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• 191. [Article] Culture and identity expression in interiors : an ethnography of sorority study rooms

  This ethnographic study describes the patterns of decorating in the study rooms of university sorority women. The primary method of data were collection was by means of interviews with sorority members. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Culture and identity expression in interiors : an ethnography of sorority study rooms Author: Carter, Bev This ethnographic study describes the patterns of decorating in the study rooms of university sorority women. The primary method of data were collection was by means of interviews with sorority members. Observations and photographs of the study rooms of these members supplemented the interviews and provided validation for categorization purposes. A large body of research exists related to the effects and implications of sorority membership. Because much of this research is quantitative, it does not allow for the descriptive type data collected in the context of the culture which may be utilized in a qualitative study. The purpose of the present study was to document the decorating patterns of the informants and to identify cultural values and expressions of individual identity in the decoration of their living spaces. This study contributes to existing research on college student decorating patterns by relating the items used for decorations to cultural and individual values. In addition, it provides a detailed description of how the space in the study rooms is utilized. The data are also evaluated based on demographic information gathered. The results of this study indicated that the members of Alpha Beta sorority expressed certain cultural values by using similar items to decorate their rooms and by exhibiting common ways of using their living space. One of the values expressed by the members in their decorating was that of comfort, both physical and mental. Comfort was demonstrated in conditions such as the degree of tidiness of the room, the color scheme, the photos on display or the level of self expression available to the individual. Examples of identity expression were also evident in these study rooms. Items indicating personal accomplishments, items from personal collections and objects used for hobbies were found in many rooms. Conclusions drawn from this study were first, that the desire to decorate was nearly universal among the members of Alpha Beta sorority. Second, the desire for self expression seemed to be a significant motivation for decorating, although there was evidence of some peer pressure as well. Third, decorating generally, and decorating using a theme, appeared to be a behavior members embraced more readily over time. Interactions over time allowed for the cultural values related to decorating the study room to be acquired. This process is facilitated by the significance of the social network within the sorority culture. This study contributes to an understanding of how cultural and personal values are expressed in the study rooms of sorority women, and by extension, the values that could be expected in other interior environments. Title: Culture and identity expression in interiors : an ethnography of sorority study rooms Author: Carter, Bev This ethnographic study describes the patterns of decorating in the study rooms of university sorority women. The primary method of data were collection was by means of interviews with sorority members. Observations and photographs of the study rooms of these members supplemented the interviews and provided validation for categorization purposes. A large body of research exists related to the effects and implications of sorority membership. Because much of this research is quantitative, it does not allow for the descriptive type data collected in the context of the culture which may be utilized in a qualitative study. The purpose of the present study was to document the decorating patterns of the informants and to identify cultural values and expressions of individual identity in the decoration of their living spaces. This study contributes to existing research on college student decorating patterns by relating the items used for decorations to cultural and individual values. In addition, it provides a detailed description of how the space in the study rooms is utilized. The data are also evaluated based on demographic information gathered. The results of this study indicated that the members of Alpha Beta sorority expressed certain cultural values by using similar items to decorate their rooms and by exhibiting common ways of using their living space. One of the values expressed by the members in their decorating was that of comfort, both physical and mental. Comfort was demonstrated in conditions such as the degree of tidiness of the room, the color scheme, the photos on display or the level of self expression available to the individual. Examples of identity expression were also evident in these study rooms. Items indicating personal accomplishments, items from personal collections and objects used for hobbies were found in many rooms. Conclusions drawn from this study were first, that the desire to decorate was nearly universal among the members of Alpha Beta sorority. Second, the desire for self expression seemed to be a significant motivation for decorating, although there was evidence of some peer pressure as well. Third, decorating generally, and decorating using a theme, appeared to be a behavior members embraced more readily over time. Interactions over time allowed for the cultural values related to decorating the study room to be acquired. This process is facilitated by the significance of the social network within the sorority culture. This study contributes to an understanding of how cultural and personal values are expressed in the study rooms of sorority women, and by extension, the values that could be expected in other interior environments. Close

• 192. [Article] Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon

  Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon Author: Agapito, Melinda T. Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response to the need for a comprehensive lithologic map that will be used in the identification, evaluation and design of marine reserves in Oregon. While future multibeam mapping of the Oregon Territorial Sea will likely replace this product in the next few years, the ground truth data from which the map is constructed will continue in use in future efforts. This mapping project utilized a classical geologic approach aided by GIS technology in which all relevant thematic geologic layers were applied to interpret patterns of seafloor lithology. The discovery of approximately 9,600 NOS bottom samples from the National Ocean Service (NOS) historic hydrographic smooth sheet archives has tremendously improved upon the original sample dataset (305 bottom samples) used in previous characterization of Oregon's territorial seabed. Supplementing the NOS bottom samples, other existing datasets including historic kelp distribution (used as proxy for rock), a triangulated irregular network (TIN) surface model derived from bathymetric soundings, rock outcrops digitized from 0.5 meter aerial photos, subsurface structure, and the adjacent onshore Oregon digital geologic map were used. While the collection of smooth sheet data from historic surveys utilized leadline sampling techniques and traditional navigation methods such as three-point sextant positioning, it was observed that the typical positional error averaged ~28 meters relative to contemporary aerial photography where comparison was possible. GIS software was used for simultaneous display of varied thematic layers, qualitative interpretation, quantitative accuracy assessment, and density mapping processes in this project. This current mapping effort showed that the NOS "smooth sheet" data collected from 1858 to 1958 compares well with modern data and that the NOS datasets and methods are able to capture the general outlines of rocky outcrops particularly in shallow areas. The territorial lithologic map shows a reasonable overall accuracy of 64 % relative to existing habitat interpretation of rocky reefs based on high-resolution multibeam data. Furthermore, the NOS bottom samples provide an opportunity to map additional sediment types that are not represented in the existing Surficial Geologic Habitat (SGH) map of the territorial sea. Finally, a companion product to the maps, a composite density map was created from the underlying datasets (kelp, bathymetry and bottom samples) to represent the spatial variation in data quality and quantity used in the interpretation of seafloor lithology. It is anticipated that the data obtained from this study will serve as a useful tool for scientific investigation and management efforts such as the ocean zoning in the nearshore region of the Oregon coast, which includes the upcoming designation and evaluation of marine reserves. Title: Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon Author: Agapito, Melinda T. Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response to the need for a comprehensive lithologic map that will be used in the identification, evaluation and design of marine reserves in Oregon. While future multibeam mapping of the Oregon Territorial Sea will likely replace this product in the next few years, the ground truth data from which the map is constructed will continue in use in future efforts. This mapping project utilized a classical geologic approach aided by GIS technology in which all relevant thematic geologic layers were applied to interpret patterns of seafloor lithology. The discovery of approximately 9,600 NOS bottom samples from the National Ocean Service (NOS) historic hydrographic smooth sheet archives has tremendously improved upon the original sample dataset (305 bottom samples) used in previous characterization of Oregon's territorial seabed. Supplementing the NOS bottom samples, other existing datasets including historic kelp distribution (used as proxy for rock), a triangulated irregular network (TIN) surface model derived from bathymetric soundings, rock outcrops digitized from 0.5 meter aerial photos, subsurface structure, and the adjacent onshore Oregon digital geologic map were used. While the collection of smooth sheet data from historic surveys utilized leadline sampling techniques and traditional navigation methods such as three-point sextant positioning, it was observed that the typical positional error averaged ~28 meters relative to contemporary aerial photography where comparison was possible. GIS software was used for simultaneous display of varied thematic layers, qualitative interpretation, quantitative accuracy assessment, and density mapping processes in this project. This current mapping effort showed that the NOS "smooth sheet" data collected from 1858 to 1958 compares well with modern data and that the NOS datasets and methods are able to capture the general outlines of rocky outcrops particularly in shallow areas. The territorial lithologic map shows a reasonable overall accuracy of 64 % relative to existing habitat interpretation of rocky reefs based on high-resolution multibeam data. Furthermore, the NOS bottom samples provide an opportunity to map additional sediment types that are not represented in the existing Surficial Geologic Habitat (SGH) map of the territorial sea. Finally, a companion product to the maps, a composite density map was created from the underlying datasets (kelp, bathymetry and bottom samples) to represent the spatial variation in data quality and quantity used in the interpretation of seafloor lithology. It is anticipated that the data obtained from this study will serve as a useful tool for scientific investigation and management efforts such as the ocean zoning in the nearshore region of the Oregon coast, which includes the upcoming designation and evaluation of marine reserves. Close

• 193. [Article] Sediment production and delivery in Pistol River, Oregon and its effects on pool morphology

  Sediment production and delivery in Pacific Northwest coastal streams can have damaging effects on channel morphology and anadromous fish habitat. The research in Pistol River was designed to determine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment production and delivery in Pistol River, Oregon and its effects on pool morphology Author: Russell, Periann Sediment production and delivery in Pacific Northwest coastal streams can have damaging effects on channel morphology and anadromous fish habitat. The research in Pistol River was designed to determine if a link exists between sediment delivery processes and degradation of fish habitat. Objectives of this basin-wide analysis were to: 1) identify and inventory major sources of sediment; 2) estimate rates, timing and volumes of sediment production and delivery to streams; and 3) attempt to link sediment delivery to changes in pool volumes. Two sets of data were collected and analyzed. The first set used aerial photos and field data to identify and estimate sediment production and delivery. The second data set used channel and pool measurements to estimate V*, the percent of fine sediment in pools (Lisle and Hilton 1992). Primary factors influencing landslides are unstable geology, steep slopesin inner gorges and management activity. Sedimert production from landsliding increased as management increased while forested areas decreased. Sediment was delivered to Pistol River streams at a rate of 400m3/km2*yr. Fine sediment in pools was primarily stored on edges and downstream ends of pools where shear stress is typically less than at pool:heads and along the thaiweg. A positive correlation was found between total fine sediment volume and scoured pooi volume; however no relationship was found between V* and scoured pool volume. This suggests that even though larger pools have the capacity to store more sediment, the percent of fine sediment occupying scoured pool volume is independent of pool size. The relationship between V* and unjt area sediment delivery was positive and strongly correlated but only after the effects of local sediment input were considered. A spatial and temporal relationship was round between V* and time and distance of delivered sediment. The relationship between fine sediment volume in pools and sediment deliiiery indicated that landslide sediment delivery from years past is being transported through the stream system and stored in downstream pools, bars and terraces. Narrow, upstream reaches temporarily trap recently delivered fine sediments. Overall, in the short term (years), fine sediments are stored in pools in upland reaches. Over longer time scales (decades), sediment is transported downstream to unconstrained reaches where it is stored in various storage locations, including pools. Title: Sediment production and delivery in Pistol River, Oregon and its effects on pool morphology Author: Russell, Periann Sediment production and delivery in Pacific Northwest coastal streams can have damaging effects on channel morphology and anadromous fish habitat. The research in Pistol River was designed to determine if a link exists between sediment delivery processes and degradation of fish habitat. Objectives of this basin-wide analysis were to: 1) identify and inventory major sources of sediment; 2) estimate rates, timing and volumes of sediment production and delivery to streams; and 3) attempt to link sediment delivery to changes in pool volumes. Two sets of data were collected and analyzed. The first set used aerial photos and field data to identify and estimate sediment production and delivery. The second data set used channel and pool measurements to estimate V*, the percent of fine sediment in pools (Lisle and Hilton 1992). Primary factors influencing landslides are unstable geology, steep slopesin inner gorges and management activity. Sedimert production from landsliding increased as management increased while forested areas decreased. Sediment was delivered to Pistol River streams at a rate of 400m3/km2*yr. Fine sediment in pools was primarily stored on edges and downstream ends of pools where shear stress is typically less than at pool:heads and along the thaiweg. A positive correlation was found between total fine sediment volume and scoured pooi volume; however no relationship was found between V* and scoured pool volume. This suggests that even though larger pools have the capacity to store more sediment, the percent of fine sediment occupying scoured pool volume is independent of pool size. The relationship between V* and unjt area sediment delivery was positive and strongly correlated but only after the effects of local sediment input were considered. A spatial and temporal relationship was round between V* and time and distance of delivered sediment. The relationship between fine sediment volume in pools and sediment deliiiery indicated that landslide sediment delivery from years past is being transported through the stream system and stored in downstream pools, bars and terraces. Narrow, upstream reaches temporarily trap recently delivered fine sediments. Overall, in the short term (years), fine sediments are stored in pools in upland reaches. Over longer time scales (decades), sediment is transported downstream to unconstrained reaches where it is stored in various storage locations, including pools. Close

• 194. [Article] Mass erosion occurrence and debris torrent impacts on some streams in the Willamette National Forest

  This study focused on extensive soil mass movement occurrence in the Willamette National Forest of western Oregon and on intensive measurements of some physical and biological changes in streams following ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mass erosion occurrence and debris torrent impacts on some streams in the Willamette National Forest Author: Chesney, Charles J. This study focused on extensive soil mass movement occurrence in the Willamette National Forest of western Oregon and on intensive measurements of some physical and biological changes in streams following debris torrents. Debris torrents are a rapid movement of water-charged debris confined to steep headwater channels. The frequency (events/ha/yr) of mass failures identified from aerial photos increased in the presence of clearcuts and roads relative to forest conditions. Approximately 71% of hillslope mass failures entered the stream channel, and an estimated 43% of hillslope mass failures resulted in debris torrents. Standing crop of large organic debris and annual input to streams affected by debris torrents were highly variable. Silvicultural conditions of upslope vegetation and morphological features of debris torrent tracks influenced woody loading and input. Old-growth streams and depositional stream sites contained higher amounts of large organic debris and received higher inputs of large organic debris than streams in clearcuts and erosional stream sites. Depositional sites along debris torrent tracks have higher pool area and depth relative to erosional stream sites. Stream channel gradient and channel cross-sectional form influence the character of erosional or depositional sites sluiced by a debris torrent. Higher total pool ratings in depositional stream sites indicate spatial complexity of channel form that is related to the availability, transport, and stability of particulate bed materials. Herbs produced the majority of foliar biomass (> 50% of total) in one-fifth of all stream sites. Shrubs produced the majority of foliar biomass in one-third of all stream sites. Stream sites where estimated foliar biomass of post-torrent plant strata exceeded estimated foliar biomass of residual plant strata were more numerous. Successional changes in clearcut riparian zones included a shift to intolerant deciduous overstory species and more numerous shrub species than in old-growth riparian zones. The diameter growth of tolerant late successional overstory species in these riparian zones was inconsistent, whereas diameter growth of early successional species was rapid. Case studies of two streams permitted analysis of riparian recovery relative to that of an undisturbed stream site upstream of the debris torrent track. Warfield Creek is a stream where a high energy debris torrent remarkably altered stream conditions. Simmonds Creek is a stream where a low energy debris torrent imperceptibly changed stream conditions. Channel slope, channel cross-sectional form, severity of debris torrent, position of stream segment within the drainage, and presence of channel obstructions all affect stream response to debris torrents, as do riparian vegetation and litterfall inputs to the stream. Riparian recovery remains difficult to quantify because of physical and biological structures of stream ecosystems that vary in space and time. Title: Mass erosion occurrence and debris torrent impacts on some streams in the Willamette National Forest Author: Chesney, Charles J. This study focused on extensive soil mass movement occurrence in the Willamette National Forest of western Oregon and on intensive measurements of some physical and biological changes in streams following debris torrents. Debris torrents are a rapid movement of water-charged debris confined to steep headwater channels. The frequency (events/ha/yr) of mass failures identified from aerial photos increased in the presence of clearcuts and roads relative to forest conditions. Approximately 71% of hillslope mass failures entered the stream channel, and an estimated 43% of hillslope mass failures resulted in debris torrents. Standing crop of large organic debris and annual input to streams affected by debris torrents were highly variable. Silvicultural conditions of upslope vegetation and morphological features of debris torrent tracks influenced woody loading and input. Old-growth streams and depositional stream sites contained higher amounts of large organic debris and received higher inputs of large organic debris than streams in clearcuts and erosional stream sites. Depositional sites along debris torrent tracks have higher pool area and depth relative to erosional stream sites. Stream channel gradient and channel cross-sectional form influence the character of erosional or depositional sites sluiced by a debris torrent. Higher total pool ratings in depositional stream sites indicate spatial complexity of channel form that is related to the availability, transport, and stability of particulate bed materials. Herbs produced the majority of foliar biomass (> 50% of total) in one-fifth of all stream sites. Shrubs produced the majority of foliar biomass in one-third of all stream sites. Stream sites where estimated foliar biomass of post-torrent plant strata exceeded estimated foliar biomass of residual plant strata were more numerous. Successional changes in clearcut riparian zones included a shift to intolerant deciduous overstory species and more numerous shrub species than in old-growth riparian zones. The diameter growth of tolerant late successional overstory species in these riparian zones was inconsistent, whereas diameter growth of early successional species was rapid. Case studies of two streams permitted analysis of riparian recovery relative to that of an undisturbed stream site upstream of the debris torrent track. Warfield Creek is a stream where a high energy debris torrent remarkably altered stream conditions. Simmonds Creek is a stream where a low energy debris torrent imperceptibly changed stream conditions. Channel slope, channel cross-sectional form, severity of debris torrent, position of stream segment within the drainage, and presence of channel obstructions all affect stream response to debris torrents, as do riparian vegetation and litterfall inputs to the stream. Riparian recovery remains difficult to quantify because of physical and biological structures of stream ecosystems that vary in space and time. Close

• 195. [Article] Spatial and temporal distributions of western juniper in John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon

  Post-settlement juniper expansion in the western states has been reported for decades, including western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook ssp. occidentalis) woodlands in the northwestern states. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and temporal distributions of western juniper in John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon Author: Chen, Ya-Chian Post-settlement juniper expansion in the western states has been reported for decades, including western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook ssp. occidentalis) woodlands in the northwestern states. A 15 km2 study area in the Sheep Rock Unit of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in eastern Oregon was selected to study spatial and temporal distribution patterns of western junipers, and build statistical models for the patterns. Environmental characteristic data are from soil, vegetation and contour maps. Western juniper data are from aerial photos. Image processing techniques and geographical information system (GIS) were used to process data. Nonparametric statistical methods, including Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks, Spearman rank correlation coefficient, chi-square test and chi-square partitioning, and classification and regression tree (CART) were used for data analysis and building statistical models. The results show a clustering spatial distribution pattern. Western juniper is more abundant above elevations of about 900 to 1,000 meters MSL, on sites with soil type 15f- Gwin-Rock outcrop complex or 43f- Simas-Badlanci association, and on medium slopes, but probabilities of juniper occurrence on less steep slopes are higher at lower elevations. Northeastern aspects have significantly lower juniper abundances than other aspects. Junipers prefer sites with higher surface flow accumulation, except extremely high flow accumulation supporting only low juniper abundances. The CART spatial model shows three density classes classified by four out of five environmental characteristics with a misclassification rate of 0.27. Temporally, juniper density in the study area has increased from 37 junipers/ km2 to 1,404 junipers/ km2 during the last century. However, relationships of this expanding pattern to environmental characteristics are obscure. There is no conspicuous difference between habitats of young and old jumpers, except perhaps soil types. The likelihood for finding mature or old junipers is higher in sites with soil type 41e- Simas very stony clay loani, 43f- Simas-Badland association or 46f- Snell-Anatone complex. The spatioteniporal distribution pattern of western juniper in the study area could be described as a clustering pattern with chronologically increased abundances. Juniper may continue to increase its abundance and expand from high density areas to low density or non-juniper areas. Unless juniper density is controlled, it seems likely that junipers will dominate most of the monument's landscape in the future. Title: Spatial and temporal distributions of western juniper in John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon Author: Chen, Ya-Chian Post-settlement juniper expansion in the western states has been reported for decades, including western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook ssp. occidentalis) woodlands in the northwestern states. A 15 km2 study area in the Sheep Rock Unit of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in eastern Oregon was selected to study spatial and temporal distribution patterns of western junipers, and build statistical models for the patterns. Environmental characteristic data are from soil, vegetation and contour maps. Western juniper data are from aerial photos. Image processing techniques and geographical information system (GIS) were used to process data. Nonparametric statistical methods, including Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks, Spearman rank correlation coefficient, chi-square test and chi-square partitioning, and classification and regression tree (CART) were used for data analysis and building statistical models. The results show a clustering spatial distribution pattern. Western juniper is more abundant above elevations of about 900 to 1,000 meters MSL, on sites with soil type 15f- Gwin-Rock outcrop complex or 43f- Simas-Badlanci association, and on medium slopes, but probabilities of juniper occurrence on less steep slopes are higher at lower elevations. Northeastern aspects have significantly lower juniper abundances than other aspects. Junipers prefer sites with higher surface flow accumulation, except extremely high flow accumulation supporting only low juniper abundances. The CART spatial model shows three density classes classified by four out of five environmental characteristics with a misclassification rate of 0.27. Temporally, juniper density in the study area has increased from 37 junipers/ km2 to 1,404 junipers/ km2 during the last century. However, relationships of this expanding pattern to environmental characteristics are obscure. There is no conspicuous difference between habitats of young and old jumpers, except perhaps soil types. The likelihood for finding mature or old junipers is higher in sites with soil type 41e- Simas very stony clay loani, 43f- Simas-Badland association or 46f- Snell-Anatone complex. The spatioteniporal distribution pattern of western juniper in the study area could be described as a clustering pattern with chronologically increased abundances. Juniper may continue to increase its abundance and expand from high density areas to low density or non-juniper areas. Unless juniper density is controlled, it seems likely that junipers will dominate most of the monument's landscape in the future. Close

• 196. [Article] Pine Creek Conservation Area: 2013 mapping and monitoring report

  Report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University. Pacific Northwest Landscape Assessment and Mapping Program.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pine Creek Conservation Area: 2013 mapping and monitoring report Author: Nielsen, Eric M., Kagan, James S., Lee, Matthew T., Noone, Matthew D. Report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University. Pacific Northwest Landscape Assessment and Mapping Program. Title: Pine Creek Conservation Area: 2013 mapping and monitoring report Author: Nielsen, Eric M., Kagan, James S., Lee, Matthew T., Noone, Matthew D. Report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University. Pacific Northwest Landscape Assessment and Mapping Program. Close

• 197. [Article] Bridging differences : Saudi Arabian students reflect on their educational experiences and share success strategies

  This study examines the U.S. educational experiences of Saudi Arabian students. Using qualitative case study and photo-elicitation research methods, this study conducted multiple interviews with 25 Saudi ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bridging differences : Saudi Arabian students reflect on their educational experiences and share success strategies Author: Shaw, Donna L. (Donna Laible) This study examines the U.S. educational experiences of Saudi Arabian students. Using qualitative case study and photo-elicitation research methods, this study conducted multiple interviews with 25 Saudi students and explored their perceptions of their American learning environment, how it differed from Saudi Arabia, and the strategies they developed to successfully reach their academic goals. A sizeable sub-group of international students, Saudis are under-represented in the literature. This study is unique because it focuses on success rather than problems, and Saudi voices are rarely heard in studies about international students. Research has been conducted to understand the challenges and needs of international students in general, and studies exist that determine how to support international students, yet there is little that focuses on Saudi Arabian students and success strategies. This study fills that gap. In this study, the Saudi participants reported that classroom practices and cultures were different. They discussed the absence of negotiation and sometimes found American instructors to be arbitrary. Other dissimilarities described were the gender differences of instructors and classmates, the presence of technology in the university, Oregon's climate and natural environment, and the availability of the library and other resources. Success strategies the Saudi participants developed included goal setting, time management, study skills, study groups, taking advantage of campus resources, hard work, and persistence. Two major contributors to their success were the natural environment, which they found to be relaxing and stress relieving, and feeling a member of the campus community. Based on the interviews, two themes arose: the successful Saudi students who participated in this research are resilient, and they have developed intercultural competence. Resilience and intercultural competence are foundational qualities that enabled the participants to bridge the gap between Saudi Arabia and the United States, settle comfortably in a new environment, adjust to rapid-fire changes and challenges, and develop the strategies to successfully work on reaching their academic goals. The author recommends supporting resilience and intercultural competence by helping Saudi students develop and enhance their coping skills and offering assistance that enhances intercultural competence. Title: Bridging differences : Saudi Arabian students reflect on their educational experiences and share success strategies Author: Shaw, Donna L. (Donna Laible) This study examines the U.S. educational experiences of Saudi Arabian students. Using qualitative case study and photo-elicitation research methods, this study conducted multiple interviews with 25 Saudi students and explored their perceptions of their American learning environment, how it differed from Saudi Arabia, and the strategies they developed to successfully reach their academic goals. A sizeable sub-group of international students, Saudis are under-represented in the literature. This study is unique because it focuses on success rather than problems, and Saudi voices are rarely heard in studies about international students. Research has been conducted to understand the challenges and needs of international students in general, and studies exist that determine how to support international students, yet there is little that focuses on Saudi Arabian students and success strategies. This study fills that gap. In this study, the Saudi participants reported that classroom practices and cultures were different. They discussed the absence of negotiation and sometimes found American instructors to be arbitrary. Other dissimilarities described were the gender differences of instructors and classmates, the presence of technology in the university, Oregon's climate and natural environment, and the availability of the library and other resources. Success strategies the Saudi participants developed included goal setting, time management, study skills, study groups, taking advantage of campus resources, hard work, and persistence. Two major contributors to their success were the natural environment, which they found to be relaxing and stress relieving, and feeling a member of the campus community. Based on the interviews, two themes arose: the successful Saudi students who participated in this research are resilient, and they have developed intercultural competence. Resilience and intercultural competence are foundational qualities that enabled the participants to bridge the gap between Saudi Arabia and the United States, settle comfortably in a new environment, adjust to rapid-fire changes and challenges, and develop the strategies to successfully work on reaching their academic goals. The author recommends supporting resilience and intercultural competence by helping Saudi students develop and enhance their coping skills and offering assistance that enhances intercultural competence. Close

• 198. [Article] Habitat structure and occupancy patterns of the montane frog, Rana cascadae, in the Cascade Range, Oregon, at multiple scales : implications for population dynamics in patchy landscapes

  Associations between occupancy patterns of a montane anuran species, Rana cascadae, and habitat structure at multiple scales were examined to investigate how population structure may influence persistence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat structure and occupancy patterns of the montane frog, Rana cascadae, in the Cascade Range, Oregon, at multiple scales : implications for population dynamics in patchy landscapes Author: Brown, Catherine, 1958- Associations between occupancy patterns of a montane anuran species, Rana cascadae, and habitat structure at multiple scales were examined to investigate how population structure may influence persistence in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments. Predictions were based on population dynamics suggested by source-sink and metapopulation models. Potential sites in three basins in the central Cascade Range, Oregon, were identified from aerial photos, fieldverified, and surveyed for eggs, tadpoles, and adults. Habitat quality at each site (i.e. vegetation, shoreline topography, area, water retention) and connectivity among sites (i.e. distance, gradient, connecting creeks) were measured to investigate factors that may be associated with distribution patterns at local and regional scales. Habitat structure at the site scale explained many of R. cascadae occupancy patterns. Breeding sites generally were small vegetated ponds with gradual shoreline topography, or flooded meadows. Adults, juveniles, and metamorphs were found in a wider variety of sites including small vegetated ponds, larger deeper lakes, meadows, and creeks. A strong association was found between occupancy and water retention. A large proportion of sites that retained water through the summer were occupied by at least one life history stage. Connectivity metrics were not associated with the distribution of breeding sites; breeding sites generally were dispersed when measured by all metrics. However, the occupancy patterns of adults suggested that frogs moved among sites. In McKenzie Pass, the high density of sites may provide stepping stones, whereas in Three Creeks and Todd Lake, the flowing creeks may provide corridors. Rana cascadae appears to be well adapted to living in a spatially and temporally heterogeneous environment. Breeding was associated with habitat characteristics that may favor rapid development. Habitat and adult occupancy associations suggested that the frog's home range may be larger than a single site. Given the unpredictable environment, use of other habitats such as creeks and large lakes may enable frogs to survive stressful periods. The apparent high mobility may facilitate access to potentially critical alternate habitat, immigration that may "rescue" extant populations, and recolonization of sites where populations have gone extinct. Conservation plans should protect the range of habitats required at multiple spatial scales. Title: Habitat structure and occupancy patterns of the montane frog, Rana cascadae, in the Cascade Range, Oregon, at multiple scales : implications for population dynamics in patchy landscapes Author: Brown, Catherine, 1958- Associations between occupancy patterns of a montane anuran species, Rana cascadae, and habitat structure at multiple scales were examined to investigate how population structure may influence persistence in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments. Predictions were based on population dynamics suggested by source-sink and metapopulation models. Potential sites in three basins in the central Cascade Range, Oregon, were identified from aerial photos, fieldverified, and surveyed for eggs, tadpoles, and adults. Habitat quality at each site (i.e. vegetation, shoreline topography, area, water retention) and connectivity among sites (i.e. distance, gradient, connecting creeks) were measured to investigate factors that may be associated with distribution patterns at local and regional scales. Habitat structure at the site scale explained many of R. cascadae occupancy patterns. Breeding sites generally were small vegetated ponds with gradual shoreline topography, or flooded meadows. Adults, juveniles, and metamorphs were found in a wider variety of sites including small vegetated ponds, larger deeper lakes, meadows, and creeks. A strong association was found between occupancy and water retention. A large proportion of sites that retained water through the summer were occupied by at least one life history stage. Connectivity metrics were not associated with the distribution of breeding sites; breeding sites generally were dispersed when measured by all metrics. However, the occupancy patterns of adults suggested that frogs moved among sites. In McKenzie Pass, the high density of sites may provide stepping stones, whereas in Three Creeks and Todd Lake, the flowing creeks may provide corridors. Rana cascadae appears to be well adapted to living in a spatially and temporally heterogeneous environment. Breeding was associated with habitat characteristics that may favor rapid development. Habitat and adult occupancy associations suggested that the frog's home range may be larger than a single site. Given the unpredictable environment, use of other habitats such as creeks and large lakes may enable frogs to survive stressful periods. The apparent high mobility may facilitate access to potentially critical alternate habitat, immigration that may "rescue" extant populations, and recolonization of sites where populations have gone extinct. Conservation plans should protect the range of habitats required at multiple spatial scales. Close

• 199. [Article] The landscape ecology of secondary tropical forest in montane Costa Rica

  Previous difficulties mapping tropical forest successional stage with satellite imagery may be one of the reasons why little is known about what socioeconomic and biophysical factors control tropical secondary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The landscape ecology of secondary tropical forest in montane Costa Rica Author: Helmer, Eileen Hoey Previous difficulties mapping tropical forest successional stage with satellite imagery may be one of the reasons why little is known about what socioeconomic and biophysical factors control tropical secondary forest pattern over landscapes. Additional remote sensing challenges occur in regions with steep topography, because the spectral responses of land covers vary with sun illumination angle and type of ecological zone. Using reference data from field observations and aerial photos, I used multi-date, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to develop a classification scheme that identified secondary forests, agricultural lands and old-growth forests using the TM Tasseled Cap indices. The montane tropical study area was located in the Talamanca Mountain Range in southern Costa Rica. The Kappa accuracy for this classification was 83%. I also examined temporal patterns of spectral responses for various land covers and whether using digital data from multiple decades improved classification accuracy. Secondly, I characterized landscape pattern of the three main land-use/land-cover (LULC) classes of agriculture, secondary forest and old-growth forest. I also developed statistical models to identify landscape level controls on secondary forest spatial patterns. A matrix of agriculture dominated the landscape at lower elevations. While old growth dominated higher elevations. Logistic models of the relationships between LULC and biophysical and socioeconomic explanatory variables included landscape variables developed from the LULC map. Model results revealed that the probability of secondary forest occurrence, relative to agriculture, increased at higher elevation, on steeper slopes, further from roads, where population density was lower, and in forest reserve as opposed to unprotected lands. The directions of these relationships were the same as those that predicted old-growth forest relative to agriculture. All else equal, the theory of rent or utility maximization seemed to regulate secondary forest occurrence. Secondary forest occurred most abundantly at the edges between old-growth forest and agriculture that was intensive in its spatial continuity. Although secondary forest was strongly associated with a certain amount of nearby agriculture, it was more strongly associated with old-growth forest, providing evidence that tropical secondary forest is dependent on the landscape structure of remnant forest. Title: The landscape ecology of secondary tropical forest in montane Costa Rica Author: Helmer, Eileen Hoey Previous difficulties mapping tropical forest successional stage with satellite imagery may be one of the reasons why little is known about what socioeconomic and biophysical factors control tropical secondary forest pattern over landscapes. Additional remote sensing challenges occur in regions with steep topography, because the spectral responses of land covers vary with sun illumination angle and type of ecological zone. Using reference data from field observations and aerial photos, I used multi-date, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to develop a classification scheme that identified secondary forests, agricultural lands and old-growth forests using the TM Tasseled Cap indices. The montane tropical study area was located in the Talamanca Mountain Range in southern Costa Rica. The Kappa accuracy for this classification was 83%. I also examined temporal patterns of spectral responses for various land covers and whether using digital data from multiple decades improved classification accuracy. Secondly, I characterized landscape pattern of the three main land-use/land-cover (LULC) classes of agriculture, secondary forest and old-growth forest. I also developed statistical models to identify landscape level controls on secondary forest spatial patterns. A matrix of agriculture dominated the landscape at lower elevations. While old growth dominated higher elevations. Logistic models of the relationships between LULC and biophysical and socioeconomic explanatory variables included landscape variables developed from the LULC map. Model results revealed that the probability of secondary forest occurrence, relative to agriculture, increased at higher elevation, on steeper slopes, further from roads, where population density was lower, and in forest reserve as opposed to unprotected lands. The directions of these relationships were the same as those that predicted old-growth forest relative to agriculture. All else equal, the theory of rent or utility maximization seemed to regulate secondary forest occurrence. Secondary forest occurred most abundantly at the edges between old-growth forest and agriculture that was intensive in its spatial continuity. Although secondary forest was strongly associated with a certain amount of nearby agriculture, it was more strongly associated with old-growth forest, providing evidence that tropical secondary forest is dependent on the landscape structure of remnant forest. Close

• 200. [Article] A geographic information system and remote sensing to support community-based coastal hazards planning in the Netarts Littoral Cell, Oregon

  The 14-km long Netarts Littoral Cell, located on the northern Oregon coast, experienced episodic erosion as a result of the severe 1997-98 El Nino and 1998-99 La Nina. The erosion events led to the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A geographic information system and remote sensing to support community-based coastal hazards planning in the Netarts Littoral Cell, Oregon Author: Revell, David The 14-km long Netarts Littoral Cell, located on the northern Oregon coast, experienced episodic erosion as a result of the severe 1997-98 El Nino and 1998-99 La Nina. The erosion events led to the development of a unique partnership bridging scientists, stakeholders, and various planning agencies. To address these erosion issues, a regional demonstration project for littoral cell hazard planning was undertaken. To support the planning efforts a GIS inventory was created to spatially examine erosion hotspots and aid stakeholders in planning for future chronic and catastrophic erosion events. The GIS combines a physical, cultural, and hazards inventory, a shoreline change analysis, and coastal hazard risk assessment into a decision support tool to facilitate coastal hazards management. Shoreline change analysis examined historical aerial photos and new LIDAR remote sensing technologies, with results showing multiple scale patterns of erosion and accretion that have significant implications to both science and management. Hazard risk zones were generated using predictive erosion models and geological observations. The GIS and decision support system facilitates the examination of hazards to develop avoidance strategies. Through spatial queries, decision-makers can examine various data layers to guide future oceanfront development and redevelopment. The development of this GIS in conjunction with a stakeholder process facilitates community involvement from GIS design through implementation of identified hazard management recommendations. Implementing mechanisms will occur through adoption of local land use policies and changes to park master plans. The interdisciplinary nature of this project allows for the range of stakeholder opinions, thus creating a unique opportunity to address coastal hazards at a regional scale, the same scale at which coastal erosion processes operate. Title: A geographic information system and remote sensing to support community-based coastal hazards planning in the Netarts Littoral Cell, Oregon Author: Revell, David The 14-km long Netarts Littoral Cell, located on the northern Oregon coast, experienced episodic erosion as a result of the severe 1997-98 El Nino and 1998-99 La Nina. The erosion events led to the development of a unique partnership bridging scientists, stakeholders, and various planning agencies. To address these erosion issues, a regional demonstration project for littoral cell hazard planning was undertaken. To support the planning efforts a GIS inventory was created to spatially examine erosion hotspots and aid stakeholders in planning for future chronic and catastrophic erosion events. The GIS combines a physical, cultural, and hazards inventory, a shoreline change analysis, and coastal hazard risk assessment into a decision support tool to facilitate coastal hazards management. Shoreline change analysis examined historical aerial photos and new LIDAR remote sensing technologies, with results showing multiple scale patterns of erosion and accretion that have significant implications to both science and management. Hazard risk zones were generated using predictive erosion models and geological observations. The GIS and decision support system facilitates the examination of hazards to develop avoidance strategies. Through spatial queries, decision-makers can examine various data layers to guide future oceanfront development and redevelopment. The development of this GIS in conjunction with a stakeholder process facilitates community involvement from GIS design through implementation of identified hazard management recommendations. Implementing mechanisms will occur through adoption of local land use policies and changes to park master plans. The interdisciplinary nature of this project allows for the range of stakeholder opinions, thus creating a unique opportunity to address coastal hazards at a regional scale, the same scale at which coastal erosion processes operate. Close