) and older (>600 g) juveniles did not differ. Breeding females selected forbs in significantly (P<0.05) greater proportions than males, possibly because of moisture demands associated with reproduction and lactation. Other nutrients, especially protein, that are associated with moisture content of plants, possibly were as important as moisture in determining food habits and population fluctuations in Nuttall's cottontails in central Oregon. The relationship between juvenile survival and precipitation possibly was caused by genotypic variation in efficiency in cottontails to utilize moisture and nutrients. Title: Food selection and juvenile survival in Nuttall's cottontails in central Oregon Author: Hundertmark, Kris Joseph A population of Nuttall's cottontails (Sylvilagus nuttallii) in Deschutes County, Oregon, decreased fromm 166 individuals in August 1978 to 76 individuals in August 1979. Survival rates of four annual litter groups in 1978 were 0.74, 0.35, 0.72, and 0.93; survival rates for the same litter groups, respectively, in 1979 were 0.12, 0.28, 0.07, and 0.18. Population density and juvenile survival decreased between the 2 years possibly because of alterations in forage quality and quantity caused by precipitation. Numbers of cottontails on the study area on 30 August were related significantly (P<0.O1) to initial breeding density and to precipitation falling during the breeding season (February - July). Survival in juvenile cottontails from birth to 30 August was related significantly to precipitation in the first (P<O.05), third (P<O.01), and fourth (p<0.O1) annual litter groups. Vegetative abundance at the end of the growing season (September) decreased by approximately 30% between the 2 years; the decline corresponded with a 45% decrease in crop-year (September - June) precipitation. Succulence of grasses, forbs, and shrubs was greatest in spring, declined in summer, and increased slightly in late summer. Forbs consistently were the most succulent group, except in September when shrubs were most succulent. Grasses exhibited the greatest variation in succulence in response to precipitation; shrubs exhibited the least. A moisture availability index (MAI) indicated that, despite approximately equal estimates of succulence between the 2 years, moisture was more available to cottontails in 1978 because of greater abundance of vegetation. Cottontails seemingly selected forage groups in relation to their relative succulence, within limits. Shrubs were avoided, and succulent juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) foliage was eaten only in dry periods, possibly because of low tolerance in cottontails to plant secondary compounds, particularly terpenoids. Juveniles selected forbs in significantly (P<0.05) greater proportions than adults, possibly to aquire additional moisture for growth; diets of younger (<600 g) and older (>600 g) juveniles did not differ. Breeding females selected forbs in significantly (P<0.05) greater proportions than males, possibly because of moisture demands associated with reproduction and lactation. Other nutrients, especially protein, that are associated with moisture content of plants, possibly were as important as moisture in determining food habits and population fluctuations in Nuttall's cottontails in central Oregon. The relationship between juvenile survival and precipitation possibly was caused by genotypic variation in efficiency in cottontails to utilize moisture and nutrients. Close

• 2064. [Article] Projected impacts on growers, processors, and consumers from mechanical strawberry harvesting

  Oregon has grown strawberries commercially since the early 1900's. More than 90 percent of strawberries produced in Oregon has traditionally been delivered to processors. The strawberry acreage has declined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Projected impacts on growers, processors, and consumers from mechanical strawberry harvesting Author: Kim, Chong S. Oregon has grown strawberries commercially since the early 1900's. More than 90 percent of strawberries produced in Oregon has traditionally been delivered to processors. The strawberry acreage has declined from a high of 18,300 acres in 1957 to the lowest level of 5,000 acres in 1978. The increasing harvest costs and the difficulties in procuring hand-pickers are hypothesized to be the main reasons for decreasing the Oregon strawberry acreage and production. In an attempt to solve these problems, since 1967 Oregon has put considerable efforts into mechanization of strawberry harvesting. The objectives of this thesis are to estimate the economic feasibility to Oregon growers of mechanically harvested strawberries, and to estimate net social benefits (or costs) that could be expected from adopting this new technology in strawberry harvesting. The structural model consisting of supply and demand for strawberries for processing are derived based upon the assumption that growers sell strawberries under perfect competition, and processors purchase strawberries under oligopsonistic imperfect competition. Cross-sectional data across eight major strawberry producing counties over the period 1962 - 1978 were pooled in the estimation of the parameters. The estimated supply and demand equations for strawberries were used for estimating net social benefits (or costs). Present values of net social benefits are estimated and compared by applying formulas used by Lindner and Jarrett, Griliches, and Peterson. The results indicated that the distribution of welfare resulting from adopting new technology in strawberry harvesting vary, depending not only on the nature of the supply shift but also on the price elasticity of demand. Since the demand for strawberries for processing was very inelastic, the shift of the supply curve to the right would result in greater benefits to processors than to growers, and growers could even be worse off if a pivotal shift in the supply curve should occur. The present values of net social benefits which would be expected from mechanization of strawberry harvesting ranged from $39 million to $918 million depending upon the nature of the supply shift and the formula used to estimate social benefits. The results also indicated that mechanization of strawberry harvesting may be more profitable to growers than hand-picking under certain assumed conditions. However, some caution is needed in interpreting the results obtained in this thesis. For instance, specific prices for some grades of mechanically harvested strawberries have not yet been officially established, which adds uncertainty to the economic comparisons between mechanical harvesting versus hand-picking. Title: Projected impacts on growers, processors, and consumers from mechanical strawberry harvesting Author: Kim, Chong S. Oregon has grown strawberries commercially since the early 1900's. More than 90 percent of strawberries produced in Oregon has traditionally been delivered to processors. The strawberry acreage has declined from a high of 18,300 acres in 1957 to the lowest level of 5,000 acres in 1978. The increasing harvest costs and the difficulties in procuring hand-pickers are hypothesized to be the main reasons for decreasing the Oregon strawberry acreage and production. In an attempt to solve these problems, since 1967 Oregon has put considerable efforts into mechanization of strawberry harvesting. The objectives of this thesis are to estimate the economic feasibility to Oregon growers of mechanically harvested strawberries, and to estimate net social benefits (or costs) that could be expected from adopting this new technology in strawberry harvesting. The structural model consisting of supply and demand for strawberries for processing are derived based upon the assumption that growers sell strawberries under perfect competition, and processors purchase strawberries under oligopsonistic imperfect competition. Cross-sectional data across eight major strawberry producing counties over the period 1962 - 1978 were pooled in the estimation of the parameters. The estimated supply and demand equations for strawberries were used for estimating net social benefits (or costs). Present values of net social benefits are estimated and compared by applying formulas used by Lindner and Jarrett, Griliches, and Peterson. The results indicated that the distribution of welfare resulting from adopting new technology in strawberry harvesting vary, depending not only on the nature of the supply shift but also on the price elasticity of demand. Since the demand for strawberries for processing was very inelastic, the shift of the supply curve to the right would result in greater benefits to processors than to growers, and growers could even be worse off if a pivotal shift in the supply curve should occur. The present values of net social benefits which would be expected from mechanization of strawberry harvesting ranged from $39 million to $918 million depending upon the nature of the supply shift and the formula used to estimate social benefits. The results also indicated that mechanization of strawberry harvesting may be more profitable to growers than hand-picking under certain assumed conditions. However, some caution is needed in interpreting the results obtained in this thesis. For instance, specific prices for some grades of mechanically harvested strawberries have not yet been officially established, which adds uncertainty to the economic comparisons between mechanical harvesting versus hand-picking. Close

• 2065. [Article] Separability tests on wheat production functions in Oregon

  Many natural resources such as water and forests have become more intensively used in recent years. Often, this has made it necessary to reallocate these resources from less to more efficient productive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Separability tests on wheat production functions in Oregon Author: Bhadra, Binayak Prasad Many natural resources such as water and forests have become more intensively used in recent years. Often, this has made it necessary to reallocate these resources from less to more efficient productive usage. The knowledge of the existing tradeoffs between alternative uses are necessary to make reallocative decisions. However, these resources also have strong public property character and are not usually amendable to demand analysis to determine willingness to pay. When the "price" is institutionally set, the productivity measurement often must be based on direct production function estimation. For sectoral reallocation of resources, some aggregate productivity measures are required. Such measurements are feasible when aggregate production functions are estimated. The aggregate production functions are however beset with a host of difficulties arising from their aggregate nature. The resulting aggregation bias must be eliminated if any aggregate productivity measure is to be the basis of policy recommendation. The improvement of the results of aggregate productivity analysis hinges on the methods which reduce aggregation bias. There are two major conditions under which the aggregation bias is minimized or eliminated altogether. These conditions are a) relative prices are fixed amongst factors that are aggregated and/or b) the aggregated factors are weakly separable from others in an economic sense. The first condition relates to Hicks' Aggregation Theorem and the second to Leontief Separability. The latter condition appears to be directly relevant from the practical standpoint, since relative prices are seldom fixed amongst all aggregated factors. Thus the existence of valid aggregate input indices in an aggregate production scheme can be assured only when there exists separability between these inputs in each aggregate input indices. The present study attempts to test for separability amongst inputs going into wheat production using county level Oregon Census of Agriculture data. There is strong empirical evidence of weak separability amongst the biological process inputs such as fertilizer and the husbandry process inputs such as capital and irrigation service. And furthermore, a weather variable, rain, is found to be separable from both biological and husbandry process inputs. The tests were conducted utilizing the TRANSLOG type second order Taylor approximation to a general functional form. The separabilities imply various linear and nonlinear restrictions on the estimated coefficients of the translog function; and these restrictions were tested in conjunction with the usual F-distributed statistics of linear and non-linear restrictions on quadratic expressions. The results from linear restrictions were however ambiguous between inseparabilities among fertilizer and irrigation and among capital and irrigation. Similarly, for nonlinear restrictions, ambigueity resulted between inseparability amongst capital and fertilizer and capital and irrigation. However, in both cases inseparability amongst capital and irrigation does marginally better in terms of the sum of the squared error terms. A logarithmic cubic approximation function was used to test for Sadan's perfect process complimentarity between biological and husbandry processes. This test using quadratic approximation models was rejected. However, the strongest evidence from the cubic approximation model was that the model with inseparability amongst capital and irrigation is the only one consistent with Sadan type high process complimentarity. Thus the implication is that, at the micro-level biological and husbandry process functions are valid because of Sadan's perfect process complimentarity, and,at the macro-level, wheat production function can be defined for aggregate inputs of capital and irrigation service, and fertilizer, precipitation, etc. In conclusion, the results appear to be supportive of the lay notion that wheat production consists of biological and the husbandry processes which are highly complementary to each other. Title: Separability tests on wheat production functions in Oregon Author: Bhadra, Binayak Prasad Many natural resources such as water and forests have become more intensively used in recent years. Often, this has made it necessary to reallocate these resources from less to more efficient productive usage. The knowledge of the existing tradeoffs between alternative uses are necessary to make reallocative decisions. However, these resources also have strong public property character and are not usually amendable to demand analysis to determine willingness to pay. When the "price" is institutionally set, the productivity measurement often must be based on direct production function estimation. For sectoral reallocation of resources, some aggregate productivity measures are required. Such measurements are feasible when aggregate production functions are estimated. The aggregate production functions are however beset with a host of difficulties arising from their aggregate nature. The resulting aggregation bias must be eliminated if any aggregate productivity measure is to be the basis of policy recommendation. The improvement of the results of aggregate productivity analysis hinges on the methods which reduce aggregation bias. There are two major conditions under which the aggregation bias is minimized or eliminated altogether. These conditions are a) relative prices are fixed amongst factors that are aggregated and/or b) the aggregated factors are weakly separable from others in an economic sense. The first condition relates to Hicks' Aggregation Theorem and the second to Leontief Separability. The latter condition appears to be directly relevant from the practical standpoint, since relative prices are seldom fixed amongst all aggregated factors. Thus the existence of valid aggregate input indices in an aggregate production scheme can be assured only when there exists separability between these inputs in each aggregate input indices. The present study attempts to test for separability amongst inputs going into wheat production using county level Oregon Census of Agriculture data. There is strong empirical evidence of weak separability amongst the biological process inputs such as fertilizer and the husbandry process inputs such as capital and irrigation service. And furthermore, a weather variable, rain, is found to be separable from both biological and husbandry process inputs. The tests were conducted utilizing the TRANSLOG type second order Taylor approximation to a general functional form. The separabilities imply various linear and nonlinear restrictions on the estimated coefficients of the translog function; and these restrictions were tested in conjunction with the usual F-distributed statistics of linear and non-linear restrictions on quadratic expressions. The results from linear restrictions were however ambiguous between inseparabilities among fertilizer and irrigation and among capital and irrigation. Similarly, for nonlinear restrictions, ambigueity resulted between inseparability amongst capital and fertilizer and capital and irrigation. However, in both cases inseparability amongst capital and irrigation does marginally better in terms of the sum of the squared error terms. A logarithmic cubic approximation function was used to test for Sadan's perfect process complimentarity between biological and husbandry processes. This test using quadratic approximation models was rejected. However, the strongest evidence from the cubic approximation model was that the model with inseparability amongst capital and irrigation is the only one consistent with Sadan type high process complimentarity. Thus the implication is that, at the micro-level biological and husbandry process functions are valid because of Sadan's perfect process complimentarity, and,at the macro-level, wheat production function can be defined for aggregate inputs of capital and irrigation service, and fertilizer, precipitation, etc. In conclusion, the results appear to be supportive of the lay notion that wheat production consists of biological and the husbandry processes which are highly complementary to each other. Close

• 2066. [Article] The timing and evolution of Cenozoic extensional normal faulting in the southern Tobin Range, Pershing County, Nevada

  The Tobin Range of central Nevada lies in the Basin and Range extensional province near the transition between more extended terrane (>50%) to the south and east, and generally less extended terrane to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The timing and evolution of Cenozoic extensional normal faulting in the southern Tobin Range, Pershing County, Nevada Author: Gonsior, Zachary J. The Tobin Range of central Nevada lies in the Basin and Range extensional province near the transition between more extended terrane (>50%) to the south and east, and generally less extended terrane to the north and west. Geologic mapping, 40Ar/39Ar dating and whole-rock geochemical analysis were employed to establish the Cenozoic stratigraphy, geometry and timing of normal faults, and magnitude of extension in the vicinity of Golconda Canyon in the southern Tobin Range. The Golconda Canyon area lies near the westernmost extent of a major eastwest trending paleo-valley that likely predates Basin and Range extension in that region. In-filling and over-topping the paleo-valley are a series of Oligocene to Miocene volcanic rocks. Confined to the paleo-valley is a series of thin basaltic lava flows above which lies the rhyolitic Caetano Tuff (~34 Ma). Units also present in the Golconda Canyon area, but not confined to the paleo-valley include, from bottom to top, a ~700m-thick sequence of andesite lavas, lahars, and ignimbrites (~33 Ma); four late Oligocene-early Miocene rhyolite ignimbrites; a unit of syn-tectonic landslide breccia and sedimentary rock; and a sequence of fluvial and lacustrine tuffaceous sedimentary rocks intercalated in the center of the section with a 60m-thick series of basaltic lavas (~14 Ma). Three phases of extensional normal faulting have been identified in the Golconda Canyon area. The earliest phase of normal faulting took place during the early Oligocene in the form of northwest- and northeast-striking, west dipping faults, which resulted in ~20º of tilting in the western part of the Tobin Range and occurred coeval with andesitic volcanism. The next phase of faulting consisted of a major NW striking fault and associated NE striking faults, both of which dip west. These faults moved during the late Oligocene to Middle Miocene and produced syntectonic basins filled with landslide breccia and sedimentary rocks. The last phase of faulting began during the middle Miocene and continues today. This phase of faulting includes north-striking, west-dipping faults localized to the eastern part of the range, where they accommodated ~25º – 30º of tilting. Also present are north-striking faults that dip steeply east. Active faults bound the eastern and western margins of the Tobin Range. The Pleasant Valley fault bounds the western margin of the range, dips to the west, and last ruptured in 1915. The east side of the range is bounded by an eastdipping fault with large displacement in Buffalo Valley but the amount of offset quickly diminishes southward as it enters Jersey Valley. These three phases of normal faulting have resulted in an overall ~25º – 30º eastward tilt of the Tertiary rocks in the Golconda Canyon area. The timing of this faulting and tilting varies, with the western part of the range being dominated by early Oligocene to early Miocene tectonism, and the eastern part of the range dominated by middle Miocene and younger tectonism. Palinspastic restorations of cross sections and calculations based on fault and rock unit dips suggest the southern Tobin Range in central Nevada has undergone ~50% east-west crustal extension since 34 Ma. This amount of extension and the initiation of normal faulting at ~33 Ma in the Tobin Range are consistent with the westward decrease in the age and magnitude of extension at this latitude in the Basin and Range Province. Title: The timing and evolution of Cenozoic extensional normal faulting in the southern Tobin Range, Pershing County, Nevada Author: Gonsior, Zachary J. The Tobin Range of central Nevada lies in the Basin and Range extensional province near the transition between more extended terrane (>50%) to the south and east, and generally less extended terrane to the north and west. Geologic mapping, 40Ar/39Ar dating and whole-rock geochemical analysis were employed to establish the Cenozoic stratigraphy, geometry and timing of normal faults, and magnitude of extension in the vicinity of Golconda Canyon in the southern Tobin Range. The Golconda Canyon area lies near the westernmost extent of a major eastwest trending paleo-valley that likely predates Basin and Range extension in that region. In-filling and over-topping the paleo-valley are a series of Oligocene to Miocene volcanic rocks. Confined to the paleo-valley is a series of thin basaltic lava flows above which lies the rhyolitic Caetano Tuff (~34 Ma). Units also present in the Golconda Canyon area, but not confined to the paleo-valley include, from bottom to top, a ~700m-thick sequence of andesite lavas, lahars, and ignimbrites (~33 Ma); four late Oligocene-early Miocene rhyolite ignimbrites; a unit of syn-tectonic landslide breccia and sedimentary rock; and a sequence of fluvial and lacustrine tuffaceous sedimentary rocks intercalated in the center of the section with a 60m-thick series of basaltic lavas (~14 Ma). Three phases of extensional normal faulting have been identified in the Golconda Canyon area. The earliest phase of normal faulting took place during the early Oligocene in the form of northwest- and northeast-striking, west dipping faults, which resulted in ~20º of tilting in the western part of the Tobin Range and occurred coeval with andesitic volcanism. The next phase of faulting consisted of a major NW striking fault and associated NE striking faults, both of which dip west. These faults moved during the late Oligocene to Middle Miocene and produced syntectonic basins filled with landslide breccia and sedimentary rocks. The last phase of faulting began during the middle Miocene and continues today. This phase of faulting includes north-striking, west-dipping faults localized to the eastern part of the range, where they accommodated ~25º – 30º of tilting. Also present are north-striking faults that dip steeply east. Active faults bound the eastern and western margins of the Tobin Range. The Pleasant Valley fault bounds the western margin of the range, dips to the west, and last ruptured in 1915. The east side of the range is bounded by an eastdipping fault with large displacement in Buffalo Valley but the amount of offset quickly diminishes southward as it enters Jersey Valley. These three phases of normal faulting have resulted in an overall ~25º – 30º eastward tilt of the Tertiary rocks in the Golconda Canyon area. The timing of this faulting and tilting varies, with the western part of the range being dominated by early Oligocene to early Miocene tectonism, and the eastern part of the range dominated by middle Miocene and younger tectonism. Palinspastic restorations of cross sections and calculations based on fault and rock unit dips suggest the southern Tobin Range in central Nevada has undergone ~50% east-west crustal extension since 34 Ma. This amount of extension and the initiation of normal faulting at ~33 Ma in the Tobin Range are consistent with the westward decrease in the age and magnitude of extension at this latitude in the Basin and Range Province. Close

• 2067. [Article] Current Drug Policies in the United States : Using Research to Inform Policy

  Drug policies in the United States are rapidly changing at the state and national level paralleling a shift in drug culture from a societal perspective. This dissertation addresses current public health ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Current Drug Policies in the United States : Using Research to Inform Policy Author: Beathard, Candice Drug policies in the United States are rapidly changing at the state and national level paralleling a shift in drug culture from a societal perspective. This dissertation addresses current public health policy topics with a focus on three recent drug policies. As of 2015, medical cannabis is legal in 23 states and recreational cannabis in four, while others are proposing similar ballot measures. The effect of dynamic cannabis policies on public health outcomes is critical to understand. Study 1 analyzed the 2012 population survey of behavioral risk factors on eleventh graders in Oregon to test whether, and to what extent, increased medical cannabis supply - measured by county-level per-capita medical cannabis cardholders - may elevate the likelihood of using cannabis and diverted medical cannabis among adolescents. The population-based analysis revealed that approximately 3% (N=505) of Oregon eleventh graders obtained medical cannabis from a registered cardholder or grower. This study also empirically tested mechanisms through which supply of medical cannabis may affect adolescents' cannabis use including perceived risk of using cannabis, approval, and perceived availability, and found that an increase in supply of medical cannabis decreases adolescents' approval of cannabis usage. Drug testing public assistance recipients is another drug policy receiving national attention. Ten states in the past three years have implemented a drug testing policy for welfare recipients with little empirical evidence supporting implementation. Study 2 analyzed data from the 2013 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), and provided current data on substance use, abuse, and dependence among welfare receipts. The study also tested the relationship between SUAD and welfare receipt, and identified TANF recipients at a greater risk of using substances. Seven percent of NSDUH respondents received TANF in the previous 12 months (n = 2,595). Of these 17% used cannabis only in the previous year, 14% used a substance excluding cannabis in the previous year, 2% satisfied substance abuse criteria, and 6% satisfied substance dependence criteria. Substance use including only cannabis, substance use excluding cannabis, and substance dependence are positively significantly associated with receipt of TANF, however, other problems such as mental health and alcohol are more prevalent among TANF recipients and remain undetected by drug testing. Of the TANF recipient population, 22% received mental health treatment within the previous year. In 2012, Washington voters approved legalizing cannabis recreationally, and concurrently Washington became one of 16 states with a driving under the influence of cannabis policy, i.e., a per se or zero tolerance per se law. Study 3 examined the relationship between Washington’s historic cannabis policy and traffic fatalities as well as driving under the influence of drugs using 2006-2013 data from the Washington State Department of Transportation and Oregon Department of Transportation. This study also provided four extension models adjusting for group-specific time trends, and age, sex, and sobriety level of drivers. Washington's cannabis policy is positively significantly associated with fatal collisions and significantly negatively associated with driving under the influence of drugs. Title: Current Drug Policies in the United States : Using Research to Inform Policy Author: Beathard, Candice Drug policies in the United States are rapidly changing at the state and national level paralleling a shift in drug culture from a societal perspective. This dissertation addresses current public health policy topics with a focus on three recent drug policies. As of 2015, medical cannabis is legal in 23 states and recreational cannabis in four, while others are proposing similar ballot measures. The effect of dynamic cannabis policies on public health outcomes is critical to understand. Study 1 analyzed the 2012 population survey of behavioral risk factors on eleventh graders in Oregon to test whether, and to what extent, increased medical cannabis supply - measured by county-level per-capita medical cannabis cardholders - may elevate the likelihood of using cannabis and diverted medical cannabis among adolescents. The population-based analysis revealed that approximately 3% (N=505) of Oregon eleventh graders obtained medical cannabis from a registered cardholder or grower. This study also empirically tested mechanisms through which supply of medical cannabis may affect adolescents' cannabis use including perceived risk of using cannabis, approval, and perceived availability, and found that an increase in supply of medical cannabis decreases adolescents' approval of cannabis usage. Drug testing public assistance recipients is another drug policy receiving national attention. Ten states in the past three years have implemented a drug testing policy for welfare recipients with little empirical evidence supporting implementation. Study 2 analyzed data from the 2013 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), and provided current data on substance use, abuse, and dependence among welfare receipts. The study also tested the relationship between SUAD and welfare receipt, and identified TANF recipients at a greater risk of using substances. Seven percent of NSDUH respondents received TANF in the previous 12 months (n = 2,595). Of these 17% used cannabis only in the previous year, 14% used a substance excluding cannabis in the previous year, 2% satisfied substance abuse criteria, and 6% satisfied substance dependence criteria. Substance use including only cannabis, substance use excluding cannabis, and substance dependence are positively significantly associated with receipt of TANF, however, other problems such as mental health and alcohol are more prevalent among TANF recipients and remain undetected by drug testing. Of the TANF recipient population, 22% received mental health treatment within the previous year. In 2012, Washington voters approved legalizing cannabis recreationally, and concurrently Washington became one of 16 states with a driving under the influence of cannabis policy, i.e., a per se or zero tolerance per se law. Study 3 examined the relationship between Washington’s historic cannabis policy and traffic fatalities as well as driving under the influence of drugs using 2006-2013 data from the Washington State Department of Transportation and Oregon Department of Transportation. This study also provided four extension models adjusting for group-specific time trends, and age, sex, and sobriety level of drivers. Washington's cannabis policy is positively significantly associated with fatal collisions and significantly negatively associated with driving under the influence of drugs. Close

• 2068. [Article] Child support contributions made by divorced male and female parents to the direct consumption costs of dependent children

  Identification of the contribution made by the divorced male and female parent to the direct consumption costs of dependent children was the central purpose of the research study. Relationships between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Child support contributions made by divorced male and female parents to the direct consumption costs of dependent children Author: Gregerson, Donna Marie Identification of the contribution made by the divorced male and female parent to the direct consumption costs of dependent children was the central purpose of the research study. Relationships between the parents' contributions to the consumption costs and specified demographic characteristics at the time of divorce, methods of determining support and property settlements received were investigated. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' Estimated Urban Family Budgets for the Seattle-Everett, Washington area and Revised Equivalence Scales served as the basis for determining the families' level of living and the consumptions costs of dependent children. A sample of 242 divorce cases involving minor children from Marion County, Oregon between 1 January 1975 and 31 December 1976 was randomly drawn from the Vital Statistics Section of the Oregon State Health Division in Portland, Oregon. In half of these cases the male parent's name was drawn; in the other half the female parent's name was drawn. A mailed questionnaire concerning the family's child support and economic situation was sent to the above sample. Fifteen responses from male parents and 30 responses from female parents were received and served as the data base for this research. Parents' mean age was somewhat over 30 years with both having some post high school education as the median educational level. The mean number of children per family was 2.16. At the time of divorce the families' median income level was between $12, 000 and $13, 999 with 87 percent of the male parents and 51 percent of the female parents employed full time. Male parents generally experienced increases in their income following divorce while responding females reported decreases in income levels. Most male respondents estimated their share of property to be less than half while 50 percent of responding females estimated their share to be more than half. In 93 percent of the families, the female parent had custody of all the dependent children with the mean amount of child support awarded per dependent child being $102. 50 per month. In two cases the male parent had custody of all the dependent children and in neither case was child support awarded. In one family each parent had custody of half the family's children with neither receiving child support. In approximately one-third of the families, the non-custodial parent was reported to be paying some expenses for dependent children in addition to child support. The amount of child support awarded was reported to be determined by courts, mutual agreements of parents, lawyers and former spouses. Over half the parents responded that child support paid or received was adequate but in almost all cases no provision was made for increases in the amount of child support awarded. A difference was observed between the male and female parent's contribution to the consumption costs of dependent children. The parent's contribution to consumption costs was found to be dependent upon the educational level of the female parent, the employment status of the male parent, and the income level of the family. It was not found to be dependent on the number of dependent children in the family, the age of parents, the educational level of the male parent, nor the employment status of the female parent. Data did suggest that a dependency relation might exist between the parent's contribution and the method of determining child support. No dependency was observed between the property settlement at time of divorce received and the parent's contribution to child support. Title: Child support contributions made by divorced male and female parents to the direct consumption costs of dependent children Author: Gregerson, Donna Marie Identification of the contribution made by the divorced male and female parent to the direct consumption costs of dependent children was the central purpose of the research study. Relationships between the parents' contributions to the consumption costs and specified demographic characteristics at the time of divorce, methods of determining support and property settlements received were investigated. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' Estimated Urban Family Budgets for the Seattle-Everett, Washington area and Revised Equivalence Scales served as the basis for determining the families' level of living and the consumptions costs of dependent children. A sample of 242 divorce cases involving minor children from Marion County, Oregon between 1 January 1975 and 31 December 1976 was randomly drawn from the Vital Statistics Section of the Oregon State Health Division in Portland, Oregon. In half of these cases the male parent's name was drawn; in the other half the female parent's name was drawn. A mailed questionnaire concerning the family's child support and economic situation was sent to the above sample. Fifteen responses from male parents and 30 responses from female parents were received and served as the data base for this research. Parents' mean age was somewhat over 30 years with both having some post high school education as the median educational level. The mean number of children per family was 2.16. At the time of divorce the families' median income level was between $12, 000 and $13, 999 with 87 percent of the male parents and 51 percent of the female parents employed full time. Male parents generally experienced increases in their income following divorce while responding females reported decreases in income levels. Most male respondents estimated their share of property to be less than half while 50 percent of responding females estimated their share to be more than half. In 93 percent of the families, the female parent had custody of all the dependent children with the mean amount of child support awarded per dependent child being $102. 50 per month. In two cases the male parent had custody of all the dependent children and in neither case was child support awarded. In one family each parent had custody of half the family's children with neither receiving child support. In approximately one-third of the families, the non-custodial parent was reported to be paying some expenses for dependent children in addition to child support. The amount of child support awarded was reported to be determined by courts, mutual agreements of parents, lawyers and former spouses. Over half the parents responded that child support paid or received was adequate but in almost all cases no provision was made for increases in the amount of child support awarded. A difference was observed between the male and female parent's contribution to the consumption costs of dependent children. The parent's contribution to consumption costs was found to be dependent upon the educational level of the female parent, the employment status of the male parent, and the income level of the family. It was not found to be dependent on the number of dependent children in the family, the age of parents, the educational level of the male parent, nor the employment status of the female parent. Data did suggest that a dependency relation might exist between the parent's contribution and the method of determining child support. No dependency was observed between the property settlement at time of divorce received and the parent's contribution to child support. Close

• 2069. [Article] The identification of verbal, handwriting, and written composition skills and the level of those skills required by entry-level industrial mechanics

  The purpose of this study was to determine the importance and the frequency of use of certain communication skills to job-entrylevel mechanics as assessed by employers, educators at various levels, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The identification of verbal, handwriting, and written composition skills and the level of those skills required by entry-level industrial mechanics Author: Dille, Jeane Louise The purpose of this study was to determine the importance and the frequency of use of certain communication skills to job-entrylevel mechanics as assessed by employers, educators at various levels, and entry-level industrial mechanics. The study was conducted in Lane County, Oregon. Communication skills investigated for importance and for frequency of use were: verbal, handwriting, and composition skills. The following null hypothesis was tested: There is no significant difference among the means of the seven groups, or, the seven groups agree on the importance and the frequency of use of the investigated communication skills. After rejection of the original (null) hypothesis, a Least Significant Difference (L.S.D.) test was used to test the following six a priori subhypotheses: 1. Do employers (Group 2) agree with workers (Group 1) on necessary communication skills and level of those skills? 2. Do educators on necessary skills? 3. Do educators on necessary skills? 4. Do educators on necessary skills? 5. Do educators on necessary skills? K-6 (Group 3) agree with workers (Group 1) communication skills and level of those 7-9 (Group 4) agree with workers (Group 1) communication skills and level of those 10-12 (Group 5) agree with workers (Group 1) communication skills and level of those 13-14 (Group 6) agree with workers (Group 1) communication skills and level of those 6. Do educators 14+ (Group 7) agree with workers (Group 1) on necessary communication skills? Conclusions 1. The seven groups do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entrylevel workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 2. Workers (Group 1) and employers (Group 2) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 3. Workers (Group 1) and educators K-6 (Group 3) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 4. Workers (Group 1) and educators 7-9 (Group 4) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 5. Workers (Group 1) and educators 10-12 (Group 5) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 6. Workers (Group 1) and educators 13-14 (Group 6) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 7. Workers (Group 1) and educators 14+ (Group 7) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. Procedures The instrument used for the study was a survey questionnaire consisting of 38 communication-related tasks. The instrument was sent to a selected sample of respondents representing: workers (industrial mechanics) employers, and educators at various levels. The study employed a one-way analysis of variance design (fixed model). The F-statistic was used in the analysis. For a determination of significant differences, the critical F-ratio was established with six degrees of freedom with alpha = .05. In case of rejection of the original (null) hypothesis, a Least Significant Difference (L.S.D.) test was used to test the six a priori subhypotheses. Title: The identification of verbal, handwriting, and written composition skills and the level of those skills required by entry-level industrial mechanics Author: Dille, Jeane Louise The purpose of this study was to determine the importance and the frequency of use of certain communication skills to job-entrylevel mechanics as assessed by employers, educators at various levels, and entry-level industrial mechanics. The study was conducted in Lane County, Oregon. Communication skills investigated for importance and for frequency of use were: verbal, handwriting, and composition skills. The following null hypothesis was tested: There is no significant difference among the means of the seven groups, or, the seven groups agree on the importance and the frequency of use of the investigated communication skills. After rejection of the original (null) hypothesis, a Least Significant Difference (L.S.D.) test was used to test the following six a priori subhypotheses: 1. Do employers (Group 2) agree with workers (Group 1) on necessary communication skills and level of those skills? 2. Do educators on necessary skills? 3. Do educators on necessary skills? 4. Do educators on necessary skills? 5. Do educators on necessary skills? K-6 (Group 3) agree with workers (Group 1) communication skills and level of those 7-9 (Group 4) agree with workers (Group 1) communication skills and level of those 10-12 (Group 5) agree with workers (Group 1) communication skills and level of those 13-14 (Group 6) agree with workers (Group 1) communication skills and level of those 6. Do educators 14+ (Group 7) agree with workers (Group 1) on necessary communication skills? Conclusions 1. The seven groups do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entrylevel workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 2. Workers (Group 1) and employers (Group 2) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 3. Workers (Group 1) and educators K-6 (Group 3) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 4. Workers (Group 1) and educators 7-9 (Group 4) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 5. Workers (Group 1) and educators 10-12 (Group 5) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 6. Workers (Group 1) and educators 13-14 (Group 6) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. 7. Workers (Group 1) and educators 14+ (Group 7) do not agree in their assessment of the importance or the frequency of use by entry-level workers of the communication skills investigated in this study. Procedures The instrument used for the study was a survey questionnaire consisting of 38 communication-related tasks. The instrument was sent to a selected sample of respondents representing: workers (industrial mechanics) employers, and educators at various levels. The study employed a one-way analysis of variance design (fixed model). The F-statistic was used in the analysis. For a determination of significant differences, the critical F-ratio was established with six degrees of freedom with alpha = .05. In case of rejection of the original (null) hypothesis, a Least Significant Difference (L.S.D.) test was used to test the six a priori subhypotheses. Close

• 2070. [Article] Systematic and reproductive studies of Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae) in the Pacific Northwest : implications for conservation biology

  The Mimulus washingtonensis complex is a group of morphologically similar species centered in the Pacific Northwest. All are rare, and most are under consideration for listing as endangered. Morphometric ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Systematic and reproductive studies of Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae) in the Pacific Northwest : implications for conservation biology Author: Meinke, Robert James The Mimulus washingtonensis complex is a group of morphologically similar species centered in the Pacific Northwest. All are rare, and most are under consideration for listing as endangered. Morphometric and pollination data were used in developing a revised taxonomy for the group. Five species and two varieties are recognized. Mimulus pulsiferae Gray is the most widespread, occurring from southern Washington to northern California. Mimulus hymenophyllus Meinke and M. jungermannioides Suksd. are cliff species endemic to river drainages in northern Oregon. Mimulus washingtonensis Gand. occurs in east-central Oregon and western Idaho, represented by the var. washingtonensis and var. ampliatus (Grant) Meinke comb. et stat. nov., respectively. Mimulus patulus Pennell is resurrected from synonymy and differentiated from M. washingtonensis on the basis of morphology, distribution, and pollination biology. This autogamous species includes var. patulus, occurring in the Snake River drainage, and var. montanus Meinke var. nov., primarily from the northern Rocky Mountains. Mimulus evanescens Meinke sp. nov. is described from an extant population in Lassen County, California, and historic collections from widely scattered stations in Oregon and Idaho. The new species is morphologically intermediate between M. breviflorus Piper and M. latidens (Gray) Greene. Calyx and leaf morphology also suggest an affinity to M. grayi Grant, M. inconspicuus Gray, and M. acutidens Greene, of cismontane California. Mimulus evanescens should be considered critically endangered, because of its limited numbers and habitat degradation. Mimulus washingtonensis is pollinated by small native bees, primarily two species of Dialictus (Halictidae). These bees were specific to Mimulus flowers but did not distinguish between flowers of M. washingtonensis and M. guttatus DC., a related species that increases with habitat disturbance. Experiments showed that mixed pollen loads diminish seed set in M. washingtonensis, since the thigmotropic stigma of that species closes permanently after any amount of conspecific pollen is applied. Although M. washingtonensis has a low pollen/ovule ratio (29.9), it is considered facultatively xenogamous based on floral morphology, stigma sensitivity, and autogamous seed set levels. Populations occurred in small, edaphically restricted patches, and they exhibited seed set reductions related to outcrossing distance. Substrate disturbance may limit reproduction in M. washingtonensis by changing population structure, threatening pollinators, and increasing competition for pollination by promoting growth and flowering of M. guttatus. Title: Systematic and reproductive studies of Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae) in the Pacific Northwest : implications for conservation biology Author: Meinke, Robert James The Mimulus washingtonensis complex is a group of morphologically similar species centered in the Pacific Northwest. All are rare, and most are under consideration for listing as endangered. Morphometric and pollination data were used in developing a revised taxonomy for the group. Five species and two varieties are recognized. Mimulus pulsiferae Gray is the most widespread, occurring from southern Washington to northern California. Mimulus hymenophyllus Meinke and M. jungermannioides Suksd. are cliff species endemic to river drainages in northern Oregon. Mimulus washingtonensis Gand. occurs in east-central Oregon and western Idaho, represented by the var. washingtonensis and var. ampliatus (Grant) Meinke comb. et stat. nov., respectively. Mimulus patulus Pennell is resurrected from synonymy and differentiated from M. washingtonensis on the basis of morphology, distribution, and pollination biology. This autogamous species includes var. patulus, occurring in the Snake River drainage, and var. montanus Meinke var. nov., primarily from the northern Rocky Mountains. Mimulus evanescens Meinke sp. nov. is described from an extant population in Lassen County, California, and historic collections from widely scattered stations in Oregon and Idaho. The new species is morphologically intermediate between M. breviflorus Piper and M. latidens (Gray) Greene. Calyx and leaf morphology also suggest an affinity to M. grayi Grant, M. inconspicuus Gray, and M. acutidens Greene, of cismontane California. Mimulus evanescens should be considered critically endangered, because of its limited numbers and habitat degradation. Mimulus washingtonensis is pollinated by small native bees, primarily two species of Dialictus (Halictidae). These bees were specific to Mimulus flowers but did not distinguish between flowers of M. washingtonensis and M. guttatus DC., a related species that increases with habitat disturbance. Experiments showed that mixed pollen loads diminish seed set in M. washingtonensis, since the thigmotropic stigma of that species closes permanently after any amount of conspecific pollen is applied. Although M. washingtonensis has a low pollen/ovule ratio (29.9), it is considered facultatively xenogamous based on floral morphology, stigma sensitivity, and autogamous seed set levels. Populations occurred in small, edaphically restricted patches, and they exhibited seed set reductions related to outcrossing distance. Substrate disturbance may limit reproduction in M. washingtonensis by changing population structure, threatening pollinators, and increasing competition for pollination by promoting growth and flowering of M. guttatus. Close