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• 171. [Article] Foraging ecology, diving behavior, and migration patterns of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) from a glacial fjord in Alaska in relation to prey availability and oceanographic features

  Understanding the movement behavior and foraging strategies of individuals across multiple spatial and temporal scales is essential not only for understanding the biological requirements of individuals ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foraging ecology, diving behavior, and migration patterns of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) from a glacial fjord in Alaska in relation to prey availability and oceanographic features Author: Womble, Jamie Neil Understanding the movement behavior and foraging strategies of individuals across multiple spatial and temporal scales is essential not only for understanding the biological requirements of individuals but also for linking individual strategies to population level effects. Glacial fjords scattered throughout south-central and southeastern Alaska host some of the largest seasonal aggregations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in the world, and an estimated 15% of the harbor seal population in Alaska is found seasonally at these glacial ice sites. Over the last two decades, the number of harbor seals has declined at two of the primary glacial fjords, in Aialik Bay in south-central Alaska and in Glacier Bay in southeastern Alaska, thus raising concerns regarding the viability of seal populations in glacial fjord environments. From 2004-2009, the foraging ecology, diving behavior, and migration patterns of harbor seals from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska were examined in relation to prey availability and oceanographic features in Glacier Bay and the surrounding regions of southeastern Alaska. Time-depth recorders, very high frequency transmitters, and satellite-linked transmitters were used to quantify the vertical and horizontal movement patterns of harbor seals in the marine environment. Specifically, (1) I characterized the diving behavior, foraging areas, and foraging strategies of female harbor seals from terrestrial and glacial ice sites relative to prey availability during the breeding season (May-June) in Glacier Bay, (2) I quantified the intra-population variation in at-sea post-breeding season (September-April) distribution and movement patterns of female harbor seals in relation to oceanographic features, (3) I quantified the post-breeding season migration patterns of female harbor seals relative to the boundaries of the marine protected area of Glacier Bay National Park, and (4) I characterized the use of the continental shelf region of the eastern Gulf of Alaska by female harbor seals from Glacier Bay, both as a foraging area and as a migratory corridor in relation to oceanographic features. During the breeding season, there was a substantial degree of intra-population variation in the diving behavior and foraging areas of juvenile and adult female seals from glacial ice and terrestrial sites in Glacier Bay. The presence of multiple diving strategies suggests that differences in the relative density and depth of prey fields in glacial ice and terrestrial habitats in addition to seal age and reproductive status may influence diving and foraging behavior of harbor seals. During the post-breeding season, juvenile and adult female harbor seals ranged extensively beyond the boundaries of the marine protected area of Glacier Bay National Park, throughout the northern inshore waters of southeastern Alaska and the continental shelf region of the eastern Gulf of Alaska between Cross Sound and Prince William Sound, Alaska (up to 900 kilometers away). Seals exhibited a relatively high degree of intra-population variation in their at-sea post-breeding season distribution patterns that may be a function of extrinsic factors such as oceanographic characteristics, which can influence prey availability as well as intrinsic factors including previous experience with foraging areas and seal condition and age. Use of the continental shelf region of the eastern Gulf of Alaska by harbor seals as a foraging area may be due to enhanced biological productivity which may be associated with ephemeral hydrographic and/or static bathymetric features. Despite extensive migrations of seals from Glacier Bay during the post-breeding season, there was a high degree of inter-annual site fidelity of seals to Glacier Bay the following breeding season after seals were captured. Title: Foraging ecology, diving behavior, and migration patterns of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) from a glacial fjord in Alaska in relation to prey availability and oceanographic features Author: Womble, Jamie Neil Understanding the movement behavior and foraging strategies of individuals across multiple spatial and temporal scales is essential not only for understanding the biological requirements of individuals but also for linking individual strategies to population level effects. Glacial fjords scattered throughout south-central and southeastern Alaska host some of the largest seasonal aggregations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in the world, and an estimated 15% of the harbor seal population in Alaska is found seasonally at these glacial ice sites. Over the last two decades, the number of harbor seals has declined at two of the primary glacial fjords, in Aialik Bay in south-central Alaska and in Glacier Bay in southeastern Alaska, thus raising concerns regarding the viability of seal populations in glacial fjord environments. From 2004-2009, the foraging ecology, diving behavior, and migration patterns of harbor seals from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska were examined in relation to prey availability and oceanographic features in Glacier Bay and the surrounding regions of southeastern Alaska. Time-depth recorders, very high frequency transmitters, and satellite-linked transmitters were used to quantify the vertical and horizontal movement patterns of harbor seals in the marine environment. Specifically, (1) I characterized the diving behavior, foraging areas, and foraging strategies of female harbor seals from terrestrial and glacial ice sites relative to prey availability during the breeding season (May-June) in Glacier Bay, (2) I quantified the intra-population variation in at-sea post-breeding season (September-April) distribution and movement patterns of female harbor seals in relation to oceanographic features, (3) I quantified the post-breeding season migration patterns of female harbor seals relative to the boundaries of the marine protected area of Glacier Bay National Park, and (4) I characterized the use of the continental shelf region of the eastern Gulf of Alaska by female harbor seals from Glacier Bay, both as a foraging area and as a migratory corridor in relation to oceanographic features. During the breeding season, there was a substantial degree of intra-population variation in the diving behavior and foraging areas of juvenile and adult female seals from glacial ice and terrestrial sites in Glacier Bay. The presence of multiple diving strategies suggests that differences in the relative density and depth of prey fields in glacial ice and terrestrial habitats in addition to seal age and reproductive status may influence diving and foraging behavior of harbor seals. During the post-breeding season, juvenile and adult female harbor seals ranged extensively beyond the boundaries of the marine protected area of Glacier Bay National Park, throughout the northern inshore waters of southeastern Alaska and the continental shelf region of the eastern Gulf of Alaska between Cross Sound and Prince William Sound, Alaska (up to 900 kilometers away). Seals exhibited a relatively high degree of intra-population variation in their at-sea post-breeding season distribution patterns that may be a function of extrinsic factors such as oceanographic characteristics, which can influence prey availability as well as intrinsic factors including previous experience with foraging areas and seal condition and age. Use of the continental shelf region of the eastern Gulf of Alaska by harbor seals as a foraging area may be due to enhanced biological productivity which may be associated with ephemeral hydrographic and/or static bathymetric features. Despite extensive migrations of seals from Glacier Bay during the post-breeding season, there was a high degree of inter-annual site fidelity of seals to Glacier Bay the following breeding season after seals were captured. Close

• 172. [Article] Factors affecting the abundance of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River

  A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors affecting the abundance of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River Author: Van Hyning, Jack M. A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred in the early 1950's. Fluctuations in abundance of major salmon runs the North Pacific were examined to detect any coastwide pattern. Only chinook salmon in Cook Inlet, Alaska, and chum salmon from Oregon to southwestern Alaska showed a similar trend. The following life history stages broken down into pre- and post-decline years were examined: (1) marine life including distribution and migration, growth and maturity, survival rate, oceanography, and commercial and sport fisheries; (2) upstream migration including river fisheries, gear selectivity, size and age composition of the run, escapement, and influence of dams, diseases, and water quality; (3) reproduction and incubation including spawning areas and spawning and incubation conditions; and (4) downstream migration which included predation, dams and reservoirs, diseases, flow, turbidity and temperature, and estuary life. Salient points of the analysis were: (1) a change in the maturity and survival pattern based on tagged and fin-clipped fish recovered before and after 1950; (2) a significant negative correlation between sea-water temperature during a year class' first year at sea and subsequent survival; (3) a large increase in the ocean fisheries coincident with the decline in the run; (4) catch-effort statistics of the ocean fishery show a near classic example of the effect of overexploitation; (5) estimates of the contribution of Columbia River chinook to the ocean fisheries based on tag recoveries could be underestimates rather than overestimates; (6) a significant inverse correlation between estimated ocean catch of Columbia River fall chinook and numbers entering the river; (7) size and age composition of the ocean and river catches decreased coincident with the decline in the run; (8) the gill-net fishery shows little size selectivity by age, size, or sex in the dominant group; (9) fluctuations in abundance of hatchery stocks are related to differences in survival between fingerling and adult; (10) hatchery, lower river, and upriver populations fluctuate in abundance in much the same pattern; (11) optimum escapement is between 90,000 and 100,000 adults, a value that was exceeded during most years; (12) a highly significant negative correlation between numbers of spawners and return per spawner; (13) most of the early dams had no direct effect on fall chinook and the decline in productivity occurred when river conditions were relatively stable; (14) temperatures at time of migration and spawning for fall chinook have not increased enough to be a serious mortality factor; (15) little relationship between flow, turbidity, and temperature at time of downstream migration and subsequent return was evident except that high temperatures and high flows (and turbidities) tended to produce poorer runs during certain time periods; and (16) predation and delay of smolts in reservoirs are largely unknown factors, but circumstantial evidence suggests that they were not important in regulating fall chinook numbers during the period of the study. Finally, variables that appeared to bear some relationship to fluctuations in abundance of fall chinook were submitted to multiple regression analysis. For the predecline period (1938-46 brood years), sea-water temperature and ocean troll fishing effort were significant variables (R² = 0.74). For post decline years (1947-59 broods), troll had the most influence on total return with ocean temperature and escapement having lesser effects. For the combined years, troll intensity and ocean temperature were the significant variables (R² = 0.572). Entering interaction of river flow at downstream migration with the other variables brought R² to 0.754 which means that 75% of the variability in the returning run could be accounted for by these three factors. Return per spawner was so heavily influenced by numbers of spawners that the other factors assumed negligible importance. Equations were derived that predicted the returning run in close agreement with the actual run size. Substituting a low and constant troll fishing effort in the equation resulted in the predicted run maintaining the average predecline level. The increase in ocean fishing was the main contributor to the decline of the Columbia River fall chinook run as shown by correlation, by analogy, and by the process of elimination. To demonstrate why other chinook runs have not shown similar declines, it was shown that due to several unique features in Columbia River fall chinook life history they are exposed to much more ocean fishing than other populations. It was emphasized that these conclusions should not be extrapolated to the future or to other species or runs of salmon. Title: Factors affecting the abundance of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River Author: Van Hyning, Jack M. A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred in the early 1950's. Fluctuations in abundance of major salmon runs the North Pacific were examined to detect any coastwide pattern. Only chinook salmon in Cook Inlet, Alaska, and chum salmon from Oregon to southwestern Alaska showed a similar trend. The following life history stages broken down into pre- and post-decline years were examined: (1) marine life including distribution and migration, growth and maturity, survival rate, oceanography, and commercial and sport fisheries; (2) upstream migration including river fisheries, gear selectivity, size and age composition of the run, escapement, and influence of dams, diseases, and water quality; (3) reproduction and incubation including spawning areas and spawning and incubation conditions; and (4) downstream migration which included predation, dams and reservoirs, diseases, flow, turbidity and temperature, and estuary life. Salient points of the analysis were: (1) a change in the maturity and survival pattern based on tagged and fin-clipped fish recovered before and after 1950; (2) a significant negative correlation between sea-water temperature during a year class' first year at sea and subsequent survival; (3) a large increase in the ocean fisheries coincident with the decline in the run; (4) catch-effort statistics of the ocean fishery show a near classic example of the effect of overexploitation; (5) estimates of the contribution of Columbia River chinook to the ocean fisheries based on tag recoveries could be underestimates rather than overestimates; (6) a significant inverse correlation between estimated ocean catch of Columbia River fall chinook and numbers entering the river; (7) size and age composition of the ocean and river catches decreased coincident with the decline in the run; (8) the gill-net fishery shows little size selectivity by age, size, or sex in the dominant group; (9) fluctuations in abundance of hatchery stocks are related to differences in survival between fingerling and adult; (10) hatchery, lower river, and upriver populations fluctuate in abundance in much the same pattern; (11) optimum escapement is between 90,000 and 100,000 adults, a value that was exceeded during most years; (12) a highly significant negative correlation between numbers of spawners and return per spawner; (13) most of the early dams had no direct effect on fall chinook and the decline in productivity occurred when river conditions were relatively stable; (14) temperatures at time of migration and spawning for fall chinook have not increased enough to be a serious mortality factor; (15) little relationship between flow, turbidity, and temperature at time of downstream migration and subsequent return was evident except that high temperatures and high flows (and turbidities) tended to produce poorer runs during certain time periods; and (16) predation and delay of smolts in reservoirs are largely unknown factors, but circumstantial evidence suggests that they were not important in regulating fall chinook numbers during the period of the study. Finally, variables that appeared to bear some relationship to fluctuations in abundance of fall chinook were submitted to multiple regression analysis. For the predecline period (1938-46 brood years), sea-water temperature and ocean troll fishing effort were significant variables (R² = 0.74). For post decline years (1947-59 broods), troll had the most influence on total return with ocean temperature and escapement having lesser effects. For the combined years, troll intensity and ocean temperature were the significant variables (R² = 0.572). Entering interaction of river flow at downstream migration with the other variables brought R² to 0.754 which means that 75% of the variability in the returning run could be accounted for by these three factors. Return per spawner was so heavily influenced by numbers of spawners that the other factors assumed negligible importance. Equations were derived that predicted the returning run in close agreement with the actual run size. Substituting a low and constant troll fishing effort in the equation resulted in the predicted run maintaining the average predecline level. The increase in ocean fishing was the main contributor to the decline of the Columbia River fall chinook run as shown by correlation, by analogy, and by the process of elimination. To demonstrate why other chinook runs have not shown similar declines, it was shown that due to several unique features in Columbia River fall chinook life history they are exposed to much more ocean fishing than other populations. It was emphasized that these conclusions should not be extrapolated to the future or to other species or runs of salmon. Close

• 173. [Article] Migration of E. coli and solutes to tile drains via preferential and matrix flow

  The extent of agricultural drainage has created concern for its potential undesirable effects on surface water quality. Land applications of liquid manure on tile drain fields have the potential to transport ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Migration of E. coli and solutes to tile drains via preferential and matrix flow Author: Moreno, Daniel The extent of agricultural drainage has created concern for its potential undesirable effects on surface water quality. Land applications of liquid manure on tile drain fields have the potential to transport solutes and bacteria to the drains following precipitation or irrigation events and many times are directly sent to a surface water body, and have been documented as a source of contamination of surface waters. This study determined the potential for and magnitude of E. coli and solute migration to tile drains through the soil profile. Water from subsurface drains was analyzed for chemical and bacterial composition following tracer applications. Two sites were selected for the study to determine transport at large (field) and small (plot) scales. At the large-scale site, both tracers, bacteria (E. coli and Total Coliform) and Amino-G (a conservative tracer), were used to monitor the speed of transport from the surface to the tile drain following liquid manure applications, tracer applications and additionally precipitation events. The concentrations of E. coli were monitored every hour for 76 days during the spring. Both tracers, bacteria and Amino-G, were detected in the tile drainage shortly after precipitation events. The peak concentration of E. coli was observed to be 1.2 x 10⁶ CFU/l00mL. These elevated concentrations of E. coli might be attributed to the characteristics of the soil, high organic matter and well-structured clay soils. Both the rapid breakthrough of tracer to the tile drain and the peaks of tile water temperature during precipitation events provided evidence of macropore flow. Antecedent soil moisture and warmer temperatures appeared to provide ideal conditions for bacteria growth. The small-scale study site was selected for a more focused study. The purpose of this site was to quantify more accurately the percent mass of surface applied tracer that was transported to the tile drain, allowing mass balance calculations. Experiments were conducted during the summer to control the rate and total amount of irrigation. Amino-G readings were taken every 10 seconds for 125 hours of continuous irrigation. Tracer applications were conducted at runoff and non-runoff conditions. Both types of tracer applications had Amino-G breakthrough in less than 10 minutes after initiation of irrigation. Tracer applied at runoff rates resulted in 4 to 17 times more total tracer mass migrating to the tile drain than when applied at non-runoff rates. The total mass of Amino-G migrating to the tile drain during non-runoff conditions depended on the total volume of applied tracer, regardless of the tracer concentration. For an application of 5.6 mm at 12 mg/L, 5.7% of the total applied tracer migrated to the tile drain, whereas for an application of 1.9 mm at 27.7 mg/L only 2.8% of the total applied tracer migrated to the tile drain. Tile flow response to irrigation experiments appeared to be governed by soil moisture. Lysimeter samples were taken continuously every 4-8 hours until the 94th hour after tracer application. Tile water concentrations were consistently greater than concentrations found in the deeper suction lysimeters at corresponding times, providing further evidence of preferential flow. E. coli transported through the soil and into the drains were demonstrated to be event-driven by precipitation events and irrigation events. In addition, the characteristics of this type of soil - the high clay content, the well-defined structure, the high level of organic matter and rich biological activity has been known to enhance the preferential pathways and transport processes in the soil profile, resulting in rapid transport of surface applied solutes and effluents to tile drains. Title: Migration of E. coli and solutes to tile drains via preferential and matrix flow Author: Moreno, Daniel The extent of agricultural drainage has created concern for its potential undesirable effects on surface water quality. Land applications of liquid manure on tile drain fields have the potential to transport solutes and bacteria to the drains following precipitation or irrigation events and many times are directly sent to a surface water body, and have been documented as a source of contamination of surface waters. This study determined the potential for and magnitude of E. coli and solute migration to tile drains through the soil profile. Water from subsurface drains was analyzed for chemical and bacterial composition following tracer applications. Two sites were selected for the study to determine transport at large (field) and small (plot) scales. At the large-scale site, both tracers, bacteria (E. coli and Total Coliform) and Amino-G (a conservative tracer), were used to monitor the speed of transport from the surface to the tile drain following liquid manure applications, tracer applications and additionally precipitation events. The concentrations of E. coli were monitored every hour for 76 days during the spring. Both tracers, bacteria and Amino-G, were detected in the tile drainage shortly after precipitation events. The peak concentration of E. coli was observed to be 1.2 x 10⁶ CFU/l00mL. These elevated concentrations of E. coli might be attributed to the characteristics of the soil, high organic matter and well-structured clay soils. Both the rapid breakthrough of tracer to the tile drain and the peaks of tile water temperature during precipitation events provided evidence of macropore flow. Antecedent soil moisture and warmer temperatures appeared to provide ideal conditions for bacteria growth. The small-scale study site was selected for a more focused study. The purpose of this site was to quantify more accurately the percent mass of surface applied tracer that was transported to the tile drain, allowing mass balance calculations. Experiments were conducted during the summer to control the rate and total amount of irrigation. Amino-G readings were taken every 10 seconds for 125 hours of continuous irrigation. Tracer applications were conducted at runoff and non-runoff conditions. Both types of tracer applications had Amino-G breakthrough in less than 10 minutes after initiation of irrigation. Tracer applied at runoff rates resulted in 4 to 17 times more total tracer mass migrating to the tile drain than when applied at non-runoff rates. The total mass of Amino-G migrating to the tile drain during non-runoff conditions depended on the total volume of applied tracer, regardless of the tracer concentration. For an application of 5.6 mm at 12 mg/L, 5.7% of the total applied tracer migrated to the tile drain, whereas for an application of 1.9 mm at 27.7 mg/L only 2.8% of the total applied tracer migrated to the tile drain. Tile flow response to irrigation experiments appeared to be governed by soil moisture. Lysimeter samples were taken continuously every 4-8 hours until the 94th hour after tracer application. Tile water concentrations were consistently greater than concentrations found in the deeper suction lysimeters at corresponding times, providing further evidence of preferential flow. E. coli transported through the soil and into the drains were demonstrated to be event-driven by precipitation events and irrigation events. In addition, the characteristics of this type of soil - the high clay content, the well-defined structure, the high level of organic matter and rich biological activity has been known to enhance the preferential pathways and transport processes in the soil profile, resulting in rapid transport of surface applied solutes and effluents to tile drains. Close

• 174. [Article] Segregation Never, Integration Now? Social Construction and Integration Policy

  Low-skilled and historically marginalized migrants are often seen as a drain on society and resources, leading policy makers to enact strict border measures and integration policies that are often harmful. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Segregation Never, Integration Now? Social Construction and Integration Policy Author: Arce, Rebecca Low-skilled and historically marginalized migrants are often seen as a drain on society and resources, leading policy makers to enact strict border measures and integration policies that are often harmful. Given the current climate of anti-immigrant sentiment and the rise of the far right in both the United States and Europe, this study aimed to determine the strengths and weaknesses of integration on Latinos in the United States and Roma in the United Kingdom. In order to ascertain the outcomes of immigration policies in these two nations, the research conducted a series of one-one interviews with Latinos in the United States and Roma in the United Kingdom. The theory of social construction in conjunction with Deliberative Democracy was used a basis for this study. The interviews were analyzed using Inductive Thematic Analysis in order to map out common themes across migrant experiences and develop policy recommendations based on the participant’s feedback. The analysis concluded that the education of migrants and their children was the main contributing factor in their decision to migrate. Migrants with positive educational outcomes were better suited for integration, compared to migrants who struggled to obtain or complete an education, as was seen among Latino participants. Title: Segregation Never, Integration Now? Social Construction and Integration Policy Author: Arce, Rebecca Low-skilled and historically marginalized migrants are often seen as a drain on society and resources, leading policy makers to enact strict border measures and integration policies that are often harmful. Given the current climate of anti-immigrant sentiment and the rise of the far right in both the United States and Europe, this study aimed to determine the strengths and weaknesses of integration on Latinos in the United States and Roma in the United Kingdom. In order to ascertain the outcomes of immigration policies in these two nations, the research conducted a series of one-one interviews with Latinos in the United States and Roma in the United Kingdom. The theory of social construction in conjunction with Deliberative Democracy was used a basis for this study. The interviews were analyzed using Inductive Thematic Analysis in order to map out common themes across migrant experiences and develop policy recommendations based on the participant’s feedback. The analysis concluded that the education of migrants and their children was the main contributing factor in their decision to migrate. Migrants with positive educational outcomes were better suited for integration, compared to migrants who struggled to obtain or complete an education, as was seen among Latino participants. Close

• 175. [Article] A Bioeconomic Model of Partial Closures and Habitat Effects - The Case of a Migratory Fish Species

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Bioeconomic Model of Partial Closures and Habitat Effects - The Case of a Migratory Fish Species Author: Armstrong, Claire W., Reithe, Siv, Armstrong, Richard J. Research Paper Title: A Bioeconomic Model of Partial Closures and Habitat Effects - The Case of a Migratory Fish Species Author: Armstrong, Claire W., Reithe, Siv, Armstrong, Richard J. Research Paper Close

• 176. [Article] Empirical Analysis of the Transboundary Dynamics for Georges Bank Groundfish

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Empirical Analysis of the Transboundary Dynamics for Georges Bank Groundfish Author: Soboil, Mark Lucas, Sutinen, Jon G. Research Paper Title: Empirical Analysis of the Transboundary Dynamics for Georges Bank Groundfish Author: Soboil, Mark Lucas, Sutinen, Jon G. Research Paper Close

• 177. [Article] Trace Levels of Fukushima Disaster Radionuclides in East Pacific Albacore

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trace Levels of Fukushima Disaster Radionuclides in East Pacific Albacore Author: Phillips, A. Jason, Higley, Kathryn A., Neville, Delvan R., Brodeur, Richard D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/journal/esthag. Title: Trace Levels of Fukushima Disaster Radionuclides in East Pacific Albacore Author: Phillips, A. Jason, Higley, Kathryn A., Neville, Delvan R., Brodeur, Richard D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/journal/esthag. Close

• 178. [Article] Analysis and Transformations in Support of Android Privacy

  To protect user’s privacy and system’s integrity, mobile platforms use permission models to control accesses to protected resources such as GPS location, Contacts, etc. The previous major version of Android ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and Transformations in Support of Android Privacy Author: Dig, Danny, Bogdanas, Denis, Nelson, Nicholas To protect user’s privacy and system’s integrity, mobile platforms use permission models to control accesses to protected resources such as GPS location, Contacts, etc. The previous major version of Android used a static permission model, which compromised the security and privacy of apps. Android 6 overhauled its permission model to ask permissions at runtime which reduces the risk of permission abuse. However, migrating to the runtime permission model requires significant effort from the app developers. In this paper we first present a large-scale formative study to understand how app developers use and migrate to the new permission model. Inspired by these findings, we designed, implemented, and evaluated a tool suite that (i) recommends locations where to insert permission requests and (ii) automatically inserts all the permission-related code. Our empirical evaluations on a diverse corpus of real-world apps show that our tools are highly applicable and accurate. Title: Analysis and Transformations in Support of Android Privacy Author: Dig, Danny, Bogdanas, Denis, Nelson, Nicholas To protect user’s privacy and system’s integrity, mobile platforms use permission models to control accesses to protected resources such as GPS location, Contacts, etc. The previous major version of Android used a static permission model, which compromised the security and privacy of apps. Android 6 overhauled its permission model to ask permissions at runtime which reduces the risk of permission abuse. However, migrating to the runtime permission model requires significant effort from the app developers. In this paper we first present a large-scale formative study to understand how app developers use and migrate to the new permission model. Inspired by these findings, we designed, implemented, and evaluated a tool suite that (i) recommends locations where to insert permission requests and (ii) automatically inserts all the permission-related code. Our empirical evaluations on a diverse corpus of real-world apps show that our tools are highly applicable and accurate. Close

• 179. [Article] Understanding metastatic growth through the traction force of human breast cancer cells

  Cancer is a hard disease to control because of its ability to spread to different parts of the body. Cancer cells can spread out from a primary tumor to distant organs which gives rise to new cancer cell ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding metastatic growth through the traction force of human breast cancer cells Author: Dinh, Theresa Cancer is a hard disease to control because of its ability to spread to different parts of the body. Cancer cells can spread out from a primary tumor to distant organs which gives rise to new cancer cell colonies and more tumors over time. This process is known as metastasis and causes over 90% of human cancer deaths. Cell traction force (CTF) coordinates many cellular functions such as cell migration. Cell migration plays a critical role in the spread of cancer. Therefore, CTF plays a significant role the the biological process of metastasis. The goal of this experiment is to simultaneously measure the deformation field around the cells and cellular responses between two different substrate rigidities. Past experiments have been mostly done with different substrate rigidities separately. However, it is more realistic to measure cellular contractility with two different substrate rigidities simultaneously. These conditions better reflect physiological conditions because there are varying rigidities within the human body. Title: Understanding metastatic growth through the traction force of human breast cancer cells Author: Dinh, Theresa Cancer is a hard disease to control because of its ability to spread to different parts of the body. Cancer cells can spread out from a primary tumor to distant organs which gives rise to new cancer cell colonies and more tumors over time. This process is known as metastasis and causes over 90% of human cancer deaths. Cell traction force (CTF) coordinates many cellular functions such as cell migration. Cell migration plays a critical role in the spread of cancer. Therefore, CTF plays a significant role the the biological process of metastasis. The goal of this experiment is to simultaneously measure the deformation field around the cells and cellular responses between two different substrate rigidities. Past experiments have been mostly done with different substrate rigidities separately. However, it is more realistic to measure cellular contractility with two different substrate rigidities simultaneously. These conditions better reflect physiological conditions because there are varying rigidities within the human body. Close

• 180. [Article] Behavior of juvenile bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix in vertical thermal gradients: influence of season, temperature acclimation and food

  Behavioral responses of juvenile bluefish P. saltatrix L. exposed to cold water in a vertical thermal gradient were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The temperature regime was similar to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Behavior of juvenile bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix in vertical thermal gradients: influence of season, temperature acclimation and food Author: Studholme, Anne L., Bejda, Allen J., Olla, Bori L. Behavioral responses of juvenile bluefish P. saltatrix L. exposed to cold water in a vertical thermal gradient were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The temperature regime was similar to conditions that these fish encounter in their inshore and estuarine habitats along the Middle Atlantic coast. Measures included activity, schooling, position with respect to depth and temperature, and feeding. The change in behavioral response to temperature coincided with this species southerly fall migration. When food was presented at potentially debilitating temperatures which were normally avoided, motivation to feed modified their avoidance response, with the fish entering these temperatures and successfully feeding. Results are discussed in relation to natural patterns of migration and distribution. Title: Behavior of juvenile bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix in vertical thermal gradients: influence of season, temperature acclimation and food Author: Studholme, Anne L., Bejda, Allen J., Olla, Bori L. Behavioral responses of juvenile bluefish P. saltatrix L. exposed to cold water in a vertical thermal gradient were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The temperature regime was similar to conditions that these fish encounter in their inshore and estuarine habitats along the Middle Atlantic coast. Measures included activity, schooling, position with respect to depth and temperature, and feeding. The change in behavioral response to temperature coincided with this species southerly fall migration. When food was presented at potentially debilitating temperatures which were normally avoided, motivation to feed modified their avoidance response, with the fish entering these temperatures and successfully feeding. Results are discussed in relation to natural patterns of migration and distribution. Close