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• 1711. [Article] Institutional capacity building through land and water stewardship integration- an analysis of source water protection in Corvallis, Oregon

  Globally, access to safe, reliable drinking water sources is a major challenge of this generation. Protected sources of drinking water provide communities with a sustainable, vital resource, yet many public ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Institutional capacity building through land and water stewardship integration- an analysis of source water protection in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Odom, Olivia Globally, access to safe, reliable drinking water sources is a major challenge of this generation. Protected sources of drinking water provide communities with a sustainable, vital resource, yet many public water suppliers lack legal authority over their source water protection (SWP) area, especially in surface water systems. Absence of legal authority and ownership restricts institutional capacity. In the absence of legal authority and land ownership, strong social capacity supplements weak institutional capacity for SWP. Using a case study approach, this paper presents a national experience survey of municipal approaches to increasing institutional capacity for SWP; details SWP programs of two similar municipalities; uses those findings to inform the creation of a SWP plan in Corvallis, Oregon with particular attention paid to the augmentation of institutional capacity by integration with existing environmental stewardship organizations; compares institutional outcomes; and finds that social capacity maximization is a viable approach to SWP. Title: Institutional capacity building through land and water stewardship integration- an analysis of source water protection in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Odom, Olivia Globally, access to safe, reliable drinking water sources is a major challenge of this generation. Protected sources of drinking water provide communities with a sustainable, vital resource, yet many public water suppliers lack legal authority over their source water protection (SWP) area, especially in surface water systems. Absence of legal authority and ownership restricts institutional capacity. In the absence of legal authority and land ownership, strong social capacity supplements weak institutional capacity for SWP. Using a case study approach, this paper presents a national experience survey of municipal approaches to increasing institutional capacity for SWP; details SWP programs of two similar municipalities; uses those findings to inform the creation of a SWP plan in Corvallis, Oregon with particular attention paid to the augmentation of institutional capacity by integration with existing environmental stewardship organizations; compares institutional outcomes; and finds that social capacity maximization is a viable approach to SWP. Close

• 1712. [Article] Assessment of the accuracy of forested classifications within two broad-scale remotely-sensed vegetation databases in eastern Oregon

  An accuracy assessment of two broad-scale vegetation databases for eastern Oregon, both developed from satellite imagery, was performed to assess the usefulness of the databases for forest landscape planning and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of the accuracy of forested classifications within two broad-scale remotely-sensed vegetation databases in eastern Oregon Author: Langhoff, Cory A. An accuracy assessment of two broad-scale vegetation databases for eastern Oregon, both developed from satellite imagery, was performed to assess the usefulness of the databases for forest landscape planning and assessment efforts. The two databases were the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) vegetation database and the U.S. Geological Survey National Land Cover Database (USGS NLCD) vegetation database, both created from Landsat TM 25m satellite imagery. The ODF vegetation database contained four attributes: crown closure, forest size, forest species, and forest structure. The USGS vegetation database contained a single attribute: forest species. Due to reference data availability problems, the accuracy assessment could only be performed on USDA Forest Service lands, which, however, covered most of the forested landscape of eastern Oregon. Within the ODF vegetation database the accuracy of classifying tree species was good, however, the accuracy of classifying tree species within the USGS database was better. Only one forest size class, the small sawtimber class, was classified moderately well in the ODF vegetation database and neither of the forest structure classes were classified well. While both vegetation databases provide a good representation of forest species as well as non-forested areas, their usefulness for forest landscape planning and assessment is limited. The USGS vegetation database, with only one attribute associated with each pixel, evidently meets the goals of the developers of the map- to provide a reasonably accurate, broad-scale description of forest conditions. The ODF vegetation database, with four attributes associated with each pixel, provides more detailed information about the landscape, albeit at low accuracy levels in many cases. Title: Assessment of the accuracy of forested classifications within two broad-scale remotely-sensed vegetation databases in eastern Oregon Author: Langhoff, Cory A. An accuracy assessment of two broad-scale vegetation databases for eastern Oregon, both developed from satellite imagery, was performed to assess the usefulness of the databases for forest landscape planning and assessment efforts. The two databases were the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) vegetation database and the U.S. Geological Survey National Land Cover Database (USGS NLCD) vegetation database, both created from Landsat TM 25m satellite imagery. The ODF vegetation database contained four attributes: crown closure, forest size, forest species, and forest structure. The USGS vegetation database contained a single attribute: forest species. Due to reference data availability problems, the accuracy assessment could only be performed on USDA Forest Service lands, which, however, covered most of the forested landscape of eastern Oregon. Within the ODF vegetation database the accuracy of classifying tree species was good, however, the accuracy of classifying tree species within the USGS database was better. Only one forest size class, the small sawtimber class, was classified moderately well in the ODF vegetation database and neither of the forest structure classes were classified well. While both vegetation databases provide a good representation of forest species as well as non-forested areas, their usefulness for forest landscape planning and assessment is limited. The USGS vegetation database, with only one attribute associated with each pixel, evidently meets the goals of the developers of the map- to provide a reasonably accurate, broad-scale description of forest conditions. The ODF vegetation database, with four attributes associated with each pixel, provides more detailed information about the landscape, albeit at low accuracy levels in many cases. Close

• 1713. [Article] Effect of iron redistribution in soils on cesium magnetometer surveys at the Oregon State University research dairy

  Contamination events at Oak Creek, which runs through Oregon State University Research lands, prompted investigations into alternate transport mechanisms for moving liquid effluent from OSU Diary lands ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of iron redistribution in soils on cesium magnetometer surveys at the Oregon State University research dairy Author: Rogers, Michael Contamination events at Oak Creek, which runs through Oregon State University Research lands, prompted investigations into alternate transport mechanisms for moving liquid effluent from OSU Diary lands to Oak Creek. Magnetometer surveys conducted at the Diary identified magnetic signatures spatially associated with sub-surface locations of drain tiles, a 12-inch pipe, and other features. These pipes may provide alternate methods of transporting effluent to Oak Creek. Magnetometer surveys in support of the contamination study identified an interesting variability in the Earth's local magnetic field. Magnetic signatures spatially associated with drain tiles appear strong in the western portion of the site, but fade out in the eastern part of the site. The cause of this variability was investigated by examining soil iron distributions. The Field-scale soil iron distribution was determined using a colorimetric analysis of extractions obtained from soil core samples. This study shows larger concentrations of iron in the western portion of the site where the magnetic signal is strong and lower concentrations of iron where the magnetic signal is lower. Tile-scale iron distribution over the drain tiles and in control units were analyzed using the same colorimetric technique. This study identified a disturbance to the natural iron distribution over the tile in the western part of the site due to soil mixing in the back-filled tile trench resulting in a contrast in the magnetic data. In the eastern part of the site, where there is no magnetic signature associated with the tile, the iron distribution over the tile looks similar to the control unit results. Analysis of the soils determined that excavating during tile installation disturbed soil horizons, but the iron has redistributed itself to the pre-tile configuration effectively erasing the magnetic contrast that existed shortly after tile installation. This project has shown that iron redistribution can adversely affect the ability of magnetometer surveys to identify drain tiles. This project also demonstrates that soils must be looked at as dynamic systems rather than the more common static system approach when evaluating the success of magnetometer surveys. Applying a dynamic view of soils can help ground-based remote sensing surveyors avoid costly, unproductive surveys. Title: Effect of iron redistribution in soils on cesium magnetometer surveys at the Oregon State University research dairy Author: Rogers, Michael Contamination events at Oak Creek, which runs through Oregon State University Research lands, prompted investigations into alternate transport mechanisms for moving liquid effluent from OSU Diary lands to Oak Creek. Magnetometer surveys conducted at the Diary identified magnetic signatures spatially associated with sub-surface locations of drain tiles, a 12-inch pipe, and other features. These pipes may provide alternate methods of transporting effluent to Oak Creek. Magnetometer surveys in support of the contamination study identified an interesting variability in the Earth's local magnetic field. Magnetic signatures spatially associated with drain tiles appear strong in the western portion of the site, but fade out in the eastern part of the site. The cause of this variability was investigated by examining soil iron distributions. The Field-scale soil iron distribution was determined using a colorimetric analysis of extractions obtained from soil core samples. This study shows larger concentrations of iron in the western portion of the site where the magnetic signal is strong and lower concentrations of iron where the magnetic signal is lower. Tile-scale iron distribution over the drain tiles and in control units were analyzed using the same colorimetric technique. This study identified a disturbance to the natural iron distribution over the tile in the western part of the site due to soil mixing in the back-filled tile trench resulting in a contrast in the magnetic data. In the eastern part of the site, where there is no magnetic signature associated with the tile, the iron distribution over the tile looks similar to the control unit results. Analysis of the soils determined that excavating during tile installation disturbed soil horizons, but the iron has redistributed itself to the pre-tile configuration effectively erasing the magnetic contrast that existed shortly after tile installation. This project has shown that iron redistribution can adversely affect the ability of magnetometer surveys to identify drain tiles. This project also demonstrates that soils must be looked at as dynamic systems rather than the more common static system approach when evaluating the success of magnetometer surveys. Applying a dynamic view of soils can help ground-based remote sensing surveyors avoid costly, unproductive surveys. Close

• 1714. [Article] Shear stress transfer between roots and soil

  Mass wasting events are a principal form of erosion that occurs on steep forest land throughout the Pacific Northwest. Numerous studies have reported that tree roots help stabilize steep forest land. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shear stress transfer between roots and soil Author: Commandeur, P. R. Mass wasting events are a principal form of erosion that occurs on steep forest land throughout the Pacific Northwest. Numerous studies have reported that tree roots help stabilize steep forest land. A complete understanding of the mechanism by which roots strengthen soil would enable modeling to more closely approximate field conditions, and would provide an improved basis for formulating forest management guidelines directed at minimizing slope failure incidents. Laboratory investigations were conducted to determine the material properties of green Douglas-fir roots which include the modulus of elasticity and the shear stress transfer at the soil/root interface. Two distinct types of moduli of elasticity were observed for the roots sampled in the study: form modulus (average = 2.7 x 10⁴ psi) which occurs as a root straightens out, and material modulus (average = 7.3 X 10⁴ psi) which occurs once the wood fibers fully resist elongation. For the cohesionless, dry sand (uniform 30 grade) used in the pull-out tests, the average ultimate shear stress transfer between roots and soil was observed to increase from 0.73 psi to 1.79 psi as a function of increasing soil density and confining pressure. Apparent friction coefficient (f*) values were calculated and f* was shown to decrease with increasing confining pressure and to increase with increasing density. These findings are in agreement with those reported in the literature. Two mechanisms that may account for the high f* values are discussed. Reduced f* values (based on these two mechanisms) are demonstrated to approach the tangent of the angle of internal friction (ø'), which is the upper bound of the actual friction coefficient as reported in the literature. Preliminary results indicate an increase (from 13 to 34 %) in shear stress transfer for roots with rootlets left attached over that obtained for the same roots with rootlets removed. This is considered to be a conservative estimate of the shear stress at the soil/root interface for in situ conditions. A comparison of the findings in this study with values assumed in soil/root (fiber) system models, suggests that the coefficient of friction between roots and soil may be significantly greater than values used in the models. Title: Shear stress transfer between roots and soil Author: Commandeur, P. R. Mass wasting events are a principal form of erosion that occurs on steep forest land throughout the Pacific Northwest. Numerous studies have reported that tree roots help stabilize steep forest land. A complete understanding of the mechanism by which roots strengthen soil would enable modeling to more closely approximate field conditions, and would provide an improved basis for formulating forest management guidelines directed at minimizing slope failure incidents. Laboratory investigations were conducted to determine the material properties of green Douglas-fir roots which include the modulus of elasticity and the shear stress transfer at the soil/root interface. Two distinct types of moduli of elasticity were observed for the roots sampled in the study: form modulus (average = 2.7 x 10⁴ psi) which occurs as a root straightens out, and material modulus (average = 7.3 X 10⁴ psi) which occurs once the wood fibers fully resist elongation. For the cohesionless, dry sand (uniform 30 grade) used in the pull-out tests, the average ultimate shear stress transfer between roots and soil was observed to increase from 0.73 psi to 1.79 psi as a function of increasing soil density and confining pressure. Apparent friction coefficient (f*) values were calculated and f* was shown to decrease with increasing confining pressure and to increase with increasing density. These findings are in agreement with those reported in the literature. Two mechanisms that may account for the high f* values are discussed. Reduced f* values (based on these two mechanisms) are demonstrated to approach the tangent of the angle of internal friction (ø'), which is the upper bound of the actual friction coefficient as reported in the literature. Preliminary results indicate an increase (from 13 to 34 %) in shear stress transfer for roots with rootlets left attached over that obtained for the same roots with rootlets removed. This is considered to be a conservative estimate of the shear stress at the soil/root interface for in situ conditions. A comparison of the findings in this study with values assumed in soil/root (fiber) system models, suggests that the coefficient of friction between roots and soil may be significantly greater than values used in the models. Close

• 1715. [Article] Relationship between allometric variables and biomass in western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)

  A tenfold expansion of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp. occidentalis) into the sagebrush steppe has led to the degradation of the economic and ecological potential of these landscapes. Land ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationship between allometric variables and biomass in western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Author: Sabin, Breanna S. A tenfold expansion of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp. occidentalis) into the sagebrush steppe has led to the degradation of the economic and ecological potential of these landscapes. Land managers have enacted numerous methods to reduce distributions and densities of these trees. Assessment of above ground juniper biomass, expressed overall as well as in each of four fuel - size classes is useful information to land managers for several reasons. These include: enhance smoke management for prescribed burns, appraise feasibility of locating biomass cogeneration power plants, and extrapolating known nutrient and carbon concentrations contained within juniper to the landscape scale. Two sites were selected within Lake County, OR for this research. Allometric measurements including canopy area, canopy volume, age, height, basal diameter were taken from 129 trees and 56 of these were destructively sampled to obtain biomass of each tree; by size classes as well as over all. Regression statistics were utilized to find the correlation between allometric and biomass measurements. Of the allometric variables measured for this research, canopy volume, canopy area, and basal diameter were the strongest predictors of biomass found, with respective R2 values of 0.88, 0.87, 0.81. The proportion of biomass within each of the four size classes was: 34% for size class 1, 15% for size class 2, 23% for size class 3, and 28% for size class 4. Average biomass for these sites was 2,482 kg/ha for the Fort Rock site and 5,410 kg/ha for the Lakeview site. These models can be used to estimate biomass for co-generation plants, estimate nutrient pools and fuel loads, and predict changes in community biomass based on species or growth form groups. Title: Relationship between allometric variables and biomass in western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Author: Sabin, Breanna S. A tenfold expansion of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp. occidentalis) into the sagebrush steppe has led to the degradation of the economic and ecological potential of these landscapes. Land managers have enacted numerous methods to reduce distributions and densities of these trees. Assessment of above ground juniper biomass, expressed overall as well as in each of four fuel - size classes is useful information to land managers for several reasons. These include: enhance smoke management for prescribed burns, appraise feasibility of locating biomass cogeneration power plants, and extrapolating known nutrient and carbon concentrations contained within juniper to the landscape scale. Two sites were selected within Lake County, OR for this research. Allometric measurements including canopy area, canopy volume, age, height, basal diameter were taken from 129 trees and 56 of these were destructively sampled to obtain biomass of each tree; by size classes as well as over all. Regression statistics were utilized to find the correlation between allometric and biomass measurements. Of the allometric variables measured for this research, canopy volume, canopy area, and basal diameter were the strongest predictors of biomass found, with respective R2 values of 0.88, 0.87, 0.81. The proportion of biomass within each of the four size classes was: 34% for size class 1, 15% for size class 2, 23% for size class 3, and 28% for size class 4. Average biomass for these sites was 2,482 kg/ha for the Fort Rock site and 5,410 kg/ha for the Lakeview site. These models can be used to estimate biomass for co-generation plants, estimate nutrient pools and fuel loads, and predict changes in community biomass based on species or growth form groups. Close

• 1716. [Article] Ecological Forestry : A Critical Analysis

  Although science is widely accepted as a fundamental source of information underlying decisions about forest management and conservation, considerably less attention has been paid to the inevitable role ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological Forestry : A Critical Analysis Author: Batavia, Chelsea Although science is widely accepted as a fundamental source of information underlying decisions about forest management and conservation, considerably less attention has been paid to the inevitable role that normative values and beliefs play in such decisions. This thesis highlights the normative dimensions of "ecological forestry," a strategy of forest management that uses silviculture to mimic the effects of non-anthropogenic processes of disturbance and succession in order to meet multiple objectives on a single piece of land. Although its scientific foundations and silvicultural applications are relatively well developed in the literature, a conceptual analysis of ecological forestry reveals that it fails to coalesce into a discrete philosophy of forest management due to persistent metaphysical, normative, and ethical ambiguities, which allow for problematic philosophical and practical inconsistencies. Even once it has been tailored to a specific context, e.g. current proposals to use ecological forestry to manage the O&C lands in western Oregon, without clear answers to normative and ultimately ethical questions about objectives, values, and beliefs, ecological forestry might still be applied in variable and potentially incommensurable ways. An analysis of the arguments made about ecological forestry, both broadly theoretical and pertaining specifically to western Oregon, shows that empirical uncertainties and normative gaps need to be addressed before we can make a clear, well-reasoned decision about whether ecological forestry is a viable and appropriate strategy for forest management and conservation. Title: Ecological Forestry : A Critical Analysis Author: Batavia, Chelsea Although science is widely accepted as a fundamental source of information underlying decisions about forest management and conservation, considerably less attention has been paid to the inevitable role that normative values and beliefs play in such decisions. This thesis highlights the normative dimensions of "ecological forestry," a strategy of forest management that uses silviculture to mimic the effects of non-anthropogenic processes of disturbance and succession in order to meet multiple objectives on a single piece of land. Although its scientific foundations and silvicultural applications are relatively well developed in the literature, a conceptual analysis of ecological forestry reveals that it fails to coalesce into a discrete philosophy of forest management due to persistent metaphysical, normative, and ethical ambiguities, which allow for problematic philosophical and practical inconsistencies. Even once it has been tailored to a specific context, e.g. current proposals to use ecological forestry to manage the O&C lands in western Oregon, without clear answers to normative and ultimately ethical questions about objectives, values, and beliefs, ecological forestry might still be applied in variable and potentially incommensurable ways. An analysis of the arguments made about ecological forestry, both broadly theoretical and pertaining specifically to western Oregon, shows that empirical uncertainties and normative gaps need to be addressed before we can make a clear, well-reasoned decision about whether ecological forestry is a viable and appropriate strategy for forest management and conservation. Close

• 1717. [Article] A decision framework for the implementation of appropriate logging practices in developing countries : case study -- Ethiopia

  In many areas of the developing world, the continued overexploiting forest resources has the potential to have significant detrimental impacts be placed on sustainable forest management (SFM) can help ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A decision framework for the implementation of appropriate logging practices in developing countries : case study -- Ethiopia Author: Spong, Ben In many areas of the developing world, the continued overexploiting forest resources has the potential to have significant detrimental impacts be placed on sustainable forest management (SFM) can help communities and organizations responsibly manage and utilize the remaining forests over the long term. Ethiopia’s forest lands provide tangible benefits from wood fiber production, non-timber products, and intangibles products like soil and water resources. Current practices and uses must be adjusted in order to meet the basic needs of the people and land today and into the future. Timber harvesting operations have not been adequately documented and therefore movement towards SFM is is lagging. Data was collected to report the baseline information on timber harvesting in Ethiopia, including harvesting locations and organizations in both the natural forest of the southwestern regions and the plantation regions of the Rift Valley area. The overview establishes both the activities included in the harvesting process, but also the broader social, economic, and environmental context of the operations. This overview of harvesting was used to help develop a decision framework to support decision making in the area of harvesting improvements that can help lead to SFM. The decision framework utilizes participatory data collection and coding processes that establishes a ranking of activities that can then be implemented on the ground. The issues surrounding harvesting are funneled down into solution categories that cover areas such as planning, tools and equipment, research, social programs, extension and training, and political change. Implementation of this decision framework on forest sites in Ethiopia identified potential adjustments to current operations and illustrated some of the challenges and accomplishments of the different forest areas and different managing organizations. Title: A decision framework for the implementation of appropriate logging practices in developing countries : case study -- Ethiopia Author: Spong, Ben In many areas of the developing world, the continued overexploiting forest resources has the potential to have significant detrimental impacts be placed on sustainable forest management (SFM) can help communities and organizations responsibly manage and utilize the remaining forests over the long term. Ethiopia’s forest lands provide tangible benefits from wood fiber production, non-timber products, and intangibles products like soil and water resources. Current practices and uses must be adjusted in order to meet the basic needs of the people and land today and into the future. Timber harvesting operations have not been adequately documented and therefore movement towards SFM is is lagging. Data was collected to report the baseline information on timber harvesting in Ethiopia, including harvesting locations and organizations in both the natural forest of the southwestern regions and the plantation regions of the Rift Valley area. The overview establishes both the activities included in the harvesting process, but also the broader social, economic, and environmental context of the operations. This overview of harvesting was used to help develop a decision framework to support decision making in the area of harvesting improvements that can help lead to SFM. The decision framework utilizes participatory data collection and coding processes that establishes a ranking of activities that can then be implemented on the ground. The issues surrounding harvesting are funneled down into solution categories that cover areas such as planning, tools and equipment, research, social programs, extension and training, and political change. Implementation of this decision framework on forest sites in Ethiopia identified potential adjustments to current operations and illustrated some of the challenges and accomplishments of the different forest areas and different managing organizations. Close

• 1718. [Article] Tuna Price in Response to Changes of Market Structure and Ecosystem Conditions - Price Linkage Between Hawaii and Japanese Tuna Sashimi Markets

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tuna Price in Response to Changes of Market Structure and Ecosystem Conditions - Price Linkage Between Hawaii and Japanese Tuna Sashimi Markets Author: Sun, Chin-Hwa Jenny, Pan, Minling, Squires, Dale Abstract only. Title: Tuna Price in Response to Changes of Market Structure and Ecosystem Conditions - Price Linkage Between Hawaii and Japanese Tuna Sashimi Markets Author: Sun, Chin-Hwa Jenny, Pan, Minling, Squires, Dale Abstract only. Close

• 1719. [Article] Climate Change, ENSO Frequency and Intensity, and the Gulf of Mexico Headboat Fishery

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate Change, ENSO Frequency and Intensity, and the Gulf of Mexico Headboat Fishery Author: Carter, David, Letson, David Research Paper Title: Climate Change, ENSO Frequency and Intensity, and the Gulf of Mexico Headboat Fishery Author: Carter, David, Letson, David Research Paper Close

• 1720. [Article] Small versus Large-Scale Fishing Operations in the Azores Archipelago

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small versus Large-Scale Fishing Operations in the Azores Archipelago Author: Carvalho, Natacha Abstract only. Title: Small versus Large-Scale Fishing Operations in the Azores Archipelago Author: Carvalho, Natacha Abstract only. Close