Search

Search Results

• 2051. [Article] Geology of the middle and upper Eocene McIntosh Formation and adjacent volcanic and sedimentary rock units, Willapa Hills, Pacific County, southwest Washington

  The early to middle Eocene submarine basalts of the Crescent Formation form the core and basement of the structurally uplifted Willapa Hills region of southwest Washington. The formation consists of a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the middle and upper Eocene McIntosh Formation and adjacent volcanic and sedimentary rock units, Willapa Hills, Pacific County, southwest Washington Author: Moothart, Steve Rene' The early to middle Eocene submarine basalts of the Crescent Formation form the core and basement of the structurally uplifted Willapa Hills region of southwest Washington. The formation consists of a thick sequence of predominantly subalkaline, tholeiitic pillow basalts and breccias formed as oceanic crust and seamounts at a sea floor spreading ridge or pull apart basin along the rifting continental margin of North America. Radiometric (Ar⁴⁰ - Ar³⁹) dating of the pillow basalt indicates an age of approximately 53 - 55 Ma for the formation. Foraminifera collected from mudstones interbedded with the pillow basalts of the Crescent Formation in southwestern Pacific County indicate a Ulatisian to lower Narizian (middle Eocene) age for the basalts and suggest that they were erupted in lower-middle bathyal (1500 - 2000 m) water depths. Locally associated with the pillow basalts are hyaloclastic basalt breccias and basaltic sandstones. Overlying, and interbedded with the basalts of the Crescent Formation is the middle and upper Eocene McIntosh Formation, which is composed of three members (informal). Stratigraphically from the lowest, these members are: 1) Fork Creek member; 2) Lebam member, 3) McIntosh Volcanics member. The Fork Creek member consists of a thick sequence of normally graded, micaceous, coarse- to fine-grained, arkosic and lithic arkosic sandstones deposited by sand-rich, high concentration turbidity currents in the deep marine-marginal basin. The turbidites were fed by a fluvial system carrying granitic and metamorphic detritus derived from erosion of Mesozoic crystalline rocks of the Okanagan Uplift region of northeastern Washington and southeastern British Columbia, and possibly the Idaho Batholith. Lithologically equivalent, shallow-marine and fluvial-deltaic sandstones with quartz and chert pebbles include the middle Eocene Carbonado Formation of the Puget Group and the upper portion of the type McIntosh Formation to the east. Microprobe determination of composition of plagioclase microlites and phenocrysts in volcanic fragments in the sandstones indicate a proximal volcanic source such as a pre Western Cascade basaltic andesite (e.g. Northcraft Volcanics) or possibly Challis Volcanics further east. Paleocurrent measurements suggest that dispersal of the turbidity flows to the west southwest within the basin was controlled by the active volcanic highs of the Crescent Formation. Lithofacies and foraminifers suggest that the Fork Creek member represents a small lowstand fan deposited during a fall in relative sea level either due to eustatic sea-level drop and/or tectonic uplift of the basin. Numerous dikes and sill-like bodies of porphyritic basalt to gabbro intrude both the pillow basalts of the Crescent Formation and micaceous arkosic sandstones of the Fork Creek member. These intrusions are generally concentrated near the contact between the two units and some appear to be fault controlled. Based upon major and trace element compositions,the intrusions can be separated into two types. The first type consists of subalkaline tholeiitic basalts and gabbros chemically equivalent to the oceanic basalt of the Crescent Formation. Radiometric dating of one of these sills which intrudes the upper portion of the Fork Creek member of the McIntosh formation is 48.7 + 0.5 Ma. These intrusions likely represent late stage events associated with waning activity of the Crescent basalts. The second group of intrusive rocks consists of high TiO₂ alkaline basalts similar in composition to the nearby subaerial basalt and basaltic andesite flows of the middle (?) to upper Eocene Grays River Volcanics. Radiometric dating of a trachybasalt dike from this group indicate an age of 41.4 + 0.7 Ma. Magnetic polarity measurements indicate that most middle Eocene basalts of the Crescent Formation formed at a time of normal magnetic polarity. Later intrusive equivalents of the Crescent Formation and the Grays River Volcanics typically show reversed magnetic polarities. An abrupt transgressive event due to eustatic sea level rise and/ or tectonic subsidence within the basin is recognized by the deposition of the thick sequence of deeper marine mudstones, siltstones, and minor distal, thin bedded, micaceous arkosic turbidites of the middle to upper Eocene Lebam member of the McIntosh Formation. This transgression is accompanied by a landward shift in the supply of arkosic sand-rich sediments and a hiatus of deposition of arkosic sand in this portion of the basin. The sea level transgression may be due to thermal subsidence of the basin at the cessation of Crescent volcanism. Massive to weakly bedded basaltic tuff and tuff breccia of the McIntosh Volcanics member is locally interbedded with the deep-marine strata in the upper portion of the Lebam member. This basaltic aquagene tuff may be associated with similar tuffs within the Grays River Volcanics elsewhere. Fine-grained, glauconitic sandstones of the basal portion of the latest Eocene to Oligocene Lincoln Creek Formation conformably overlie deep-marine strata of the Lebam member. The sandstone is generally massive, bioturbated, and contains gastropods and articulated pelecypod fossils These sandstones were deposited during a time of low sedimentation rates and represent progradation of shallow-marine sands during a period of highstand in relative sea level. Thin section and quantitative analyses by permeameter of the fine- to medium-grained arkosic sandstones of the Fork Creek member indicate relatively good porosity. However, the formation of authigenic pore-lining nontronite (smectitic) and/or chlorite clay rim cement, zeolites, and sparry calcite during diagenesis has significantly reduced permeability making these well-indurated turbidite strata of marginal reservoir quality. However, diagenetic effects such as dissolution of lithic framework grains and feldspar is observed and may enhance the porosity and permeability of the sandstones in the subsurface and subsequently improve the reservoir quality locally. Hydrocarbon source rock potential of mudstones within the Fork Creek and Lebam members indicate that these strata are generally organically lean and gas-prone (type III kerogen) with little or no potential for formation of liquid hydrocarbons. Mudstones are typically thermally immature (e.g. Ro < .494%), although, heating by proximal basaltic intrusions in the area is observed to result in local thermal maturation of some sedimentary strata into the oil window and beyond. Northwest-trending, high-angle, right lateral, oblique-slip faults are the dominant structural feature in the area. A subordinate set of northeast-trending faults appears to be truncated by the northwest-trending faults, and could represent an earlier episode of faulting or could possibly be en echelon and conjugate structures. The structural pattern is similar to that mapped in the Mist gas field of northwest Oregon. Northwest-trending faults commonly juxtapose arkosic sandstones of the Fork Creek member against volcanics of the Crescent Formation and large intrusive units or against the siltstone- and mudstone-rich overlying Lebam member. These faults could form structural traps for hydrocarbons if present in the subsurface to the north and east. Other possible traps include stratigraphic pinch outs and channeling of the arkosic sand-rich turbidites of the Fork Creek member within deep marine mudstones or onlap of these reservoir sands against volcanic highs within the basin. The thick fine-grained strata of the overlying Lebam member and the glauconitic sandstone of the Lincoln Creek Formation could act as a seal for the "reservoir sandstones" of the Fork Creek member. Title: Geology of the middle and upper Eocene McIntosh Formation and adjacent volcanic and sedimentary rock units, Willapa Hills, Pacific County, southwest Washington Author: Moothart, Steve Rene' The early to middle Eocene submarine basalts of the Crescent Formation form the core and basement of the structurally uplifted Willapa Hills region of southwest Washington. The formation consists of a thick sequence of predominantly subalkaline, tholeiitic pillow basalts and breccias formed as oceanic crust and seamounts at a sea floor spreading ridge or pull apart basin along the rifting continental margin of North America. Radiometric (Ar⁴⁰ - Ar³⁹) dating of the pillow basalt indicates an age of approximately 53 - 55 Ma for the formation. Foraminifera collected from mudstones interbedded with the pillow basalts of the Crescent Formation in southwestern Pacific County indicate a Ulatisian to lower Narizian (middle Eocene) age for the basalts and suggest that they were erupted in lower-middle bathyal (1500 - 2000 m) water depths. Locally associated with the pillow basalts are hyaloclastic basalt breccias and basaltic sandstones. Overlying, and interbedded with the basalts of the Crescent Formation is the middle and upper Eocene McIntosh Formation, which is composed of three members (informal). Stratigraphically from the lowest, these members are: 1) Fork Creek member; 2) Lebam member, 3) McIntosh Volcanics member. The Fork Creek member consists of a thick sequence of normally graded, micaceous, coarse- to fine-grained, arkosic and lithic arkosic sandstones deposited by sand-rich, high concentration turbidity currents in the deep marine-marginal basin. The turbidites were fed by a fluvial system carrying granitic and metamorphic detritus derived from erosion of Mesozoic crystalline rocks of the Okanagan Uplift region of northeastern Washington and southeastern British Columbia, and possibly the Idaho Batholith. Lithologically equivalent, shallow-marine and fluvial-deltaic sandstones with quartz and chert pebbles include the middle Eocene Carbonado Formation of the Puget Group and the upper portion of the type McIntosh Formation to the east. Microprobe determination of composition of plagioclase microlites and phenocrysts in volcanic fragments in the sandstones indicate a proximal volcanic source such as a pre Western Cascade basaltic andesite (e.g. Northcraft Volcanics) or possibly Challis Volcanics further east. Paleocurrent measurements suggest that dispersal of the turbidity flows to the west southwest within the basin was controlled by the active volcanic highs of the Crescent Formation. Lithofacies and foraminifers suggest that the Fork Creek member represents a small lowstand fan deposited during a fall in relative sea level either due to eustatic sea-level drop and/or tectonic uplift of the basin. Numerous dikes and sill-like bodies of porphyritic basalt to gabbro intrude both the pillow basalts of the Crescent Formation and micaceous arkosic sandstones of the Fork Creek member. These intrusions are generally concentrated near the contact between the two units and some appear to be fault controlled. Based upon major and trace element compositions,the intrusions can be separated into two types. The first type consists of subalkaline tholeiitic basalts and gabbros chemically equivalent to the oceanic basalt of the Crescent Formation. Radiometric dating of one of these sills which intrudes the upper portion of the Fork Creek member of the McIntosh formation is 48.7 + 0.5 Ma. These intrusions likely represent late stage events associated with waning activity of the Crescent basalts. The second group of intrusive rocks consists of high TiO₂ alkaline basalts similar in composition to the nearby subaerial basalt and basaltic andesite flows of the middle (?) to upper Eocene Grays River Volcanics. Radiometric dating of a trachybasalt dike from this group indicate an age of 41.4 + 0.7 Ma. Magnetic polarity measurements indicate that most middle Eocene basalts of the Crescent Formation formed at a time of normal magnetic polarity. Later intrusive equivalents of the Crescent Formation and the Grays River Volcanics typically show reversed magnetic polarities. An abrupt transgressive event due to eustatic sea level rise and/ or tectonic subsidence within the basin is recognized by the deposition of the thick sequence of deeper marine mudstones, siltstones, and minor distal, thin bedded, micaceous arkosic turbidites of the middle to upper Eocene Lebam member of the McIntosh Formation. This transgression is accompanied by a landward shift in the supply of arkosic sand-rich sediments and a hiatus of deposition of arkosic sand in this portion of the basin. The sea level transgression may be due to thermal subsidence of the basin at the cessation of Crescent volcanism. Massive to weakly bedded basaltic tuff and tuff breccia of the McIntosh Volcanics member is locally interbedded with the deep-marine strata in the upper portion of the Lebam member. This basaltic aquagene tuff may be associated with similar tuffs within the Grays River Volcanics elsewhere. Fine-grained, glauconitic sandstones of the basal portion of the latest Eocene to Oligocene Lincoln Creek Formation conformably overlie deep-marine strata of the Lebam member. The sandstone is generally massive, bioturbated, and contains gastropods and articulated pelecypod fossils These sandstones were deposited during a time of low sedimentation rates and represent progradation of shallow-marine sands during a period of highstand in relative sea level. Thin section and quantitative analyses by permeameter of the fine- to medium-grained arkosic sandstones of the Fork Creek member indicate relatively good porosity. However, the formation of authigenic pore-lining nontronite (smectitic) and/or chlorite clay rim cement, zeolites, and sparry calcite during diagenesis has significantly reduced permeability making these well-indurated turbidite strata of marginal reservoir quality. However, diagenetic effects such as dissolution of lithic framework grains and feldspar is observed and may enhance the porosity and permeability of the sandstones in the subsurface and subsequently improve the reservoir quality locally. Hydrocarbon source rock potential of mudstones within the Fork Creek and Lebam members indicate that these strata are generally organically lean and gas-prone (type III kerogen) with little or no potential for formation of liquid hydrocarbons. Mudstones are typically thermally immature (e.g. Ro < .494%), although, heating by proximal basaltic intrusions in the area is observed to result in local thermal maturation of some sedimentary strata into the oil window and beyond. Northwest-trending, high-angle, right lateral, oblique-slip faults are the dominant structural feature in the area. A subordinate set of northeast-trending faults appears to be truncated by the northwest-trending faults, and could represent an earlier episode of faulting or could possibly be en echelon and conjugate structures. The structural pattern is similar to that mapped in the Mist gas field of northwest Oregon. Northwest-trending faults commonly juxtapose arkosic sandstones of the Fork Creek member against volcanics of the Crescent Formation and large intrusive units or against the siltstone- and mudstone-rich overlying Lebam member. These faults could form structural traps for hydrocarbons if present in the subsurface to the north and east. Other possible traps include stratigraphic pinch outs and channeling of the arkosic sand-rich turbidites of the Fork Creek member within deep marine mudstones or onlap of these reservoir sands against volcanic highs within the basin. The thick fine-grained strata of the overlying Lebam member and the glauconitic sandstone of the Lincoln Creek Formation could act as a seal for the "reservoir sandstones" of the Fork Creek member. Close

• 2052. [Article] Three essays on the effectiveness of Oregon's land-use planning system : economic analysis with quasi-experimental methods

  Oregon's land use planning system is often recognized as having been successful in its goals of limiting urban sprawl and protecting resource lands from development. However, it is difficult to quantify ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Three essays on the effectiveness of Oregon's land-use planning system : economic analysis with quasi-experimental methods Author: Dempsey, Judith Oregon's land use planning system is often recognized as having been successful in its goals of limiting urban sprawl and protecting resource lands from development. However, it is difficult to quantify the impact of these regulations, because we cannot observe what would have happened in the absence of land use planning. The three essays in this dissertation explore the effects of Oregon's land use planning regulations on development patterns in the state, and also examine how the land use regulations are administered at the local level. The first essay in this dissertation asks if Oregon’s land use regulations have successfully restricted sprawl outside of urban areas. Urban containment policies, including Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs), are a common tool used by city planners to promote compact development. We analyze how well UGBs do in containing development using fine-scale GIS data on cities in Oregon. Earlier studies on UGBs yield mixed results, with some authors finding no effects of UGBs on housing market variables and urbanization rates and others finding significant effects. A challenge in measuring these effects is that the location of the UGB is unlikely to be an exogenous determinant of a land parcel's value for development. The panel structure of our dataset allows us to estimate the UGB's effect on the probability of development using a difference-in-difference estimator. This estimator controls for time-invariant unobservable variables and common temporal effects among parcels, thereby mitigating the potential for biased estimates due to the endogeneity of the UGB's location. We also pursue a novel approach to controlling for time-varying factors inspired by regression discontinuity design. We find that UGBs are effective in containing development in many of the Oregon cities we examine, although there are some cities in which development rates are the same inside and outside of the UGB. Our results show that we would greatly overstate the effects of the UGBs were we to evaluate cross-sectional differences in development rates, as is common in previous studies. Besides the creation of UGBs, another goal of Oregon's land use regulations is to encourage citizen involvement in the planning process. The second essay in this dissertation examines the use of voter annexation as a form of citizen involvement. More specifically, this paper addresses the following two questions. First, does voter annexation cause changes in city demographics and characteristics? Second, assuming that a city votes for amendments and annexations to the UGB and city limits, what factors impact the outcome of the vote? We analyze the first question using the method of propensity score matching, which has not previously been used to explore this topic. This allows us to account for the endogeneity that stems from the fact that cities with certain characteristics may be more likely to use voter annexation in the first place. The second question, which is only evaluated for cities that employ voter annexation, is analyzed with the use of the logit model. Oregon's land use regulations must be approved at the state level, but are administered locally. Therefore, unlike past studies, we are able to isolate specific differences in the way the program is administered, and are not evaluating the stringency of the program itself. Previous studies have found that voter-approved annexation causes developers to provide more public goods and increase the scale of development, thereby shifting community demographics. Once a land use decision is on the ballot, it is also noted that cities that are whiter, wealthier, and more liberal are more likely to pass referenda that promote preservation and restrict development. For the first question, we compare specific demographic indicators between the two groups of cities. Contrary to the results of previous studies, we find no effect of voter annexation on these indicators. Our results for the second question indicate that the characteristics of the voting process itself impact the outcome more than community characteristics, which also differs from the results of previous analyses. The third essay in this dissertation is an extension of the first essay, and focuses on the impact of Oregon's land use regulations on the protection of land in riparian corridors and land that has been designated for exclusive farm use (EFU). Riparian corridors are protected with the use of Oregon Goal 5, which focuses on development of natural resource lands inside of UGBs, while EFU land is protected with the use of Oregon Goal 3, which focuses on protection of agricultural land at the county level. The LCT dataset that was used in the first essay is also used in this essay. EFU land by definition has no probability of development in the initial period. Land located in riparian corridors may also face different initial levels of protection than other land. We deal with this endogeneity, and also account for location inside or outside of a UGB, with the use of the difference -in-difference-in-differences estimator. This is an approach that has not been used to explore the effect of Oregon's land use regulations on these land categories. Most of the past studies that have examined the impact of land use planning on development of agricultural land in Oregon have relied on analysis of general trends and indicators, and have concluded that land use regulations have been successful in protecting this land. Previous research on riparian zone protection has focused on protection of aquatic wildlife, and for the most part has not examined the protection of riparian corridors inside of UGBs. The limited studies that have studied the effect of these regulations in UGBs have determined them to be effective in slowing, but not stopping, development in these areas. Overall, we find that Oregon's land use regulations have been successful in protecting both county level agricultural land and riparian corridors located inside of UGBs from development. It is less clear whether these regulations have protected riparian corridors located inside of UGBs from other anthropogenic uses. Title: Three essays on the effectiveness of Oregon's land-use planning system : economic analysis with quasi-experimental methods Author: Dempsey, Judith Oregon's land use planning system is often recognized as having been successful in its goals of limiting urban sprawl and protecting resource lands from development. However, it is difficult to quantify the impact of these regulations, because we cannot observe what would have happened in the absence of land use planning. The three essays in this dissertation explore the effects of Oregon's land use planning regulations on development patterns in the state, and also examine how the land use regulations are administered at the local level. The first essay in this dissertation asks if Oregon’s land use regulations have successfully restricted sprawl outside of urban areas. Urban containment policies, including Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs), are a common tool used by city planners to promote compact development. We analyze how well UGBs do in containing development using fine-scale GIS data on cities in Oregon. Earlier studies on UGBs yield mixed results, with some authors finding no effects of UGBs on housing market variables and urbanization rates and others finding significant effects. A challenge in measuring these effects is that the location of the UGB is unlikely to be an exogenous determinant of a land parcel's value for development. The panel structure of our dataset allows us to estimate the UGB's effect on the probability of development using a difference-in-difference estimator. This estimator controls for time-invariant unobservable variables and common temporal effects among parcels, thereby mitigating the potential for biased estimates due to the endogeneity of the UGB's location. We also pursue a novel approach to controlling for time-varying factors inspired by regression discontinuity design. We find that UGBs are effective in containing development in many of the Oregon cities we examine, although there are some cities in which development rates are the same inside and outside of the UGB. Our results show that we would greatly overstate the effects of the UGBs were we to evaluate cross-sectional differences in development rates, as is common in previous studies. Besides the creation of UGBs, another goal of Oregon's land use regulations is to encourage citizen involvement in the planning process. The second essay in this dissertation examines the use of voter annexation as a form of citizen involvement. More specifically, this paper addresses the following two questions. First, does voter annexation cause changes in city demographics and characteristics? Second, assuming that a city votes for amendments and annexations to the UGB and city limits, what factors impact the outcome of the vote? We analyze the first question using the method of propensity score matching, which has not previously been used to explore this topic. This allows us to account for the endogeneity that stems from the fact that cities with certain characteristics may be more likely to use voter annexation in the first place. The second question, which is only evaluated for cities that employ voter annexation, is analyzed with the use of the logit model. Oregon's land use regulations must be approved at the state level, but are administered locally. Therefore, unlike past studies, we are able to isolate specific differences in the way the program is administered, and are not evaluating the stringency of the program itself. Previous studies have found that voter-approved annexation causes developers to provide more public goods and increase the scale of development, thereby shifting community demographics. Once a land use decision is on the ballot, it is also noted that cities that are whiter, wealthier, and more liberal are more likely to pass referenda that promote preservation and restrict development. For the first question, we compare specific demographic indicators between the two groups of cities. Contrary to the results of previous studies, we find no effect of voter annexation on these indicators. Our results for the second question indicate that the characteristics of the voting process itself impact the outcome more than community characteristics, which also differs from the results of previous analyses. The third essay in this dissertation is an extension of the first essay, and focuses on the impact of Oregon's land use regulations on the protection of land in riparian corridors and land that has been designated for exclusive farm use (EFU). Riparian corridors are protected with the use of Oregon Goal 5, which focuses on development of natural resource lands inside of UGBs, while EFU land is protected with the use of Oregon Goal 3, which focuses on protection of agricultural land at the county level. The LCT dataset that was used in the first essay is also used in this essay. EFU land by definition has no probability of development in the initial period. Land located in riparian corridors may also face different initial levels of protection than other land. We deal with this endogeneity, and also account for location inside or outside of a UGB, with the use of the difference -in-difference-in-differences estimator. This is an approach that has not been used to explore the effect of Oregon's land use regulations on these land categories. Most of the past studies that have examined the impact of land use planning on development of agricultural land in Oregon have relied on analysis of general trends and indicators, and have concluded that land use regulations have been successful in protecting this land. Previous research on riparian zone protection has focused on protection of aquatic wildlife, and for the most part has not examined the protection of riparian corridors inside of UGBs. The limited studies that have studied the effect of these regulations in UGBs have determined them to be effective in slowing, but not stopping, development in these areas. Overall, we find that Oregon's land use regulations have been successful in protecting both county level agricultural land and riparian corridors located inside of UGBs from development. It is less clear whether these regulations have protected riparian corridors located inside of UGBs from other anthropogenic uses. Close

• 2053. [Article] Geology of the Green Mountain-Young's River area, Clatsop County, northwest Oregon

  The upper Eocene to lower Oligocene Oswald West mudstone is the oldest formation (informal) in the Green Mountain-Young's River area. This 1,663 meter thick hemipelagic sequence was deposited in a low-energy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Green Mountain-Young's River area, Clatsop County, northwest Oregon Author: Peterson, Carolyn Pugh The upper Eocene to lower Oligocene Oswald West mudstone is the oldest formation (informal) in the Green Mountain-Young's River area. This 1,663 meter thick hemipelagic sequence was deposited in a low-energy lower to upper slope environment in the Coast Range forearc basin. The formation ranges from the late Narizian to the early Zemorrian(?) in age and consists of thick-bedded bioturbated foraminiferal claystone and tuffaceous siltstone. Rare glauconitic sandstone beds also occur. In the eastern part of the study area, the upper part of the Oswald West mudstone is interbedded with the upper Refugian Klaskanine siltstone tongue. This informal unit consists of thick bioturbated sandy siltstone and silty sandstone that is a lateral deep-marine correlative of the deltaic to shallow-marine Pittsburg Bluff Formation in the northeastern Coast Range. Discontinuous underthrusting of the Juan de Fuca oceanic plate at the base of the continental slope of the North American plate caused extensive uplift and subsidence along the Oregon continental margin throughout the Cenozoic (Snavely et al., 1980). Initiation of Oregon Coast Range uplift and accompanying erosion in the early Miocene, coupled with a global low stand of sea level (Vail and Mitchum, 1979), stripped most of the Oligocene (Zemorrian) Oswald West strata and in places much of the uppermost Eocene (upper Refugian) Oswald West strata in the field area, creating an unconformity. Deformation accompanying uplift included a system of east-west-trending, oblique-slip faults. The Pillarian-to-Newportian Astoria Formation unconformably overlies the Oswald West mudstone and reflects deposition offshore from an open, storm-dominated coast during an early-to-middle Miocene transgression. Deposition of the Big Creek sandstone and Silver Point mudstone members of the Astoria Formation was controlled in part by submarine paleotopography that developed as a result of early Miocene deformation of the Oswald West strata. The up to 200 meter thick Big Creek member varies from storm-deposited laminated sandstone to bioturbated mollusk-bearing silty sandstone that accumulated during fair weather conditions on the inner to middle shelf. Overlying and perhaps in part laterally equivalent to the Big Creek member is the up to 200 meter thick, deeper marine Silver Point member which consists of two lithologies: 1) interbedded, micaceous, turbidite sandstones and laminated mudstone; and 2) laminated bathyal mudstone that intertongues with and caps the turbidite sequences. The turbidite lithology is composed of two facies: 1) an underlying sand-rich facies, transitional between the shallow-marine Big Creek member and bathyal Silver Point strata, that was deposited on the outer shelf by storm-induced turbidity currents; and 2) an overlying sand-poor facies that was deposited at bathyal depths. The turbidite facies channelized, and at some places removed the underlying Big Creek member and were deposited directly over Oswald West mudstone. The Astoria depositional sequence ranges, from inner to outer neritic to bathyal facies and reflects continued deepening and anoxic depositional conditions of the Astoria basin through the middle Miocene. Big Creek and Silver Point sandstone petrology reflects volcanic sources from an ancestral western Cascades volcanic arc and metamorphic and granitic basement rocks farther east via an ancestral Columbia River drainage system. Diagenetic effects include: (a) formation of local calcite concretionary cements; and (b) formation of pore-filling smectite from alteration of volcanic rock fragments. At least six middle Miocene Columbia River Basalt intrusive episodes affected the Green Mountain-Young's River area soon after deposition of the Astoria Formation. These basalt sills and dikes include normally polarized and reversely polarized low Mg0 high TiO₂, low Mg0 low TiO₂, and high Mg0 Grande Ronde basalt chemical subtypes and two porphyritic Frenchman Springs Member basalts (Ginkgo and Kelly Hollow(?) petrologic types). These basalt intrusions are virtually indistinguishable, based on chemistry, from subaerial flows of the plateau-derived Columbia River Basalt Group subtypes at nearby Nicolai Mountain and Porter Ridge. This correlation supports the Beeson et al. (1979) hypothesis that the intrusions are not of local origin but formed by the invasion of the flows into the Miocene shoreline sediments to form "invasive" sills and dikes. Many dikes were emplaced along northeast- and northwest-trending faults, and some (i.e., Ginkgo) cut older sills (Grande Ronde). A laterally extensive Frenchman Springs sill occurs under an older widespread Grande Ronde sill. From this older over younger intrusive relationship, a mechanism of "invasion" of sediment from overlying lava flows is difficult to envision. A pulse of rapid subduction starting in the middle Miocene (Snavely et al., 1980) was accompanied by renewed uplift, intensive block faulting, and continued development of the earlier formed Coast Range uplift. Left-oblique northeast-trending faults and conjugate northwest-trending right-oblique faults offset Grande Ronde and Frenchman Springs dikes and sills. This conjugate fault pattern may reflect oblique east-west convergence between the North American and Juan de Fuca plates. The Silver Point mudstones and Oswald West mudstones have high total organic carbon contents, up to 5.5%, but are thermally immature and may act only as a source for biogenic gas(?) in the subsurface. Suitable reservoir rocks, such as the gas-producing upper Eocene Cowlitz Formation C & W sandstone, may pinch out before reaching the Green Mountain-Young's River area and are yet to be penetrated by exploration drilling. Post-middle Miocene fault traps abound in the area, although these faults might also breach subsurface natural gas reservoirs in the Green Mountain-Young's River area. Title: Geology of the Green Mountain-Young's River area, Clatsop County, northwest Oregon Author: Peterson, Carolyn Pugh The upper Eocene to lower Oligocene Oswald West mudstone is the oldest formation (informal) in the Green Mountain-Young's River area. This 1,663 meter thick hemipelagic sequence was deposited in a low-energy lower to upper slope environment in the Coast Range forearc basin. The formation ranges from the late Narizian to the early Zemorrian(?) in age and consists of thick-bedded bioturbated foraminiferal claystone and tuffaceous siltstone. Rare glauconitic sandstone beds also occur. In the eastern part of the study area, the upper part of the Oswald West mudstone is interbedded with the upper Refugian Klaskanine siltstone tongue. This informal unit consists of thick bioturbated sandy siltstone and silty sandstone that is a lateral deep-marine correlative of the deltaic to shallow-marine Pittsburg Bluff Formation in the northeastern Coast Range. Discontinuous underthrusting of the Juan de Fuca oceanic plate at the base of the continental slope of the North American plate caused extensive uplift and subsidence along the Oregon continental margin throughout the Cenozoic (Snavely et al., 1980). Initiation of Oregon Coast Range uplift and accompanying erosion in the early Miocene, coupled with a global low stand of sea level (Vail and Mitchum, 1979), stripped most of the Oligocene (Zemorrian) Oswald West strata and in places much of the uppermost Eocene (upper Refugian) Oswald West strata in the field area, creating an unconformity. Deformation accompanying uplift included a system of east-west-trending, oblique-slip faults. The Pillarian-to-Newportian Astoria Formation unconformably overlies the Oswald West mudstone and reflects deposition offshore from an open, storm-dominated coast during an early-to-middle Miocene transgression. Deposition of the Big Creek sandstone and Silver Point mudstone members of the Astoria Formation was controlled in part by submarine paleotopography that developed as a result of early Miocene deformation of the Oswald West strata. The up to 200 meter thick Big Creek member varies from storm-deposited laminated sandstone to bioturbated mollusk-bearing silty sandstone that accumulated during fair weather conditions on the inner to middle shelf. Overlying and perhaps in part laterally equivalent to the Big Creek member is the up to 200 meter thick, deeper marine Silver Point member which consists of two lithologies: 1) interbedded, micaceous, turbidite sandstones and laminated mudstone; and 2) laminated bathyal mudstone that intertongues with and caps the turbidite sequences. The turbidite lithology is composed of two facies: 1) an underlying sand-rich facies, transitional between the shallow-marine Big Creek member and bathyal Silver Point strata, that was deposited on the outer shelf by storm-induced turbidity currents; and 2) an overlying sand-poor facies that was deposited at bathyal depths. The turbidite facies channelized, and at some places removed the underlying Big Creek member and were deposited directly over Oswald West mudstone. The Astoria depositional sequence ranges, from inner to outer neritic to bathyal facies and reflects continued deepening and anoxic depositional conditions of the Astoria basin through the middle Miocene. Big Creek and Silver Point sandstone petrology reflects volcanic sources from an ancestral western Cascades volcanic arc and metamorphic and granitic basement rocks farther east via an ancestral Columbia River drainage system. Diagenetic effects include: (a) formation of local calcite concretionary cements; and (b) formation of pore-filling smectite from alteration of volcanic rock fragments. At least six middle Miocene Columbia River Basalt intrusive episodes affected the Green Mountain-Young's River area soon after deposition of the Astoria Formation. These basalt sills and dikes include normally polarized and reversely polarized low Mg0 high TiO₂, low Mg0 low TiO₂, and high Mg0 Grande Ronde basalt chemical subtypes and two porphyritic Frenchman Springs Member basalts (Ginkgo and Kelly Hollow(?) petrologic types). These basalt intrusions are virtually indistinguishable, based on chemistry, from subaerial flows of the plateau-derived Columbia River Basalt Group subtypes at nearby Nicolai Mountain and Porter Ridge. This correlation supports the Beeson et al. (1979) hypothesis that the intrusions are not of local origin but formed by the invasion of the flows into the Miocene shoreline sediments to form "invasive" sills and dikes. Many dikes were emplaced along northeast- and northwest-trending faults, and some (i.e., Ginkgo) cut older sills (Grande Ronde). A laterally extensive Frenchman Springs sill occurs under an older widespread Grande Ronde sill. From this older over younger intrusive relationship, a mechanism of "invasion" of sediment from overlying lava flows is difficult to envision. A pulse of rapid subduction starting in the middle Miocene (Snavely et al., 1980) was accompanied by renewed uplift, intensive block faulting, and continued development of the earlier formed Coast Range uplift. Left-oblique northeast-trending faults and conjugate northwest-trending right-oblique faults offset Grande Ronde and Frenchman Springs dikes and sills. This conjugate fault pattern may reflect oblique east-west convergence between the North American and Juan de Fuca plates. The Silver Point mudstones and Oswald West mudstones have high total organic carbon contents, up to 5.5%, but are thermally immature and may act only as a source for biogenic gas(?) in the subsurface. Suitable reservoir rocks, such as the gas-producing upper Eocene Cowlitz Formation C & W sandstone, may pinch out before reaching the Green Mountain-Young's River area and are yet to be penetrated by exploration drilling. Post-middle Miocene fault traps abound in the area, although these faults might also breach subsurface natural gas reservoirs in the Green Mountain-Young's River area. Close

• 2054. [Article] Regulatory Wetland Monitoring: Principles and Evolving Techniques within Washington State Department of Transportation

  The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) is the largest developer of wetlands land in the state of Washington. Consequently, they are also the largest wetland mitigation developer in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regulatory Wetland Monitoring: Principles and Evolving Techniques within Washington State Department of Transportation Author: Bell, Marc The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) is the largest developer of wetlands land in the state of Washington. Consequently, they are also the largest wetland mitigation developer in the state. Through various federal legislation, state and county environmental policies, and legal court decisions, all negatively impacted wetlands must be compensated for with equal value wetland creation. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is given oversight under the Clean Water Act Section 404 to regulate this policy. Permits for wetland destruction and mitigation are only issued by the USACE after steps have been taken to avoid known wetlands and all efforts to minimize the damage have been exercised. Since construction projects by WSDOT are limited by geography and existing road transportation in a region of the country with a very high density of wetland land, WSDOT increasing must compensate for wetland loss. Wetland creations involve developing wetland hydrology and specific soil conditions, which attract a specific subset of vegetation known as hydrophytic vegetation, adapted to survive and flourish within water saturated soils. Permitting from the USACE requires annual monitoring created mitigation sites for a period of 5-10 years. WSDOT Department of Wetland Monitoring exists to satisfy this legal requirement for every mitigation site in the state. WSDOT Wetland monitoring has formed a partnership with The Evergreen State College (TESC) to provide interns to collect the qualitative and quantitative data necessary for mitigation permits. The Monitoring Department gains access to TESC's plant laboratory, a ready source of internship candidates, and the reputation gained only by an alliance with an academic institution. TESC increases summer enrollment and provides an excellent professional experience to students. Each wetland site has development goals, which are monitored quantitatively, through specific performance standards each year. Monitoring teams develop site-specific sampling techniques based on sound ecological statistical experimental design parameters. In the majority of cases a baseline with orthogonal transect lines are established across the entire site. Along these transects pairs of data collectors sample to provide data on density, survival, and cover percentage of woody, herbaceous, and invasive plant species in specific zones (emergent, wetland, and buffer) of the mitigation site. Qualitatively, vegetative community sketch mapping and bird surveys give further indicators of the mitigation site's overall health and development progress. TESC's laboratory facilities are utilized by interns to identify unknown herbaceous specimens sampled during field days. This process is necessary to fully comply with USACE permitting and provides interns with an opportunity to develop robust botany and plant identification skills. The WSDOT Wetlands Monitoring Division is run on roughly half a million dollars a year. The majority of this money is salary and benefits for full time employees. The remaining pays for the internship program expenses, travel, and equipment each year. There has been an increasing trend in workloads while funding and full time labor have decreased over the last several years. These conditions have forced WSDOT to modernize and streamline workflows. The internship program has expanded over time; major efforts to increase efficiency through new technology and data collection methods have been explored and evaluated. Title: Regulatory Wetland Monitoring: Principles and Evolving Techniques within Washington State Department of Transportation Author: Bell, Marc The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) is the largest developer of wetlands land in the state of Washington. Consequently, they are also the largest wetland mitigation developer in the state. Through various federal legislation, state and county environmental policies, and legal court decisions, all negatively impacted wetlands must be compensated for with equal value wetland creation. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is given oversight under the Clean Water Act Section 404 to regulate this policy. Permits for wetland destruction and mitigation are only issued by the USACE after steps have been taken to avoid known wetlands and all efforts to minimize the damage have been exercised. Since construction projects by WSDOT are limited by geography and existing road transportation in a region of the country with a very high density of wetland land, WSDOT increasing must compensate for wetland loss. Wetland creations involve developing wetland hydrology and specific soil conditions, which attract a specific subset of vegetation known as hydrophytic vegetation, adapted to survive and flourish within water saturated soils. Permitting from the USACE requires annual monitoring created mitigation sites for a period of 5-10 years. WSDOT Department of Wetland Monitoring exists to satisfy this legal requirement for every mitigation site in the state. WSDOT Wetland monitoring has formed a partnership with The Evergreen State College (TESC) to provide interns to collect the qualitative and quantitative data necessary for mitigation permits. The Monitoring Department gains access to TESC's plant laboratory, a ready source of internship candidates, and the reputation gained only by an alliance with an academic institution. TESC increases summer enrollment and provides an excellent professional experience to students. Each wetland site has development goals, which are monitored quantitatively, through specific performance standards each year. Monitoring teams develop site-specific sampling techniques based on sound ecological statistical experimental design parameters. In the majority of cases a baseline with orthogonal transect lines are established across the entire site. Along these transects pairs of data collectors sample to provide data on density, survival, and cover percentage of woody, herbaceous, and invasive plant species in specific zones (emergent, wetland, and buffer) of the mitigation site. Qualitatively, vegetative community sketch mapping and bird surveys give further indicators of the mitigation site's overall health and development progress. TESC's laboratory facilities are utilized by interns to identify unknown herbaceous specimens sampled during field days. This process is necessary to fully comply with USACE permitting and provides interns with an opportunity to develop robust botany and plant identification skills. The WSDOT Wetlands Monitoring Division is run on roughly half a million dollars a year. The majority of this money is salary and benefits for full time employees. The remaining pays for the internship program expenses, travel, and equipment each year. There has been an increasing trend in workloads while funding and full time labor have decreased over the last several years. These conditions have forced WSDOT to modernize and streamline workflows. The internship program has expanded over time; major efforts to increase efficiency through new technology and data collection methods have been explored and evaluated. Close

• 2055. [Article] Characterization of the Dry Tortugas Commercial Fishery: Methodology and Findings

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of the Dry Tortugas Commercial Fishery: Methodology and Findings Author: Leeworthy, Vernon R., Murray, Thomas J., Shivlani, Manoj Research Paper Title: Characterization of the Dry Tortugas Commercial Fishery: Methodology and Findings Author: Leeworthy, Vernon R., Murray, Thomas J., Shivlani, Manoj Research Paper Close

• 2056. [Article] Reducing Crime and Violence on Public Lands: Case Studies in the USDA Forest Service

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Sagamore Publishing and can be found at: http://js.sagamorepub.com/jpra/index.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reducing Crime and Violence on Public Lands: Case Studies in the USDA Forest Service Author: Chavez, Deborah J., Knap, Nancy E., Tynon, Joanne F. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Sagamore Publishing and can be found at: http://js.sagamorepub.com/jpra/index. Title: Reducing Crime and Violence on Public Lands: Case Studies in the USDA Forest Service Author: Chavez, Deborah J., Knap, Nancy E., Tynon, Joanne F. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Sagamore Publishing and can be found at: http://js.sagamorepub.com/jpra/index. Close

• 2057. [Article] Aspen Restoration and Social Agreements: An Introductory Guide for Forest Collaboratives in Central and Eastern Oregon

  Collaborative Regional Learning This document is part of a forest collaborative regional learning project on aspen restoration and social agreements. Thanks to all the individuals, collaborative groups, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aspen Restoration and Social Agreements: An Introductory Guide for Forest Collaboratives in Central and Eastern Oregon Author: Davis, Emily Jane, Seager, S Trent, Ediger, Vernita Collaborative Regional Learning This document is part of a forest collaborative regional learning project on aspen restoration and social agreements. Thanks to all the individuals, collaborative groups, and organizations who provided feedback and suggestions. We appreciate the participation of members from: Blue Mountains Forest Partners, Deschutes Collaborative Forest Project, Harney County Restoration Collaborative, Ochoco Forest Restoration Collaborative, Umatilla Forest Collaborative Group, and Wallow-Whitman Forest Collaborative. Title: Aspen Restoration and Social Agreements: An Introductory Guide for Forest Collaboratives in Central and Eastern Oregon Author: Davis, Emily Jane, Seager, S Trent, Ediger, Vernita Collaborative Regional Learning This document is part of a forest collaborative regional learning project on aspen restoration and social agreements. Thanks to all the individuals, collaborative groups, and organizations who provided feedback and suggestions. We appreciate the participation of members from: Blue Mountains Forest Partners, Deschutes Collaborative Forest Project, Harney County Restoration Collaborative, Ochoco Forest Restoration Collaborative, Umatilla Forest Collaborative Group, and Wallow-Whitman Forest Collaborative. Close

• 2058. [Article] Cool hideaways: use of temperature refuges by juvenile coho salmon in the West Fork Smith River

  The West Fork Smith River, a 69 km2 watershed in the Coast Range of Oregon, is prone to short periods of very high water temperature in mid-summer due to a combination of human and natural influences. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cool hideaways: use of temperature refuges by juvenile coho salmon in the West Fork Smith River Author: Raskauskas, Nancy The West Fork Smith River, a 69 km2 watershed in the Coast Range of Oregon, is prone to short periods of very high water temperature in mid-summer due to a combination of human and natural influences. In the summers of 2003 and 2004 more than 400 juvenile coho salmon regularly packed themselves into a 4m2 area of cooler water near Crane Creek. In the same watershed, other groups of coho salmon and trout were monitored in three other cold refuges where they avoided main channel water temperatures that reached as high as 25oC. In 2003 we mapped cold refuges and performed snorkel surveys and fish counts at several sites. In 2004 we chose four main refuges as study sites. We installed temperature loggers in each refuge and nearby main channel. We measured (length, weight) and PIT-tagged juvenile coho salmon at each site in early July and recaptured and measured fish in September. We tracked fish movement throughout the summer using a portable PIT-tag reader and snorkel surveyed to count fish numbers in the refuges and nearby pools at various water temperatures and to observe fish behavior. However, of the 178 coho salmon tagged only 50 were recaptured. Local fidelity to refuge sites, in association with peak temperatures in mid summer best describes juvenile coho use of coldwater refuges at West Fork Smith River. The number of coho salmon in refuges increased with main-channel temperatures from 18ºC to 25ºC. Coho salmon and other fish congregated in multiple smaller pockets of cold water or “micro refuges” not detected during the initial refuge mapping. Even so, the total number of detected coldwater refuges was less than fifteen areas in over 15 kilometers and total refuge surface area was only 0.00002% of the mainstem surface area searched. At the four study sites differences in peak temperatures, refuge morphology and presence or absence of large trout resulted in variable patterns of use by juvenile coho salmon. Title: Cool hideaways: use of temperature refuges by juvenile coho salmon in the West Fork Smith River Author: Raskauskas, Nancy The West Fork Smith River, a 69 km2 watershed in the Coast Range of Oregon, is prone to short periods of very high water temperature in mid-summer due to a combination of human and natural influences. In the summers of 2003 and 2004 more than 400 juvenile coho salmon regularly packed themselves into a 4m2 area of cooler water near Crane Creek. In the same watershed, other groups of coho salmon and trout were monitored in three other cold refuges where they avoided main channel water temperatures that reached as high as 25oC. In 2003 we mapped cold refuges and performed snorkel surveys and fish counts at several sites. In 2004 we chose four main refuges as study sites. We installed temperature loggers in each refuge and nearby main channel. We measured (length, weight) and PIT-tagged juvenile coho salmon at each site in early July and recaptured and measured fish in September. We tracked fish movement throughout the summer using a portable PIT-tag reader and snorkel surveyed to count fish numbers in the refuges and nearby pools at various water temperatures and to observe fish behavior. However, of the 178 coho salmon tagged only 50 were recaptured. Local fidelity to refuge sites, in association with peak temperatures in mid summer best describes juvenile coho use of coldwater refuges at West Fork Smith River. The number of coho salmon in refuges increased with main-channel temperatures from 18ºC to 25ºC. Coho salmon and other fish congregated in multiple smaller pockets of cold water or “micro refuges” not detected during the initial refuge mapping. Even so, the total number of detected coldwater refuges was less than fifteen areas in over 15 kilometers and total refuge surface area was only 0.00002% of the mainstem surface area searched. At the four study sites differences in peak temperatures, refuge morphology and presence or absence of large trout resulted in variable patterns of use by juvenile coho salmon. Close

• 2059. [Article] An evaluation of the economic impacts of reducing soil erosion and groundwater pollution in non-irrigated farming systems of northeastern Oregon

  Increases in food demand, favorable commodity markets and drive towards increasing productivity at a greater economic efficiency have accelerated negative agricultural externalities, particularly erosion ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of the economic impacts of reducing soil erosion and groundwater pollution in non-irrigated farming systems of northeastern Oregon Author: Akinsanmi, Josiah Akinlayo Increases in food demand, favorable commodity markets and drive towards increasing productivity at a greater economic efficiency have accelerated negative agricultural externalities, particularly erosion and water quality. The potential impact of these externalities on environmental quality and human health prompted an examination of current and potential production strategies on four important dryfarmed soil associations--Walla Walla, Pilot Rock, Ritzville and Athena Soils--in the Umatilla County area of Oregon. The objective was to evaluate the economic and environmental costs of reducing soil erosion and leaching through implementing strategies that minimize soil loss and (or) nitrate leaching or offer some trade-offs between the pollutants. Four models--the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), Micro-computer Budgeting Management System (MBMS), Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Program (NLEAP) and Multi-Objective Linear programming (MOP)--were employed to accomplish the study objectives. The results revealed that production strategies that focused on reducing only one pollutant generally exacerbated the other. The mixed objective strategies achieved a simultaneous reduction in both soil erosion and leaching. Once either pollutant had been substantially reduced, further reductions certainly increased the rate of generation of the other. On Walla Walla soil, the most cost effective erosion reducing strategies for winter wheat production included those that involved use of chisel plow for primary tillage under standard conservation practice. Large leachate reductions in winter wheat production were possible by using strategies that involved use of disk plowing for primary tillage followed by chisel plow for secondary tillage and a split fertilizer application. On Pilot Rock soil, production process that involved use of sweep plow for primary tillage with a one time spring fertilizer application and (or) with more farm acreage in spring barley production were least cost strategies that reduced leaching considerably. Soil loss and leaching rates on Ritzville soils were very low, indicating that this soil may not be subject to soil erosion or leaching problems. For Athena soils, least cost strategies that greatly reduced erosion involved use of chisel or disk plow under conservation practices. No strategy was identified to reduce leaching significantly. Title: An evaluation of the economic impacts of reducing soil erosion and groundwater pollution in non-irrigated farming systems of northeastern Oregon Author: Akinsanmi, Josiah Akinlayo Increases in food demand, favorable commodity markets and drive towards increasing productivity at a greater economic efficiency have accelerated negative agricultural externalities, particularly erosion and water quality. The potential impact of these externalities on environmental quality and human health prompted an examination of current and potential production strategies on four important dryfarmed soil associations--Walla Walla, Pilot Rock, Ritzville and Athena Soils--in the Umatilla County area of Oregon. The objective was to evaluate the economic and environmental costs of reducing soil erosion and leaching through implementing strategies that minimize soil loss and (or) nitrate leaching or offer some trade-offs between the pollutants. Four models--the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), Micro-computer Budgeting Management System (MBMS), Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Program (NLEAP) and Multi-Objective Linear programming (MOP)--were employed to accomplish the study objectives. The results revealed that production strategies that focused on reducing only one pollutant generally exacerbated the other. The mixed objective strategies achieved a simultaneous reduction in both soil erosion and leaching. Once either pollutant had been substantially reduced, further reductions certainly increased the rate of generation of the other. On Walla Walla soil, the most cost effective erosion reducing strategies for winter wheat production included those that involved use of chisel plow for primary tillage under standard conservation practice. Large leachate reductions in winter wheat production were possible by using strategies that involved use of disk plowing for primary tillage followed by chisel plow for secondary tillage and a split fertilizer application. On Pilot Rock soil, production process that involved use of sweep plow for primary tillage with a one time spring fertilizer application and (or) with more farm acreage in spring barley production were least cost strategies that reduced leaching considerably. Soil loss and leaching rates on Ritzville soils were very low, indicating that this soil may not be subject to soil erosion or leaching problems. For Athena soils, least cost strategies that greatly reduced erosion involved use of chisel or disk plow under conservation practices. No strategy was identified to reduce leaching significantly. Close

• 2060. [Article] A cross cultural examination of factors influencing exercise during pregnancy

  Overweight and obesity are a growing national concern, particularly among women and selected minority populations (Ayala, Elder, Campbell, Slymen, Roy, Engelberg, et al., 2004; NHANES, 2003). Pregnant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A cross cultural examination of factors influencing exercise during pregnancy Author: Nevarez, Holly Clements Overweight and obesity are a growing national concern, particularly among women and selected minority populations (Ayala, Elder, Campbell, Slymen, Roy, Engelberg, et al., 2004; NHANES, 2003). Pregnant women bear a disproportionate risk of becoming overweight or obese (Greene, Smickikias-Wright, Scholl, & Karp, 1988; Gunderson et al., 2000; Rossner, 1999). Although exercise is a key factor in preventing overweight and obesity, women often decrease their exercise levels during pregnancy (McTigue, Garrett, & Popkin, 2002; Viau, Padula, & Eddy, 2002; Zhang & Savitz, 1996). Reported percentages of regular exercise during pregnancy have been documented as low as 5% in a predominately White population (Steele, 2002). Although there is ample evidence demonstrating that Hispanic women exercise less than White women during every other stage of life, little is known about how pregnant Hispanic and White women compare in exercise behaviors (Crespo, Smit, Andersen, Carter-Pokras, & Ainsworth, 2000). The purpose of this research was to study low-income White and Hispanic pregnant women to (1) determine the nature and the extent of exercise behaviors both before pregnancy and during pregnancy (2) identify factors that influence exercise behaviors (3) determine if there are differences in factors that influence exercise between ethnicities. Data were collected via a questionnaire developed by the author. A sample of 301 White and Hispanic pregnant women were recruited through the Women, Infants, and Children [WIC] agencies in four selected counties in Oregon. Although ACOG guidelines provide clear information on the benefits of exercise, over 90% of the women surveyed did not exercise at ACOG guidelines. A majority of the women, 57.8%, actually decreased exercise during pregnancy. Although ethnic differences did not exist in the prevalence of exercise during pregnancy, differences between ethnicities were found in the variety of exercise activities performed and behavioral factors that predicted exercise behavior. Analysis of these differences and the factors contributing to the overall low levels of exercise may provide critical information for future intervention program planning. Well targeted programs will ultimately decrease the excessive weight gain and subsequent increased risk for overweight or obesity that pregnant women face. Title: A cross cultural examination of factors influencing exercise during pregnancy Author: Nevarez, Holly Clements Overweight and obesity are a growing national concern, particularly among women and selected minority populations (Ayala, Elder, Campbell, Slymen, Roy, Engelberg, et al., 2004; NHANES, 2003). Pregnant women bear a disproportionate risk of becoming overweight or obese (Greene, Smickikias-Wright, Scholl, & Karp, 1988; Gunderson et al., 2000; Rossner, 1999). Although exercise is a key factor in preventing overweight and obesity, women often decrease their exercise levels during pregnancy (McTigue, Garrett, & Popkin, 2002; Viau, Padula, & Eddy, 2002; Zhang & Savitz, 1996). Reported percentages of regular exercise during pregnancy have been documented as low as 5% in a predominately White population (Steele, 2002). Although there is ample evidence demonstrating that Hispanic women exercise less than White women during every other stage of life, little is known about how pregnant Hispanic and White women compare in exercise behaviors (Crespo, Smit, Andersen, Carter-Pokras, & Ainsworth, 2000). The purpose of this research was to study low-income White and Hispanic pregnant women to (1) determine the nature and the extent of exercise behaviors both before pregnancy and during pregnancy (2) identify factors that influence exercise behaviors (3) determine if there are differences in factors that influence exercise between ethnicities. Data were collected via a questionnaire developed by the author. A sample of 301 White and Hispanic pregnant women were recruited through the Women, Infants, and Children [WIC] agencies in four selected counties in Oregon. Although ACOG guidelines provide clear information on the benefits of exercise, over 90% of the women surveyed did not exercise at ACOG guidelines. A majority of the women, 57.8%, actually decreased exercise during pregnancy. Although ethnic differences did not exist in the prevalence of exercise during pregnancy, differences between ethnicities were found in the variety of exercise activities performed and behavioral factors that predicted exercise behavior. Analysis of these differences and the factors contributing to the overall low levels of exercise may provide critical information for future intervention program planning. Well targeted programs will ultimately decrease the excessive weight gain and subsequent increased risk for overweight or obesity that pregnant women face. Close