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• 171. [Article] Worldwide phylogeography and local population structure of the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis)

  Several dolphin species have global distributions. The extent of their radiation and limits to gene flow are presumably a product of oceanographic features both recent and historical, behavioral specializations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Worldwide phylogeography and local population structure of the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) Author: Albertson, G. Renee Several dolphin species have global distributions. The extent of their radiation and limits to gene flow are presumably a product of oceanographic features both recent and historical, behavioral specializations and social organization. Rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) are globally distributed in tropical and subtropical waters and are generally found in depths greater than 1,500 meters making them challenging to comprehensively sample. Although it has been assumed that pelagic dolphins range widely due to the lack of apparent barriers and unpredictable prey distribution, recent evidence suggests rough-toothed dolphins exhibit fidelity to some oceanic islands. A small number of photo-identification and genetic studies conducted to date on rough-toothed dolphins show regional population structure and stable associations in groups, with some individuals observed repeatedly in the same groups over several years. The aim of this dissertation is to describe patterns of phylogeography over evolutionary time on a global scale and expand studies of population and social structure on a regional level. The dataset contains 351 rough-toothed dolphin biopsies, tissue and teeth samples collected from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and limited samples from the Indian Ocean. To evaluate the phylogeography and test for possible species or subspecies level delineation between oceans, I used mitochondrial DNA sequences from the control region (350 bp) and 12 concatenated protein-coding genes from the whole mitogenome, as well as six nuclear introns. Although I found support for two Pacific clades and a private North Atlantic clade in the whole mitogenome, there were no genealogical patterns consistent across multiple loci, allowing me to reject species level delineation. To further evaluate the amount of gene flow and test for divisions below the species level, I used population level indices and found significant genetic differentiation for rough-toothed dolphins between the Atlantic Ocean with both the Indian/Western Pacific and Central/Eastern Pacific for both the mitochondrial datasets and the intron dataset. Significant differentiation between the Indian/Western Pacific Ocean and Eastern Pacific Ocean was found for the mitochondrial but not nuclear datasets. From these results I recommended the Atlantic Ocean basin be considered a separate evolutionary significant unit. This reflects that these populations are on independent evolutionary trajectories, but are not diagnosable species or subspecies. To further evaluate population structure on a regional scale, I used a subset of these samples from three archipelagos in the Central Pacific Ocean including the Hawaiian Islands, the Society Island of French Polynesia and the Samoan Islands. Using a 450bp portion of the mtDNA control region and 15 microsatellite loci, an overall AMOVA indicated strong genetic differentiation among islands within the main Hawaiian Islands (mtDNA F[subscript ST]=0.165; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.043 p<0.001) and the Society Islands of French Polynesia (F[subscript ST]=0.499; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.079 p<0.001) as well as among the three archipelagos (mtDNA F[subscript ST]=0.299; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.055 p<0.001). My results corroborate the photo-identification and the genetic studies for three archipelagos, confirming population structure on the regional level. Lastly, to test the hypothesis that social structure observed in rough-toothed dolphins is kinship based, as in other delphinid species such as killer whales, I used a subset of the main dataset from groups of living and mass stranded dolphins. I found multiple matrilines in more than half the groups, allowing me to reject a strictly matrilineal group structure, such as that observed in some killer whales. Instead I found rough-toothed dolphin groups showed weak matrilineality, where some groups are more matrilineal than expected by chance. Although group structure is stable, is not determined primarily by kin-based relationships. These analyses provide new insights into a little studied species. The use of worldwide datasets allowed me to evaluate population structure on different temporal, spatial and regional scales and delineate populations for future conservation and management. Title: Worldwide phylogeography and local population structure of the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) Author: Albertson, G. Renee Several dolphin species have global distributions. The extent of their radiation and limits to gene flow are presumably a product of oceanographic features both recent and historical, behavioral specializations and social organization. Rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) are globally distributed in tropical and subtropical waters and are generally found in depths greater than 1,500 meters making them challenging to comprehensively sample. Although it has been assumed that pelagic dolphins range widely due to the lack of apparent barriers and unpredictable prey distribution, recent evidence suggests rough-toothed dolphins exhibit fidelity to some oceanic islands. A small number of photo-identification and genetic studies conducted to date on rough-toothed dolphins show regional population structure and stable associations in groups, with some individuals observed repeatedly in the same groups over several years. The aim of this dissertation is to describe patterns of phylogeography over evolutionary time on a global scale and expand studies of population and social structure on a regional level. The dataset contains 351 rough-toothed dolphin biopsies, tissue and teeth samples collected from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and limited samples from the Indian Ocean. To evaluate the phylogeography and test for possible species or subspecies level delineation between oceans, I used mitochondrial DNA sequences from the control region (350 bp) and 12 concatenated protein-coding genes from the whole mitogenome, as well as six nuclear introns. Although I found support for two Pacific clades and a private North Atlantic clade in the whole mitogenome, there were no genealogical patterns consistent across multiple loci, allowing me to reject species level delineation. To further evaluate the amount of gene flow and test for divisions below the species level, I used population level indices and found significant genetic differentiation for rough-toothed dolphins between the Atlantic Ocean with both the Indian/Western Pacific and Central/Eastern Pacific for both the mitochondrial datasets and the intron dataset. Significant differentiation between the Indian/Western Pacific Ocean and Eastern Pacific Ocean was found for the mitochondrial but not nuclear datasets. From these results I recommended the Atlantic Ocean basin be considered a separate evolutionary significant unit. This reflects that these populations are on independent evolutionary trajectories, but are not diagnosable species or subspecies. To further evaluate population structure on a regional scale, I used a subset of these samples from three archipelagos in the Central Pacific Ocean including the Hawaiian Islands, the Society Island of French Polynesia and the Samoan Islands. Using a 450bp portion of the mtDNA control region and 15 microsatellite loci, an overall AMOVA indicated strong genetic differentiation among islands within the main Hawaiian Islands (mtDNA F[subscript ST]=0.165; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.043 p<0.001) and the Society Islands of French Polynesia (F[subscript ST]=0.499; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.079 p<0.001) as well as among the three archipelagos (mtDNA F[subscript ST]=0.299; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.055 p<0.001). My results corroborate the photo-identification and the genetic studies for three archipelagos, confirming population structure on the regional level. Lastly, to test the hypothesis that social structure observed in rough-toothed dolphins is kinship based, as in other delphinid species such as killer whales, I used a subset of the main dataset from groups of living and mass stranded dolphins. I found multiple matrilines in more than half the groups, allowing me to reject a strictly matrilineal group structure, such as that observed in some killer whales. Instead I found rough-toothed dolphin groups showed weak matrilineality, where some groups are more matrilineal than expected by chance. Although group structure is stable, is not determined primarily by kin-based relationships. These analyses provide new insights into a little studied species. The use of worldwide datasets allowed me to evaluate population structure on different temporal, spatial and regional scales and delineate populations for future conservation and management. Close

• 172. [Article] Forest canopy sturcture in western Oregon : characterization, methods for estimation, prediction, and importance to avian species

  Characterization of canopy structure, the horizontal and vertical distribution of the tree crowns in a forest, is important for the management of forests in the Pacific Northwest. The canopy is an important ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest canopy sturcture in western Oregon : characterization, methods for estimation, prediction, and importance to avian species Author: Fiala, Anne C. S. Characterization of canopy structure, the horizontal and vertical distribution of the tree crowns in a forest, is important for the management of forests in the Pacific Northwest. The canopy is an important habitat element for many wildlife species, canopy structure affects understory development, and influences various natural processes, such as the intensity of propagation of wildfire. Thus, improving our understanding of canopy structures and trends can aid forest management. The overall goal of this study was to characterize vertical and horizontal canopy structure for multiple forest groups in western Oregon. The specific objectives were to: 1) characterize vertical and horizontal canopy structure for dominant forest types in western Oregon, 2) evaluate methods for measuring canopy cover and structure, 3) compare methods to predict forest canopy cover and vertical diversity using standard inventory measurements, and 4) predict bird species occurrence with different canopy diversity measures. I evaluated patterns of vertical and horizontal canopy structure and understory cover along a successional gradient using 934 forested plots in western Oregon. Observed data were from the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program from the 1995-97 survey on private and non-federal public lands. Patterns were examined for wet-conifer, wet-hardwood, and dry-hardwood forests. The upper tree canopy layer contributed the most to total cover except in the dry-hardwood stands, where the vertical distribution of tree cover was more evenly distributed. However, mean canopy cover rarely exceeded 85%, even in productive young conifer forests. Shade-tolerant species rarely made up more than 20% of canopy cover, even in the lower canopy layers and in stands> 100 yrs old. Contrary to expectations, percent cover of understory shrubs and herbs was not substantially lower in young closed-canopy stands than in other stands. Ground-based measures of canopy cover on inventory plots were compared to predictions with regression models that regressed canopy cover on standard forest measurements, with estimates from aerial photography, and predictions with the forest vegetation simulator (FVS) program. Model predictions from inventory measurements were within 15% of measured cover for> 82% of the observations. Standard inventory estimates of cover using 1:40,000 scale aerial photos were poorly correlated with ground-measured cover, especially in wet-hardwood (r=0.58) and dry-hardwood (r0.61) stands. FVS tended to underestimate cover by up to 50% in wet-conifer and wet-hardwood stands. The aerial photos and FVS equations used in this study are not recommended as surrogates for ground-based measurements of cover. However, the level of accuracies of the predictive models developed in this study may be adequate for some purposes. I compared fourteen measures of vertical structural diversity and layering using the inventory plots. I then attempted to predict selected vertical diversity indices from standard forest variables. Simpson's diversity index on tree heights best differentiated among the range of vertical structure classes of the inventory plots. I developed predictive equations for Simpson's height diversity index (SDI), Foliage Height Diversity (FHD), and Canopy Height Diversity Index (CHDI), which used basal area, standard deviation of dbh, and stem frequency of size classes as the best variables. Predicted SDI values were within 0 15 units of calculated SDI for > 79% of the observations, predicted CHDI values were within 1.5 units for > 91% of the observations, except in the dry-hardwood stands (only 69%), and predicted FHD measures were within 0.2 units for > 85% of the observations among forest groups. The equations for FHD and SDI were applied to a wildlife-habitat database for western Oregon to determine if classification efficiency of existing models using CHDI to predict presence of bird species could be improved. The classification efficiency of bird-habitat association models improved for 33% and 66% of models for the Oregon Coast Range with the FHD and SDI variables, respectively. Models with FHD and SDI had improved classification efficiency for 18% of Cascade Range models. Although improvements in classification efficiency were less than six percentage points, future use of these diversity indices is warranted in place of CHDI when estimates of FHD and/or SDI are available and CHDI estimates are not. Four ground-based techniques for estimating forest overstory cover - line-intercept, spherical densiometer, moosehorn, and hemispherical photography - and estimates generated using FVS were compared across a range of stand structure types. Canopy cover estimates for the four ground-based methods were not correlated with structure type. Differences among estimates of cover using FVS and the other methods did depend on the forest structure type. Differences among ground-based methods were primarily related to differences in angle of view. Although the line-intercept had the narrowest angle of view, the moosehorn provided the most conservative estimates of overstory cover. Regression equations were derived to allow conversion among canopy cover estimates developed with the four ground-based methods. The FVS calculated cover should not be used as a substitute for ground-based measures in these forest types given that it was consistently much lower (up to 70%) than estimates from the ground-based methods within each forest-structure type. Overall, this study provides researchers and forest managers with new information and tools that can be applied across the forested landscape of Oregon. Models to predict canopy cover and diversity, and bird habitat can be substituted for field studies, assuming the accuracies of predictions are adequate for desired purposes. In field studies where ground-based cover measures are needed, the moosehorn is recommended as the most conservative estimator of cover. For more detailed canopy data, the line-intercept method is warranted. Modifying the line-intercept method to use fixed height intervals may be preferable to the use of three relative layers. This adjustment will allow for more direct comparisons of canopy cover of layers among stands. Title: Forest canopy sturcture in western Oregon : characterization, methods for estimation, prediction, and importance to avian species Author: Fiala, Anne C. S. Characterization of canopy structure, the horizontal and vertical distribution of the tree crowns in a forest, is important for the management of forests in the Pacific Northwest. The canopy is an important habitat element for many wildlife species, canopy structure affects understory development, and influences various natural processes, such as the intensity of propagation of wildfire. Thus, improving our understanding of canopy structures and trends can aid forest management. The overall goal of this study was to characterize vertical and horizontal canopy structure for multiple forest groups in western Oregon. The specific objectives were to: 1) characterize vertical and horizontal canopy structure for dominant forest types in western Oregon, 2) evaluate methods for measuring canopy cover and structure, 3) compare methods to predict forest canopy cover and vertical diversity using standard inventory measurements, and 4) predict bird species occurrence with different canopy diversity measures. I evaluated patterns of vertical and horizontal canopy structure and understory cover along a successional gradient using 934 forested plots in western Oregon. Observed data were from the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program from the 1995-97 survey on private and non-federal public lands. Patterns were examined for wet-conifer, wet-hardwood, and dry-hardwood forests. The upper tree canopy layer contributed the most to total cover except in the dry-hardwood stands, where the vertical distribution of tree cover was more evenly distributed. However, mean canopy cover rarely exceeded 85%, even in productive young conifer forests. Shade-tolerant species rarely made up more than 20% of canopy cover, even in the lower canopy layers and in stands> 100 yrs old. Contrary to expectations, percent cover of understory shrubs and herbs was not substantially lower in young closed-canopy stands than in other stands. Ground-based measures of canopy cover on inventory plots were compared to predictions with regression models that regressed canopy cover on standard forest measurements, with estimates from aerial photography, and predictions with the forest vegetation simulator (FVS) program. Model predictions from inventory measurements were within 15% of measured cover for> 82% of the observations. Standard inventory estimates of cover using 1:40,000 scale aerial photos were poorly correlated with ground-measured cover, especially in wet-hardwood (r=0.58) and dry-hardwood (r0.61) stands. FVS tended to underestimate cover by up to 50% in wet-conifer and wet-hardwood stands. The aerial photos and FVS equations used in this study are not recommended as surrogates for ground-based measurements of cover. However, the level of accuracies of the predictive models developed in this study may be adequate for some purposes. I compared fourteen measures of vertical structural diversity and layering using the inventory plots. I then attempted to predict selected vertical diversity indices from standard forest variables. Simpson's diversity index on tree heights best differentiated among the range of vertical structure classes of the inventory plots. I developed predictive equations for Simpson's height diversity index (SDI), Foliage Height Diversity (FHD), and Canopy Height Diversity Index (CHDI), which used basal area, standard deviation of dbh, and stem frequency of size classes as the best variables. Predicted SDI values were within 0 15 units of calculated SDI for > 79% of the observations, predicted CHDI values were within 1.5 units for > 91% of the observations, except in the dry-hardwood stands (only 69%), and predicted FHD measures were within 0.2 units for > 85% of the observations among forest groups. The equations for FHD and SDI were applied to a wildlife-habitat database for western Oregon to determine if classification efficiency of existing models using CHDI to predict presence of bird species could be improved. The classification efficiency of bird-habitat association models improved for 33% and 66% of models for the Oregon Coast Range with the FHD and SDI variables, respectively. Models with FHD and SDI had improved classification efficiency for 18% of Cascade Range models. Although improvements in classification efficiency were less than six percentage points, future use of these diversity indices is warranted in place of CHDI when estimates of FHD and/or SDI are available and CHDI estimates are not. Four ground-based techniques for estimating forest overstory cover - line-intercept, spherical densiometer, moosehorn, and hemispherical photography - and estimates generated using FVS were compared across a range of stand structure types. Canopy cover estimates for the four ground-based methods were not correlated with structure type. Differences among estimates of cover using FVS and the other methods did depend on the forest structure type. Differences among ground-based methods were primarily related to differences in angle of view. Although the line-intercept had the narrowest angle of view, the moosehorn provided the most conservative estimates of overstory cover. Regression equations were derived to allow conversion among canopy cover estimates developed with the four ground-based methods. The FVS calculated cover should not be used as a substitute for ground-based measures in these forest types given that it was consistently much lower (up to 70%) than estimates from the ground-based methods within each forest-structure type. Overall, this study provides researchers and forest managers with new information and tools that can be applied across the forested landscape of Oregon. Models to predict canopy cover and diversity, and bird habitat can be substituted for field studies, assuming the accuracies of predictions are adequate for desired purposes. In field studies where ground-based cover measures are needed, the moosehorn is recommended as the most conservative estimator of cover. For more detailed canopy data, the line-intercept method is warranted. Modifying the line-intercept method to use fixed height intervals may be preferable to the use of three relative layers. This adjustment will allow for more direct comparisons of canopy cover of layers among stands. Close

• 173. [Article] Report of HURL Cruise KOK0510: Submersible Dives and Multibeam Mapping to Investigate Benthic Habitats of Tutuila, American Samoa

  Available also from http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/samoa/hurl/KOK0510cruise_report.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report of HURL Cruise KOK0510: Submersible Dives and Multibeam Mapping to Investigate Benthic Habitats of Tutuila, American Samoa Author: Wright, Dawn Available also from http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/samoa/hurl/KOK0510cruise_report.pdf Title: Report of HURL Cruise KOK0510: Submersible Dives and Multibeam Mapping to Investigate Benthic Habitats of Tutuila, American Samoa Author: Wright, Dawn Available also from http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/samoa/hurl/KOK0510cruise_report.pdf Close

• 174. [Article] WAVE pilot study: Creation of education tools to promote proper body composition analysis and body image awareness

  Background: The Wave~Ripples for Change: Obesity Prevention in High-School Soccer Players research project is a 5-Y USDA funded project focused on building healthy nutrition, physical activity and life ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: WAVE pilot study: Creation of education tools to promote proper body composition analysis and body image awareness Author: Skoog, Ingrid, Wong, Siew Sun, Chan, Lauren E. Background: The Wave~Ripples for Change: Obesity Prevention in High-School Soccer Players research project is a 5-Y USDA funded project focused on building healthy nutrition, physical activity and life skills for healthy weight maintenance. The intervention includes providing face-to-face sport nutrition, physical activity and life- skills lessons, assessments of body composition, physical activity, and nutrition, and on-line immersive learning to reinforce the lessons. Objective: Develop two lessons to educate youth soccer players (age=14-19y): 1) For males, the focus is body weight and composition, and factors related to building/retaining muscle mass to reduce risk of inappropriate diet and supplement use; 2) For females, the focus is body image and associated issues about body weight and performance to reduce the risk of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Method: Review the research literature and identify key body composition and body image issues unique to males and females, especially active high school youth. Then develop two different lessons that will encompass the needs of each gender utilizing photos, online capabilities and common misconceptions about food, exercise and body size. Results: Research shows that active males are more interested in gaining weight, specifically muscle mass, which increases the risk of using unhealthy diets and supplements promising increased in muscle mass. Active females are more interested in being thin and small stature, which can lead to disordered eating and body image issues. Two educational lessons were developed to address the different weight and body composition issues identified for each group. For the males, the lesson focuses on understanding body composition and how it is measured, the impact of body composition on health and performance, and factors that improve body composition, including appropriate diet and exercise recommendations. For the females, the lesson focuses on understanding body composition and image, and how inappropriate beliefs about body shape and size increases the risk of body dissatisfaction. Approaches to improve body image and satisfaction are presented and discussed. Conclusions: Lessons will be tested on the WAVE pilot study high school soccer players (n=26). Based on feedback from students, changes will be made to the lessons prior to program delivery to the larger intervention study beginning in fall 2015. Title: WAVE pilot study: Creation of education tools to promote proper body composition analysis and body image awareness Author: Skoog, Ingrid, Wong, Siew Sun, Chan, Lauren E. Background: The Wave~Ripples for Change: Obesity Prevention in High-School Soccer Players research project is a 5-Y USDA funded project focused on building healthy nutrition, physical activity and life skills for healthy weight maintenance. The intervention includes providing face-to-face sport nutrition, physical activity and life- skills lessons, assessments of body composition, physical activity, and nutrition, and on-line immersive learning to reinforce the lessons. Objective: Develop two lessons to educate youth soccer players (age=14-19y): 1) For males, the focus is body weight and composition, and factors related to building/retaining muscle mass to reduce risk of inappropriate diet and supplement use; 2) For females, the focus is body image and associated issues about body weight and performance to reduce the risk of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Method: Review the research literature and identify key body composition and body image issues unique to males and females, especially active high school youth. Then develop two different lessons that will encompass the needs of each gender utilizing photos, online capabilities and common misconceptions about food, exercise and body size. Results: Research shows that active males are more interested in gaining weight, specifically muscle mass, which increases the risk of using unhealthy diets and supplements promising increased in muscle mass. Active females are more interested in being thin and small stature, which can lead to disordered eating and body image issues. Two educational lessons were developed to address the different weight and body composition issues identified for each group. For the males, the lesson focuses on understanding body composition and how it is measured, the impact of body composition on health and performance, and factors that improve body composition, including appropriate diet and exercise recommendations. For the females, the lesson focuses on understanding body composition and image, and how inappropriate beliefs about body shape and size increases the risk of body dissatisfaction. Approaches to improve body image and satisfaction are presented and discussed. Conclusions: Lessons will be tested on the WAVE pilot study high school soccer players (n=26). Based on feedback from students, changes will be made to the lessons prior to program delivery to the larger intervention study beginning in fall 2015. Close

• 175. [Article] Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research

  For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research Author: Purdy, Sarah E. For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes around the country created mining colonies in remote areas, thereby connecting the frontier with the rest of America and Europe. This research attempts to expand on the previous industrial archaeology literature, which focuses on historic mining sites and landscape patterns, by concentrating solely on dredge mining. This study analyzes dredge mining activity in the Elk City Township (T. 29 N., R. 8 E.) of North Central Idaho. Dredge mining leaves behind a mark on the landscape in the form of tailings piles, which are uniquely patterned due to different technologies. Through a detailed analysis of the tailings pile patterns, an archaeologist can determine what dredging technology was used, the time period of the operation, and the number of workers employed. In order to understand the technology used, part of this work is dedicated to the various forms of dredges that were used, along with the various dredge mining methods. This research provides a set of guidelines for archaeologists to properly document dredge tailings piles and determine their significance. The major contributions of this thesis are to clarify the historical context for dredge mining in North Central Idaho, to identify visible footprints left by this industrial activity, and to identify both pedestrian survey and remote sensing techniques to locate and differentiate between the various dredging technologies. The remote sensing techniques used include classifying Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery and comparing it with digitally orthorectified photos (DOQ), to determine which imagery is more adept at detecting dredge tailings patterns. For better or worse, dredge mining has reshaped many areas in the American West. Currently, riverine and riparian restoration projects are destroying dredge tailings piles and attempting to return the river to its ‘original’ condition. However, these projects are destroying a piece of history that is not well understood and holds important information for archaeologists studying historic mining sites. This research will benefit not only archaeologists, but land managers as well, by explaining the significance of dredge tailings and providing them with a greater ability to protect and manage these irreplaceable resources. Title: Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research Author: Purdy, Sarah E. For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes around the country created mining colonies in remote areas, thereby connecting the frontier with the rest of America and Europe. This research attempts to expand on the previous industrial archaeology literature, which focuses on historic mining sites and landscape patterns, by concentrating solely on dredge mining. This study analyzes dredge mining activity in the Elk City Township (T. 29 N., R. 8 E.) of North Central Idaho. Dredge mining leaves behind a mark on the landscape in the form of tailings piles, which are uniquely patterned due to different technologies. Through a detailed analysis of the tailings pile patterns, an archaeologist can determine what dredging technology was used, the time period of the operation, and the number of workers employed. In order to understand the technology used, part of this work is dedicated to the various forms of dredges that were used, along with the various dredge mining methods. This research provides a set of guidelines for archaeologists to properly document dredge tailings piles and determine their significance. The major contributions of this thesis are to clarify the historical context for dredge mining in North Central Idaho, to identify visible footprints left by this industrial activity, and to identify both pedestrian survey and remote sensing techniques to locate and differentiate between the various dredging technologies. The remote sensing techniques used include classifying Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery and comparing it with digitally orthorectified photos (DOQ), to determine which imagery is more adept at detecting dredge tailings patterns. For better or worse, dredge mining has reshaped many areas in the American West. Currently, riverine and riparian restoration projects are destroying dredge tailings piles and attempting to return the river to its ‘original’ condition. However, these projects are destroying a piece of history that is not well understood and holds important information for archaeologists studying historic mining sites. This research will benefit not only archaeologists, but land managers as well, by explaining the significance of dredge tailings and providing them with a greater ability to protect and manage these irreplaceable resources. Close

• 176. [Article] Being and consuming : the dynamics of self and society in the marketing of alumni association brands

  This thesis employs cultural analysis to better understand the meanings consumers have for the brands they consume. This research uses qualitative methods to elicit and analyze the brand meanings alumni ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Being and consuming : the dynamics of self and society in the marketing of alumni association brands Author: Gardels, Adam A. This thesis employs cultural analysis to better understand the meanings consumers have for the brands they consume. This research uses qualitative methods to elicit and analyze the brand meanings alumni and students have of their alma matter and alumni associations. Results from this research suggest that consumption is a ritual act whereby consumers develop symbolic interpretations for brands to resolve issues related to the ongoing construction of their worlds' and selves. Alumni and students infuse the interpretation of their alma mater and alumni association brand with meanings helping them to reconcile their university experience with their vocational, familial, social, and ideographic perspectives about the worlds they live in. The first part deals with the paradigmatic differences between marketing and anthropological theory as it relates to the meanings consumers have for the act of consumption. This approach replaces the marketing concepts of brand loyalty, brand communities, and the extended self with parallel concepts in anthropology of cultural projection, heterotopic consumption communities, and the centrifugal self. The second part adds to the existing research on alumni, which tends to be concerned with their potential as university donors. Consistent with other studies, this thesis suggests the relationships alumni have with their alma matter are shaped by their student experiences and continually reshaped by their current life contexts. The third part offers a unique qualitative method for discovering the personal concepts and themes shaping informants' life experiences and brand perceptions. This method involves photo elicitation techniques used with informants to help them better depict their perceptions of their worlds and their place in them. The fourth part offers structural analytical techniques for narrative data. These techniques reveal the emic structure of the data which serves as contextual information for in-depth analysis. The structural perspective in this research offers new ideas about segmentation analysis consistent with the consumer experience. The conclusions of this research demonstrate how adaptations of marketing theory by Oregon State University Alumni Association administrators have resulted in mismanagement of their brand. Applied insights from this research illustrate the way in which anthropological theory is adept at yielding emic consumer insights for the purpose of better managing alumni association brands. The applied suggestions of this research explain that companies and alumni associations ought not be concerned with finding the most loyal consumer or ideal alum. Instead, administrators should be concerned with the question of "how do alumni conceive of a more perfect alumni association?" This challenge is best resolved by understanding the differences in the student experience and post-graduate lifestyle. These experiences are not temporally distant, but mutually constructive in the present. Therefore, alumni association brands will be more sanguine in the lives of alumni if associations are constituent of the student experience, contribute to familial and vocational contexts of students and alumni's lives, and inclusive of multiple perspectives about the ideal university experience. Title: Being and consuming : the dynamics of self and society in the marketing of alumni association brands Author: Gardels, Adam A. This thesis employs cultural analysis to better understand the meanings consumers have for the brands they consume. This research uses qualitative methods to elicit and analyze the brand meanings alumni and students have of their alma matter and alumni associations. Results from this research suggest that consumption is a ritual act whereby consumers develop symbolic interpretations for brands to resolve issues related to the ongoing construction of their worlds' and selves. Alumni and students infuse the interpretation of their alma mater and alumni association brand with meanings helping them to reconcile their university experience with their vocational, familial, social, and ideographic perspectives about the worlds they live in. The first part deals with the paradigmatic differences between marketing and anthropological theory as it relates to the meanings consumers have for the act of consumption. This approach replaces the marketing concepts of brand loyalty, brand communities, and the extended self with parallel concepts in anthropology of cultural projection, heterotopic consumption communities, and the centrifugal self. The second part adds to the existing research on alumni, which tends to be concerned with their potential as university donors. Consistent with other studies, this thesis suggests the relationships alumni have with their alma matter are shaped by their student experiences and continually reshaped by their current life contexts. The third part offers a unique qualitative method for discovering the personal concepts and themes shaping informants' life experiences and brand perceptions. This method involves photo elicitation techniques used with informants to help them better depict their perceptions of their worlds and their place in them. The fourth part offers structural analytical techniques for narrative data. These techniques reveal the emic structure of the data which serves as contextual information for in-depth analysis. The structural perspective in this research offers new ideas about segmentation analysis consistent with the consumer experience. The conclusions of this research demonstrate how adaptations of marketing theory by Oregon State University Alumni Association administrators have resulted in mismanagement of their brand. Applied insights from this research illustrate the way in which anthropological theory is adept at yielding emic consumer insights for the purpose of better managing alumni association brands. The applied suggestions of this research explain that companies and alumni associations ought not be concerned with finding the most loyal consumer or ideal alum. Instead, administrators should be concerned with the question of "how do alumni conceive of a more perfect alumni association?" This challenge is best resolved by understanding the differences in the student experience and post-graduate lifestyle. These experiences are not temporally distant, but mutually constructive in the present. Therefore, alumni association brands will be more sanguine in the lives of alumni if associations are constituent of the student experience, contribute to familial and vocational contexts of students and alumni's lives, and inclusive of multiple perspectives about the ideal university experience. Close

• 177. [Article] Adjustments and challenges experienced by adult Hispanic students in a public technical college

  Little research has been done in the area of adult Hispanics' transition to college, a complex and challenging process which marks a critical period in their lives. Research suggests adaptation difficulty ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Adjustments and challenges experienced by adult Hispanic students in a public technical college Author: Suchite, Jose M. Little research has been done in the area of adult Hispanics' transition to college, a complex and challenging process which marks a critical period in their lives. Research suggests adaptation difficulty may cause them to drop out of school usually before completion of the first terms. There is a lack of information in the technical college context, as most studies found are related to community colleges and four-year universities. There is a scarcity of information concerning the most effective practices to serve Hispanics in school, who now represent the second largest school-aged population in the United States. The purpose of this study was to analyze the crucial transition and more specifically, the challenges of adult Hispanic students in technical colleges by listening to adult Hispanic students' voices while they identify the challenges and the success strategies they employ in technical colleges. The following questions guided this research: (1) What are the main challenges an adult Hispanic student experience during the first terms of technical college? (2) What strategies do adult Hispanic students employ during their college adjustment process to support their academic achievement in technical colleges during the first terms? (3) What programs or processes employed during enrollment and the first terms in a technical college seem to aid in improving college retention? This qualitative case study was conducted at one public technical college with six participants through a total of 28 interviews, including photo-elicitation. A cross-case analysis was conducted using the narrative of each participant. This study found that adult Hispanics students experienced a process of adjustments and challenges upon enrollment. Their success strategies were to persevere, work hard, seek help and collaborate with others, self-motivate themselves, and manage their time carefully. The salient challenges were: (1) academic, (2) work responsibilities, (3) family responsibilities, (4) lack of self-confidence, and (5) lack of support, both financial and familial. Other findings were that students who came from a family with parents who had not completed high school or attended college had less success in college. English language learners had basic interpersonal communications skills but had not mastered academic language, while even native English speakers encountered academic language difficulties. Although help was provided during the enrollment process, participants who had the longest absence from school experienced problems of not understanding the process. Title: Adjustments and challenges experienced by adult Hispanic students in a public technical college Author: Suchite, Jose M. Little research has been done in the area of adult Hispanics' transition to college, a complex and challenging process which marks a critical period in their lives. Research suggests adaptation difficulty may cause them to drop out of school usually before completion of the first terms. There is a lack of information in the technical college context, as most studies found are related to community colleges and four-year universities. There is a scarcity of information concerning the most effective practices to serve Hispanics in school, who now represent the second largest school-aged population in the United States. The purpose of this study was to analyze the crucial transition and more specifically, the challenges of adult Hispanic students in technical colleges by listening to adult Hispanic students' voices while they identify the challenges and the success strategies they employ in technical colleges. The following questions guided this research: (1) What are the main challenges an adult Hispanic student experience during the first terms of technical college? (2) What strategies do adult Hispanic students employ during their college adjustment process to support their academic achievement in technical colleges during the first terms? (3) What programs or processes employed during enrollment and the first terms in a technical college seem to aid in improving college retention? This qualitative case study was conducted at one public technical college with six participants through a total of 28 interviews, including photo-elicitation. A cross-case analysis was conducted using the narrative of each participant. This study found that adult Hispanics students experienced a process of adjustments and challenges upon enrollment. Their success strategies were to persevere, work hard, seek help and collaborate with others, self-motivate themselves, and manage their time carefully. The salient challenges were: (1) academic, (2) work responsibilities, (3) family responsibilities, (4) lack of self-confidence, and (5) lack of support, both financial and familial. Other findings were that students who came from a family with parents who had not completed high school or attended college had less success in college. English language learners had basic interpersonal communications skills but had not mastered academic language, while even native English speakers encountered academic language difficulties. Although help was provided during the enrollment process, participants who had the longest absence from school experienced problems of not understanding the process. Close

• 178. [Article] Home Range and Habitat Selection by Northern Spotted Owls on the Eastern Slope of the Cascade Mountains, Washington

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Raptor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Home Range and Habitat Selection by Northern Spotted Owls on the Eastern Slope of the Cascade Mountains, Washington Author: Forsman, Eric D., Biswell, Brian L., Taylor, Margaret, Sovern, Stan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Raptor Research Foundation and can be found at: http://www.raptorresearchfoundation.org/ Title: Home Range and Habitat Selection by Northern Spotted Owls on the Eastern Slope of the Cascade Mountains, Washington Author: Forsman, Eric D., Biswell, Brian L., Taylor, Margaret, Sovern, Stan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Raptor Research Foundation and can be found at: http://www.raptorresearchfoundation.org/ Close

• 179. [Article] Environmental biology of Eriosoma pyricola Baker and Davidson

  A method of culturing Eriosoma pyricola on detached root pieces was developed to ensure a regular supply of aphids for experimental work. Another method was designed for studying the alate sexuparae formation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental biology of Eriosoma pyricola Baker and Davidson Author: Sethi, Satnam Lal A method of culturing Eriosoma pyricola on detached root pieces was developed to ensure a regular supply of aphids for experimental work. Another method was designed for studying the alate sexuparae formation in woolly pear aphid, whereby growing plants were infested so that the aphids or their progeny could be recovered later. Sexuparae were produced in woolly pear aphid colonies on the roots of "Domestic Bartlett" seedlings treated to induce dormancy, indicating E. pyricola is holocyclic in Oregon. No sexuparae were found while shoot growth continued. Shoot growth of pear seedlings ceased when the plants were exposed to 10-hour photoperiods at a constant 24°C. Growth continued for a much longer time when plants were kept under 16-hour photoperiods at alternating day and night temperatures, 24°C and 18°C, respectively. However, aphids did not produce sexuparae when cultured on detached root pieces from plants treated for four weeks under 10-hour photoperiods at a constant 24°C. Also, sexuparae were not found in aphid colonies on root pieces of dormant plants from the field. All these results agree with our field observations. In the field, sexuparae are produced for about two months in late summer and early fall on the roots of infested plants. After this, no more sexuparae appear in the remaining aphid populations which continue as apterous virginoparae on pear roots until autumn of the following year. Experiments on growth cessation in pear plants indicated that short day-length was not the critical factor responsible for the induction of growth cessation in pear seedlings. These experiments also showed that constant temperatures were more important in the regulation of growth in this pear variety. The direct effect of photoperiods and temperatures on sexuparae production in this aphid was also investigated. Aphids on detached root pieces did not produce sexuparae when exposed to 10-hour photo-periods at alternating day and night temperatures, 24°C and 18°C, respectively. Aphid cultures on detached root pieces were kept under different combinations of 10- and 16-hour photoperiods and 15° and 18°C constant temperatures. But the treatments had no effect on sexuparae formation. No sexuparae were found in aphid colonies on root pieces kept in continuous darkness at constant temperatures of 15°, 18°, 21°, 24° and 27°C for periods of 14 to 49 days. Also, sexuparae were not produced when aphid cultures on root pieces were alternated between 15° and 24°C every 12 hours for 47 days. Sexuparae were not found in our stock cultures maintained at 21°C for about three years. Direct effect of different temperatures on the development and increase in numbers of woolly pear aphid was also studied. Apterous E. pyricola on detached roots developed and reproduced normally at 24°C, but failed to reproduce and died within two weeks when kept at 27°C. Apterous from stock culture and alate virginoparae from elm galls were transferred to the detached roots of "Domestic Bartlett" pear, Amelanchier florida Lindl., Sorbus sitchensis, Crataegus species, Ribes sativum and Red Delicious apple. The aphids did not survive except on the pear roots. Title: Environmental biology of Eriosoma pyricola Baker and Davidson Author: Sethi, Satnam Lal A method of culturing Eriosoma pyricola on detached root pieces was developed to ensure a regular supply of aphids for experimental work. Another method was designed for studying the alate sexuparae formation in woolly pear aphid, whereby growing plants were infested so that the aphids or their progeny could be recovered later. Sexuparae were produced in woolly pear aphid colonies on the roots of "Domestic Bartlett" seedlings treated to induce dormancy, indicating E. pyricola is holocyclic in Oregon. No sexuparae were found while shoot growth continued. Shoot growth of pear seedlings ceased when the plants were exposed to 10-hour photoperiods at a constant 24°C. Growth continued for a much longer time when plants were kept under 16-hour photoperiods at alternating day and night temperatures, 24°C and 18°C, respectively. However, aphids did not produce sexuparae when cultured on detached root pieces from plants treated for four weeks under 10-hour photoperiods at a constant 24°C. Also, sexuparae were not found in aphid colonies on root pieces of dormant plants from the field. All these results agree with our field observations. In the field, sexuparae are produced for about two months in late summer and early fall on the roots of infested plants. After this, no more sexuparae appear in the remaining aphid populations which continue as apterous virginoparae on pear roots until autumn of the following year. Experiments on growth cessation in pear plants indicated that short day-length was not the critical factor responsible for the induction of growth cessation in pear seedlings. These experiments also showed that constant temperatures were more important in the regulation of growth in this pear variety. The direct effect of photoperiods and temperatures on sexuparae production in this aphid was also investigated. Aphids on detached root pieces did not produce sexuparae when exposed to 10-hour photo-periods at alternating day and night temperatures, 24°C and 18°C, respectively. Aphid cultures on detached root pieces were kept under different combinations of 10- and 16-hour photoperiods and 15° and 18°C constant temperatures. But the treatments had no effect on sexuparae formation. No sexuparae were found in aphid colonies on root pieces kept in continuous darkness at constant temperatures of 15°, 18°, 21°, 24° and 27°C for periods of 14 to 49 days. Also, sexuparae were not produced when aphid cultures on root pieces were alternated between 15° and 24°C every 12 hours for 47 days. Sexuparae were not found in our stock cultures maintained at 21°C for about three years. Direct effect of different temperatures on the development and increase in numbers of woolly pear aphid was also studied. Apterous E. pyricola on detached roots developed and reproduced normally at 24°C, but failed to reproduce and died within two weeks when kept at 27°C. Apterous from stock culture and alate virginoparae from elm galls were transferred to the detached roots of "Domestic Bartlett" pear, Amelanchier florida Lindl., Sorbus sitchensis, Crataegus species, Ribes sativum and Red Delicious apple. The aphids did not survive except on the pear roots. Close

• 180. [Article] Environmental and physiological control of stomates in Douglas-fir and other species

  This research dealt with the direct environmental influence of atmospheric vapor pressure on stomates of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea engelniannii, and Fragaria X ananassa, and the indirect physiological control ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental and physiological control of stomates in Douglas-fir and other species Author: Johnson, Jon Dale This research dealt with the direct environmental influence of atmospheric vapor pressure on stomates of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea engelniannii, and Fragaria X ananassa, and the indirect physiological control of stomates by abscisic acid in Pseudotsuga menziesii. Two ventilated porometers (diffusion and steady-state) were compared on four broadleaf and five coniferous species. The diffusion porometer gave consistently lower conductance values for both types of species, reflecting a direct stomatal response to low chamber humidity. At high conductance values, the porometers produced nearly equal response, but the diffusion porometer was less sensitive at low conductance values. This was due to lower wind velocity (20% of the velocity in the steady-state porometer) and water vapor sorption by its acrylic plastic chamber. The rapid response of stomates to changes in atmospheric vapor pressure and its interaction with plant water stress was characterized in the three species above. All of the species showed similar curvilinear response of enhanced conductance at low vapor pressure deficit and depressed conductance at high vapor pressure deficit. The response time ranged from 30 seconds at high VPD to 2 minutes at low VPD. Engelmann spruce was more sensitive than either Douglas-fir or strawberry, which were equally sensitive. Plant water status significantly altered stomatal response to humidity. The relationship of conductance to xylem water potential was linear under ambient conditions (15 mb), but became curvilinear when conductance was measured at a vapor pressure above (20 mb) and below (7 mb) ambient. Between -0.5 MPa and -2.0 MPa, the stomates were sensitive to vapor pressure deficit, but below -2.0 MPa, this sensitivity lessened. This desensitization was attributed to the increase in abscisic acid overriding the influence of atmospheric humidity. The photoisomerization kinetics of the geometric isomers of abscisic acid were studied in solution and in seedlings of Douglas-fir. In vitro, 250-nm light caused photolysis of both isomers. The 350-nm light and sunlight were comparable in isomerizing ABA and 2-trans-ABA with a half-time of about 3 minutes, whereas isomerization under fluorescent light took longer (half-time = 7 minutes). Methylation of the isomers caused the photoisomerization half-time to increase in all of the light sources. The equilibrium concentration of 55% ABA and 45% 2-trans-ABA was consistent for the free acid and the methyl ester under all radiation treatments. The absorption spectra of the isomers provided evidence for the higher concentration of the cis-isomer at photo-equilibrium. In vivo, no significant conversions in ABA, 2-trans-ABA or their saponifiable conjugates were observed in either 350-nm or fluorescent light. However, the presence of 2-trans-ABA and its conjugate in the needle extracts suggests that isomerization occurs, in vivo. The changes in ABA and its metabolites in Douglas-fir needles were followed through two drought cycles and its effect on stomatal conductance was determined. Leaf conductance showed the typical water potential threshold, decreasing abruptly at -2.0 MP. This corresponded to the simultaneous increase in ABA level, from 500 to 850 ng g-1. No adjustment to stress was observed in any of the relationships examined, but stress progressed at a slower rate during the second cycle. Metabolism of ABA was found to differ from previous studies. A linear relationship between ABA arid its conjugate strongly implicated the importance of the interconversion of the two compounds for storage and supply of the free acid. This may have been due to tissue age and water stress preconditioning. Phaseic acid and epi-dihydrophaseic acid were the primary metabolites. Changes in trans-dihydrophaseic acid paralleled ABA providing evidence for concentration-dependent photoisomerization, either of ABA or one of its metabolites. Title: Environmental and physiological control of stomates in Douglas-fir and other species Author: Johnson, Jon Dale This research dealt with the direct environmental influence of atmospheric vapor pressure on stomates of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea engelniannii, and Fragaria X ananassa, and the indirect physiological control of stomates by abscisic acid in Pseudotsuga menziesii. Two ventilated porometers (diffusion and steady-state) were compared on four broadleaf and five coniferous species. The diffusion porometer gave consistently lower conductance values for both types of species, reflecting a direct stomatal response to low chamber humidity. At high conductance values, the porometers produced nearly equal response, but the diffusion porometer was less sensitive at low conductance values. This was due to lower wind velocity (20% of the velocity in the steady-state porometer) and water vapor sorption by its acrylic plastic chamber. The rapid response of stomates to changes in atmospheric vapor pressure and its interaction with plant water stress was characterized in the three species above. All of the species showed similar curvilinear response of enhanced conductance at low vapor pressure deficit and depressed conductance at high vapor pressure deficit. The response time ranged from 30 seconds at high VPD to 2 minutes at low VPD. Engelmann spruce was more sensitive than either Douglas-fir or strawberry, which were equally sensitive. Plant water status significantly altered stomatal response to humidity. The relationship of conductance to xylem water potential was linear under ambient conditions (15 mb), but became curvilinear when conductance was measured at a vapor pressure above (20 mb) and below (7 mb) ambient. Between -0.5 MPa and -2.0 MPa, the stomates were sensitive to vapor pressure deficit, but below -2.0 MPa, this sensitivity lessened. This desensitization was attributed to the increase in abscisic acid overriding the influence of atmospheric humidity. The photoisomerization kinetics of the geometric isomers of abscisic acid were studied in solution and in seedlings of Douglas-fir. In vitro, 250-nm light caused photolysis of both isomers. The 350-nm light and sunlight were comparable in isomerizing ABA and 2-trans-ABA with a half-time of about 3 minutes, whereas isomerization under fluorescent light took longer (half-time = 7 minutes). Methylation of the isomers caused the photoisomerization half-time to increase in all of the light sources. The equilibrium concentration of 55% ABA and 45% 2-trans-ABA was consistent for the free acid and the methyl ester under all radiation treatments. The absorption spectra of the isomers provided evidence for the higher concentration of the cis-isomer at photo-equilibrium. In vivo, no significant conversions in ABA, 2-trans-ABA or their saponifiable conjugates were observed in either 350-nm or fluorescent light. However, the presence of 2-trans-ABA and its conjugate in the needle extracts suggests that isomerization occurs, in vivo. The changes in ABA and its metabolites in Douglas-fir needles were followed through two drought cycles and its effect on stomatal conductance was determined. Leaf conductance showed the typical water potential threshold, decreasing abruptly at -2.0 MP. This corresponded to the simultaneous increase in ABA level, from 500 to 850 ng g-1. No adjustment to stress was observed in any of the relationships examined, but stress progressed at a slower rate during the second cycle. Metabolism of ABA was found to differ from previous studies. A linear relationship between ABA arid its conjugate strongly implicated the importance of the interconversion of the two compounds for storage and supply of the free acid. This may have been due to tissue age and water stress preconditioning. Phaseic acid and epi-dihydrophaseic acid were the primary metabolites. Changes in trans-dihydrophaseic acid paralleled ABA providing evidence for concentration-dependent photoisomerization, either of ABA or one of its metabolites. Close