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• 1691. [Article] Gas transport in firn: multiple-tracer characterisation and model intercomparison for NEEM, Northern Greenland

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union and can be found at: http://www.atmospheric-chemistry-and-physics.net/home.html. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gas transport in firn: multiple-tracer characterisation and model intercomparison for NEEM, Northern Greenland Author: Rosen, J. L., Laube, J. C., Kawamura, K., Jenk, T. M., Buizert, C., Levchenko, V. A., Dlugokencky, E. J., Sturges, W. T., Blunier, T., Hogan, C., Smith, A. M., Etheridge, D. M., Petrenko, V. V., Steele, L. P., Trudinger, C. M., Conway, T. J., Schwander, J., Rubino, M., Sowers, T., Orsi, A. J., Witrant, E., Levin, I., White, J. W. C., Severinghaus, J. P., Martinerie, P., Lang, P. M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union and can be found at: http://www.atmospheric-chemistry-and-physics.net/home.html. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Gas transport in firn: multiple-tracer characterisation and model intercomparison for NEEM, Northern Greenland Author: Rosen, J. L., Laube, J. C., Kawamura, K., Jenk, T. M., Buizert, C., Levchenko, V. A., Dlugokencky, E. J., Sturges, W. T., Blunier, T., Hogan, C., Smith, A. M., Etheridge, D. M., Petrenko, V. V., Steele, L. P., Trudinger, C. M., Conway, T. J., Schwander, J., Rubino, M., Sowers, T., Orsi, A. J., Witrant, E., Levin, I., White, J. W. C., Severinghaus, J. P., Martinerie, P., Lang, P. M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union and can be found at: http://www.atmospheric-chemistry-and-physics.net/home.html. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 1692. [Article] Regions to streams : spatial and temporal variation in stream occupancy patterns of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the Oregon coast

  Aquatic ecological investigation is expanding to encompass considerations of multiple scales across large landscapes. Much of the analysis included in this work focuses specifically on coho salmon (Oncorhynchus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regions to streams : spatial and temporal variation in stream occupancy patterns of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the Oregon coast Author: Flitcroft, Rebecca L. Aquatic ecological investigation is expanding to encompass considerations of multiple scales across large landscapes. Much of the analysis included in this work focuses specifically on coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in multiple subbasins on the Oregon coast. Coho salmon were chosen for an investigation of spatial scales, network connections, and life history stages due to their broad distribution on the Oregon coast, and abundant data describing their distribution, habitat needs, behavior, and survival. Chapter 2 introduces dynamic network topology (DNT) as a framework for analysis and interpretation of aquatic obligate species. DNT is based on the premise that in-stream habitats change in form and organization over time, and native aquatic species are adapted to those changes through movement and life history diversity. Chapter 3 analyzes juvenile coho salmon density and stream network occupancy at three spatial scales (site, patch, and subbasin). The site scale analysis indicated that combining network and traditional in-stream habitat metrics (i.e., substrate and habitat juxtaposition variables) are most effective at describing juvenile coho salmon density. Patch sizes of juvenile coho salmon were defined using variograms. Variogram shape indicated that a nested spatial structure may be present in larger subbasins, indicating overlapping patterns of juvenile stream use. At the subbasin scale, stream network occupancy by juvenile coho salmon was shown to vary over time within subbasins, and appeared to increase or decrease similarly to the size of the adult spawning run. In chapter 3, two-tier Bayesian hierarchical models were applied to adult (subbasin and basin scales) and juvenile (site and subbasin scales) coho salmon in an attempt to combine spatial scales that might be influential at each life history stage. The best fitting adult model included the percent of large trees in the riparian zone at the subbasin scale with mean annual precipitation at the basin scale. The best fitting juvenile model included three variables, percent sand, stream order, and network distance to spawning habitat which mirrors the result of modeling efforts in Chapter 3. Multiple spatial scales and the framework of a stream network were informative at detecting patterns and interactions among scales and life history stages of coho salmon. Title: Regions to streams : spatial and temporal variation in stream occupancy patterns of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the Oregon coast Author: Flitcroft, Rebecca L. Aquatic ecological investigation is expanding to encompass considerations of multiple scales across large landscapes. Much of the analysis included in this work focuses specifically on coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in multiple subbasins on the Oregon coast. Coho salmon were chosen for an investigation of spatial scales, network connections, and life history stages due to their broad distribution on the Oregon coast, and abundant data describing their distribution, habitat needs, behavior, and survival. Chapter 2 introduces dynamic network topology (DNT) as a framework for analysis and interpretation of aquatic obligate species. DNT is based on the premise that in-stream habitats change in form and organization over time, and native aquatic species are adapted to those changes through movement and life history diversity. Chapter 3 analyzes juvenile coho salmon density and stream network occupancy at three spatial scales (site, patch, and subbasin). The site scale analysis indicated that combining network and traditional in-stream habitat metrics (i.e., substrate and habitat juxtaposition variables) are most effective at describing juvenile coho salmon density. Patch sizes of juvenile coho salmon were defined using variograms. Variogram shape indicated that a nested spatial structure may be present in larger subbasins, indicating overlapping patterns of juvenile stream use. At the subbasin scale, stream network occupancy by juvenile coho salmon was shown to vary over time within subbasins, and appeared to increase or decrease similarly to the size of the adult spawning run. In chapter 3, two-tier Bayesian hierarchical models were applied to adult (subbasin and basin scales) and juvenile (site and subbasin scales) coho salmon in an attempt to combine spatial scales that might be influential at each life history stage. The best fitting adult model included the percent of large trees in the riparian zone at the subbasin scale with mean annual precipitation at the basin scale. The best fitting juvenile model included three variables, percent sand, stream order, and network distance to spawning habitat which mirrors the result of modeling efforts in Chapter 3. Multiple spatial scales and the framework of a stream network were informative at detecting patterns and interactions among scales and life history stages of coho salmon. Close

• 1693. [Article] Life Histories, Demography, and Distribution of a Fluvial Bull Trout Population

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life Histories, Demography, and Distribution of a Fluvial Bull Trout Population Author: Sankovich, Paul M., Hemmingsen, Alan R., Buchanan, David V., Colvin, Michael E., Howell, Philip J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current Title: Life Histories, Demography, and Distribution of a Fluvial Bull Trout Population Author: Sankovich, Paul M., Hemmingsen, Alan R., Buchanan, David V., Colvin, Michael E., Howell, Philip J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current Close

• 1694. [Article] "Pretty and patriotic" : women's consumption of apparel during World War II

  The War Production Board issued limitation order 85 in April 1942 in order to conserve fabric and manpower needed for the war effort. The L-85 order froze the silhouette so no major style changes in women's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Pretty and patriotic" : women's consumption of apparel during World War II Author: Mower, Jennifer M. The War Production Board issued limitation order 85 in April 1942 in order to conserve fabric and manpower needed for the war effort. The L-85 order froze the silhouette so no major style changes in women's wear would occur during the war. It is clear that on the one hand the United States government hoped to curb, at least temporarily, the purchase of apparel and other goods to help support the war effort by restricting those materials needed for the war; on the other hand, the apparel industry was one of the leading consumer industries in the United States and putting it on hold was not only impractical but could potentially be harmful to the domestic economy. The United States apparel industry even marketed goods as patriotic to stimulate, not curb, consumer spending. This creates something of a dilemma. What we do not know is how consumers of women's apparel felt about the regulated apparel styles. The purpose of this research is to examine how female consumers of women's apparel were influenced by the federal regulations of women's apparel and adornment during World War II. To learn how wartime affected women's purchase and use of apparel styles, patterns, and fabric, I asked thirty women who were at least 13 years old in 1941 about their purchase of these items and to discuss their feelings about the government regulation of dress and adornment under the limitation orders. Extant wartime garments were also examined to evaluate their adherence to the order. This sample of thirty women were not explicitly aware of the federal limitation orders on apparel. However, some remembered that wartime apparel styles were shorter and plainer than pre-war styles, and that there was a drastic change in styles after the war. Like many women during this time, many respondents made or their mothers made many of their clothes, and apparel purchases were generally fewer in number and often memorable. Memorable purchases related to changes in the body due to a pregnancy, a special occasion like a wedding, a dance or Easter, purchased for a new job, made while traveling or purchased with wages earned during a summer job. As indicated during their interviews, their purchase and use of apparel appeared to be more influenced by the pre-war economy, their age, their or their parents income, and whether they worked, went to school, raised children or a combination of these factors. This study makes it clear that not all consumers were aware of the L-85 orders, and as illustrated by the extant garments examined for this study, the orders weren't that limiting. Extant garments had style details like raglan and leg-of-mutton sleeves, allover pleats, pin tucks, wide pant legs, French cuffs, wide sweeps to name a few of the details that either stretched the limits of the L-85 order or outright violated it. Title: "Pretty and patriotic" : women's consumption of apparel during World War II Author: Mower, Jennifer M. The War Production Board issued limitation order 85 in April 1942 in order to conserve fabric and manpower needed for the war effort. The L-85 order froze the silhouette so no major style changes in women's wear would occur during the war. It is clear that on the one hand the United States government hoped to curb, at least temporarily, the purchase of apparel and other goods to help support the war effort by restricting those materials needed for the war; on the other hand, the apparel industry was one of the leading consumer industries in the United States and putting it on hold was not only impractical but could potentially be harmful to the domestic economy. The United States apparel industry even marketed goods as patriotic to stimulate, not curb, consumer spending. This creates something of a dilemma. What we do not know is how consumers of women's apparel felt about the regulated apparel styles. The purpose of this research is to examine how female consumers of women's apparel were influenced by the federal regulations of women's apparel and adornment during World War II. To learn how wartime affected women's purchase and use of apparel styles, patterns, and fabric, I asked thirty women who were at least 13 years old in 1941 about their purchase of these items and to discuss their feelings about the government regulation of dress and adornment under the limitation orders. Extant wartime garments were also examined to evaluate their adherence to the order. This sample of thirty women were not explicitly aware of the federal limitation orders on apparel. However, some remembered that wartime apparel styles were shorter and plainer than pre-war styles, and that there was a drastic change in styles after the war. Like many women during this time, many respondents made or their mothers made many of their clothes, and apparel purchases were generally fewer in number and often memorable. Memorable purchases related to changes in the body due to a pregnancy, a special occasion like a wedding, a dance or Easter, purchased for a new job, made while traveling or purchased with wages earned during a summer job. As indicated during their interviews, their purchase and use of apparel appeared to be more influenced by the pre-war economy, their age, their or their parents income, and whether they worked, went to school, raised children or a combination of these factors. This study makes it clear that not all consumers were aware of the L-85 orders, and as illustrated by the extant garments examined for this study, the orders weren't that limiting. Extant garments had style details like raglan and leg-of-mutton sleeves, allover pleats, pin tucks, wide pant legs, French cuffs, wide sweeps to name a few of the details that either stretched the limits of the L-85 order or outright violated it. Close

• 1695. [Article] Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment

  Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment Author: Tuitele-Lewis, Jeannette D. Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically dependent on U.S monies and other external resources during the past century. Dependency has caused a shift in the carrying capacity of the islands and has changed cultural attitudes regarding land use. This attitude is expressed on the landscape of changing agricultural and communal lands. Preserving traditional agroforestry practices and improving these systems may be important factors contributing to the future ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability of the territory. The goal of this study was to document and describe agroforestry farming in American Samoa in order to provide base-line information regarding the utilization of agroforestry species, agroforestry farming incentives and constraints, and current practices and systems. Thirty-eight farmers were randomly selected and farmer interviews and field surveys were conducted between the months of May-August 2003. Formal survey questions for the interview were divided into five major sections: woody species usage, livestock, inputs and soil, land tenure, and farmer demographics. Site selection corresponded with the participant farmers. Basic topographical information was collected for each site. Agroforestry practices mentioned during the interview process that were observed on site were documented. Each agroforestry site was placed into an initial classification type based on a visual assessment of plot size, species diversity, and vertical vegetative structure. Subplot data regarding species composition and vertical canopy structure was measured for each site. Data collection was divided into five vertical layers primarily by height: 1) low crop (<1.5m), 2) shrub/sapling (1.5-4m), 3) small tree (4-l0m), 4) large tree (10+m) and 5) climbing vines. For each subplot all ethnobotanically useful plant species were identified. Percent cover of useful species in each stratum layer was estimated and assigned one of seven percent cover classes. Subplot cover classes were averaged to obtain a single site estimate for each species in each stratum. Results from the farmer interviews suggest that agroforestry systems continue to be an important cultural and product resource in American Samoa. Although there is no longer the same level of dependency on these systems for meeting basic needs, agroforestry products continue to supplement household diets and are utilized for a variety of non-timber forest products and ecological services. Several agroforestry practices were observed among the farms in the study. However, the effectiveness of some of the practices including windbreaks, fallow, and erosion control was not optimal. This indicated that farmers could greatly benefit from institutionalized agroforestry practices such as appropriate spacing for wind filtration, improved fallow, and contour farming. Incentives and constraints for practicing agroforestry farming were identified. Some incentives included product variety, tradition, and a growing need for land-use efficiency. Identified constraints included time investment for production and poor labor resources, decreased profit when compared to mono-cultural farming, and the lack of planning prior to agroforestry implementation. The communal land tenure system acted as both an incentive and a disincentive for practicing agroforestry. The initial classification of agroforestry systems included home tree gardens, mixed crop plantations, transitional systems, and open canopy with dispersed tree systems. Agroforestry systems existed along an ecological complexity continuum, where complexity was measured by species diversity and vertical structure. A quantitative assessment of species composition and structure was used as a more objective approach to classifying local agroforestry systems. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate sites along a gradient based on species composition and structure. Several environmental and socio-economic variables were investigated to determine whether any of them demonstrated relationships with vegetative patterns. Species diversity, average number of canopy stratum layers, and elevation were three variables correlated with vegetative patterns. Sites that had high species diversity and were multi-structured were placed at the upper end of the gradient, while sites that had lower diversity with simple structure were generally placed at the lower end of the gradient. This supported the ecological complexity continuum. Less complex sites were associated with high elevations indicating that systems on the heavily populated lowland regions were more species rich and structurally diverse. The classification based on the cluster analysis indicated that distinct groups did not exist, as there was significant overlap. In general, groups derived from the cluster analysis were similar to those based on the visual assessment. One difference was that in the cluster analysis taro and gatae (Erythrina spp.) dominated sites emerged as a separate group. In addition, the cluster analysis was able to distinguish several subgroups within the mixed crop plantation type. No single socio-economic variable was correlated with vegetative patterns. This suggests that socio-economic variables do not determine vegetation in agroforestry systems and that human preference may be more of a driving factor than initially expected. It is likely that the availability of external resources allows for the selection of species within agroforestry systems to be based on choice rather than need. This trend is likely to increase as people become less dependent upon agroforestry systems to supplement needs. Traditional and institutionalized agroforestry systems have the potential to contribute to increasing self-sufficiency among American Samoan households. Because the importance of these systems is often not realized, the active promotion and education of agroforestry practices is essential. The classification of agroforestry systems provides an organizational framework for future research to build upon. The concept of the ecological complexity continuum where agroforestry systems fall along major points may be useful for answering socio-economic and ecological questions related to local agroforestry production. Title: Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment Author: Tuitele-Lewis, Jeannette D. Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically dependent on U.S monies and other external resources during the past century. Dependency has caused a shift in the carrying capacity of the islands and has changed cultural attitudes regarding land use. This attitude is expressed on the landscape of changing agricultural and communal lands. Preserving traditional agroforestry practices and improving these systems may be important factors contributing to the future ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability of the territory. The goal of this study was to document and describe agroforestry farming in American Samoa in order to provide base-line information regarding the utilization of agroforestry species, agroforestry farming incentives and constraints, and current practices and systems. Thirty-eight farmers were randomly selected and farmer interviews and field surveys were conducted between the months of May-August 2003. Formal survey questions for the interview were divided into five major sections: woody species usage, livestock, inputs and soil, land tenure, and farmer demographics. Site selection corresponded with the participant farmers. Basic topographical information was collected for each site. Agroforestry practices mentioned during the interview process that were observed on site were documented. Each agroforestry site was placed into an initial classification type based on a visual assessment of plot size, species diversity, and vertical vegetative structure. Subplot data regarding species composition and vertical canopy structure was measured for each site. Data collection was divided into five vertical layers primarily by height: 1) low crop (<1.5m), 2) shrub/sapling (1.5-4m), 3) small tree (4-l0m), 4) large tree (10+m) and 5) climbing vines. For each subplot all ethnobotanically useful plant species were identified. Percent cover of useful species in each stratum layer was estimated and assigned one of seven percent cover classes. Subplot cover classes were averaged to obtain a single site estimate for each species in each stratum. Results from the farmer interviews suggest that agroforestry systems continue to be an important cultural and product resource in American Samoa. Although there is no longer the same level of dependency on these systems for meeting basic needs, agroforestry products continue to supplement household diets and are utilized for a variety of non-timber forest products and ecological services. Several agroforestry practices were observed among the farms in the study. However, the effectiveness of some of the practices including windbreaks, fallow, and erosion control was not optimal. This indicated that farmers could greatly benefit from institutionalized agroforestry practices such as appropriate spacing for wind filtration, improved fallow, and contour farming. Incentives and constraints for practicing agroforestry farming were identified. Some incentives included product variety, tradition, and a growing need for land-use efficiency. Identified constraints included time investment for production and poor labor resources, decreased profit when compared to mono-cultural farming, and the lack of planning prior to agroforestry implementation. The communal land tenure system acted as both an incentive and a disincentive for practicing agroforestry. The initial classification of agroforestry systems included home tree gardens, mixed crop plantations, transitional systems, and open canopy with dispersed tree systems. Agroforestry systems existed along an ecological complexity continuum, where complexity was measured by species diversity and vertical structure. A quantitative assessment of species composition and structure was used as a more objective approach to classifying local agroforestry systems. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate sites along a gradient based on species composition and structure. Several environmental and socio-economic variables were investigated to determine whether any of them demonstrated relationships with vegetative patterns. Species diversity, average number of canopy stratum layers, and elevation were three variables correlated with vegetative patterns. Sites that had high species diversity and were multi-structured were placed at the upper end of the gradient, while sites that had lower diversity with simple structure were generally placed at the lower end of the gradient. This supported the ecological complexity continuum. Less complex sites were associated with high elevations indicating that systems on the heavily populated lowland regions were more species rich and structurally diverse. The classification based on the cluster analysis indicated that distinct groups did not exist, as there was significant overlap. In general, groups derived from the cluster analysis were similar to those based on the visual assessment. One difference was that in the cluster analysis taro and gatae (Erythrina spp.) dominated sites emerged as a separate group. In addition, the cluster analysis was able to distinguish several subgroups within the mixed crop plantation type. No single socio-economic variable was correlated with vegetative patterns. This suggests that socio-economic variables do not determine vegetation in agroforestry systems and that human preference may be more of a driving factor than initially expected. It is likely that the availability of external resources allows for the selection of species within agroforestry systems to be based on choice rather than need. This trend is likely to increase as people become less dependent upon agroforestry systems to supplement needs. Traditional and institutionalized agroforestry systems have the potential to contribute to increasing self-sufficiency among American Samoan households. Because the importance of these systems is often not realized, the active promotion and education of agroforestry practices is essential. The classification of agroforestry systems provides an organizational framework for future research to build upon. The concept of the ecological complexity continuum where agroforestry systems fall along major points may be useful for answering socio-economic and ecological questions related to local agroforestry production. Close

• 1696. [Article] Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon

  This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon Author: Minear, Paula J. This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, and explored the processes driving change in this system and the implications for aquatic habitat. The hydrologic record was analyzed, and field surveys were conducted and compared to historical habitat surveys. Riparian characteristics and channel features were digitized from aerial photographs from 1945/49 and 1986 and imported into Arcinfo GIS for analysis. Types of data digitized from the aerial photos included locations and length or area of wetted channel, active channel, tributaries, side channels, large woody debris, exposed gravel bars, roads, and dominant vegetation or land use within 200 m of the active channel. Construction of dams on the mainstem Mckenzie River and two major tributaries, Blue River and South Fork, in the 1960s has altered the flow regime and sediment supply to the mainstem Mckenzie, decreasing the frequency, mean and variation of peak flows, reducing the competence of flows to move existing bedload, and cutting off sediment from over half of the drainage area. Mean peak flows decreased 44% and competence of peak flows with a 2-yr recurrence interval declined approximately 29% after dams were constructed upriver. Adjustments to reduced sediment supply and flow alteration by dams in this system included 57% decrease in exposed gravel bars, 40% decrease in side channel length, and possible substrate coarsening (as compared to historical estimates). Channel straightening occurred in each of three instances of channel change during the study period, and sinuosity decreased one half of the amount needed to produce a straight channel in the most susceptible, unconstrained reach. Human actions prior to high flow events played a role in the direction of channel change in each case. Over the entire study area, 7% of the main channel changed position by 30 m or more and little or no change in channel position was noted in reaches constrained by valley floors. Additional channel constraint has been produced by road construction near the channel and riprapping for roads, bridges, and residences. Less large woody debris was observed in the 1986 channel than in the 1949 channel, indicating a reduction in pool-forming agents and channel roughness elements. Frequency of large pools ([greater than or equal to] 2 m depth and >40 m² area) decreased 19% over the study area. The greatest loss in pools (73%) was noted in the unconstrained reach that exhibited two areas of channel change and an increase in exposed gravel bars. Increased human use of the riparian area for roads and residential purposes has led to an increased fragmentation of the riparian landscape. Density of residential or developed patches within the riparian area has increased 215% as more and smaller areas are converted from natural vegetation to human use. Riparian area devoted to roads and residential uses has nearly doubled since the 1940s. Mean vegetation or land-use patch size has decreased from 2.2 ha to 1.6 ha as larger patches have been sub-divided, and patch and edge densities have increased. Agriculture and clearcuts for timber removal have decreased within the riparian area while continuing upslope. Riparian area in mature conifers has decreased 44% from levels in the 1940s while hardwoods have increased 45% in the riparian area. Future wood loading to the channel is reduced by a decline in mature riparian vegetation, especially mature conifers. Channel and riparian changes noted in this study have implications for fish populations. Channel straightening, reduction in side channels, and loss of pool-forming agents reduce habitat heterogeneity and off-channel refugia. Ecosystem management of watersheds requires evaluation of conditions across scales of time and space. The use of GIS in this study made it possible to detect changes in channel form and riparian conditions during four decades, along a 70-m channel and 90-m riparian area and to analyze the large data sets relevant to understanding functions and change in channels and riparian areas. Title: Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon Author: Minear, Paula J. This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, and explored the processes driving change in this system and the implications for aquatic habitat. The hydrologic record was analyzed, and field surveys were conducted and compared to historical habitat surveys. Riparian characteristics and channel features were digitized from aerial photographs from 1945/49 and 1986 and imported into Arcinfo GIS for analysis. Types of data digitized from the aerial photos included locations and length or area of wetted channel, active channel, tributaries, side channels, large woody debris, exposed gravel bars, roads, and dominant vegetation or land use within 200 m of the active channel. Construction of dams on the mainstem Mckenzie River and two major tributaries, Blue River and South Fork, in the 1960s has altered the flow regime and sediment supply to the mainstem Mckenzie, decreasing the frequency, mean and variation of peak flows, reducing the competence of flows to move existing bedload, and cutting off sediment from over half of the drainage area. Mean peak flows decreased 44% and competence of peak flows with a 2-yr recurrence interval declined approximately 29% after dams were constructed upriver. Adjustments to reduced sediment supply and flow alteration by dams in this system included 57% decrease in exposed gravel bars, 40% decrease in side channel length, and possible substrate coarsening (as compared to historical estimates). Channel straightening occurred in each of three instances of channel change during the study period, and sinuosity decreased one half of the amount needed to produce a straight channel in the most susceptible, unconstrained reach. Human actions prior to high flow events played a role in the direction of channel change in each case. Over the entire study area, 7% of the main channel changed position by 30 m or more and little or no change in channel position was noted in reaches constrained by valley floors. Additional channel constraint has been produced by road construction near the channel and riprapping for roads, bridges, and residences. Less large woody debris was observed in the 1986 channel than in the 1949 channel, indicating a reduction in pool-forming agents and channel roughness elements. Frequency of large pools ([greater than or equal to] 2 m depth and >40 m² area) decreased 19% over the study area. The greatest loss in pools (73%) was noted in the unconstrained reach that exhibited two areas of channel change and an increase in exposed gravel bars. Increased human use of the riparian area for roads and residential purposes has led to an increased fragmentation of the riparian landscape. Density of residential or developed patches within the riparian area has increased 215% as more and smaller areas are converted from natural vegetation to human use. Riparian area devoted to roads and residential uses has nearly doubled since the 1940s. Mean vegetation or land-use patch size has decreased from 2.2 ha to 1.6 ha as larger patches have been sub-divided, and patch and edge densities have increased. Agriculture and clearcuts for timber removal have decreased within the riparian area while continuing upslope. Riparian area in mature conifers has decreased 44% from levels in the 1940s while hardwoods have increased 45% in the riparian area. Future wood loading to the channel is reduced by a decline in mature riparian vegetation, especially mature conifers. Channel and riparian changes noted in this study have implications for fish populations. Channel straightening, reduction in side channels, and loss of pool-forming agents reduce habitat heterogeneity and off-channel refugia. Ecosystem management of watersheds requires evaluation of conditions across scales of time and space. The use of GIS in this study made it possible to detect changes in channel form and riparian conditions during four decades, along a 70-m channel and 90-m riparian area and to analyze the large data sets relevant to understanding functions and change in channels and riparian areas. Close

• 1697. [Article] A Burning Problem: Social Dynamics of Disaster Risk Reduction through Wildfire Mitigation

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Burning Problem: Social Dynamics of Disaster Risk Reduction through Wildfire Mitigation Author: Ager, Alan A., Spies, Thomas A., Charnley, Susan, Platt, Emily K., Olsen, Keith A., Poe, Melissa R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Society for Applied Anthropology and can be found at: https://www.sfaa.net/ Title: A Burning Problem: Social Dynamics of Disaster Risk Reduction through Wildfire Mitigation Author: Ager, Alan A., Spies, Thomas A., Charnley, Susan, Platt, Emily K., Olsen, Keith A., Poe, Melissa R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Society for Applied Anthropology and can be found at: https://www.sfaa.net/ Close

• 1698. [Article] Nonlinear Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System for Shellfish in Rhode Island: A Market Study

  The opening and closing of the shellfish harvest area inevitably influences the market, particularly the exvessel prices that harvesters receive. Without a better understanding of shellfish market and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nonlinear Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System for Shellfish in Rhode Island: A Market Study Author: Uchida, Hiro, Sudhakaran, Pratheesh O. The opening and closing of the shellfish harvest area inevitably influences the market, particularly the exvessel prices that harvesters receive. Without a better understanding of shellfish market and its behaviors, it is impractical to determine the impact of management policies on the market as well as the fishery resources. Using Rhode Island data, this study aims to understand and quantify the market interactions of wild harvested shellfish products in Rhode Island. Specifically, we estimated how sensitive are the exvessel prices of shellfish products (three market categories for quahog, scallop, and whelk) with respect to the quantity landed, both of its own and other products. The data were obtained from Statistical Atlantic Fisheries Information System (SAFIS) and analyzed using Nonlinear Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System (NL-IAIDS) to estimate the price sensitivity of shellfish. We found that exvessel prices were inflexible to the variation in quantity landed, however the magnitude of sensitivity varied across products: most sensitive was necks and least sensitive was cherrystone. The study also found that shellfish products included in this study were all substitutes to each other which have a policy implication. The substitutive relationship between the shellfish species would help fishermen to maintain their profit by switching to catch other species/products if catch of one of the species/products is predominant. However, the magnitude of the relation varies with products. Our result showed that the relationship was stronger between necks and cherrystone quahog and least affected between cherrystone and scallops. Title: Nonlinear Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System for Shellfish in Rhode Island: A Market Study Author: Uchida, Hiro, Sudhakaran, Pratheesh O. The opening and closing of the shellfish harvest area inevitably influences the market, particularly the exvessel prices that harvesters receive. Without a better understanding of shellfish market and its behaviors, it is impractical to determine the impact of management policies on the market as well as the fishery resources. Using Rhode Island data, this study aims to understand and quantify the market interactions of wild harvested shellfish products in Rhode Island. Specifically, we estimated how sensitive are the exvessel prices of shellfish products (three market categories for quahog, scallop, and whelk) with respect to the quantity landed, both of its own and other products. The data were obtained from Statistical Atlantic Fisheries Information System (SAFIS) and analyzed using Nonlinear Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System (NL-IAIDS) to estimate the price sensitivity of shellfish. We found that exvessel prices were inflexible to the variation in quantity landed, however the magnitude of sensitivity varied across products: most sensitive was necks and least sensitive was cherrystone. The study also found that shellfish products included in this study were all substitutes to each other which have a policy implication. The substitutive relationship between the shellfish species would help fishermen to maintain their profit by switching to catch other species/products if catch of one of the species/products is predominant. However, the magnitude of the relation varies with products. Our result showed that the relationship was stronger between necks and cherrystone quahog and least affected between cherrystone and scallops. Close

• 1699. [Article] Management of non-industrial private forest lands : survey results from western Oregon and Washington owners

  Oregon State University researchers conducted a survey in 1994 of non-industrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in western Oregon and western Washington. Private forests provide valuable ecological services, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Management of non-industrial private forest lands : survey results from western Oregon and Washington owners Author: Rickenbach, Mark G., 1968-, Moulton, Robert J. (Robert James), Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Kline, J. D., Alig, Ralph J., Johnson, Rebecca L., 1955- Oregon State University researchers conducted a survey in 1994 of non-industrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in western Oregon and western Washington. Private forests provide valuable ecological services, such as fish and wildlife habitat, and are also partially filling the gap created by recent reductions in federal timber harvest in the region. The purpose of the study was to assess demographic characteristics, timber management practices, harvest decisions, attitudes toward government regulation, and the use of government assistance by NIPF landowners in western Oregon and western Washington. NIPF owners are a very heterogenous class with diverse objectives, ranging from timber production to the enjoyment of owning "green space". Most of the owners surveyed had harvested timber from their land and had used a variety of methods, including clearcuts (28%) and thinnings and other partial cuts (60%). A majority (68%) said they would alter the amount and timing of their harvest if it were necessary to maintain a healthy ecosystem. However, most owners would not be willing to give up their right to harvest timber altogether, even if offered a tax incentive. Many of the results differed between owners of large acreages and owners of small acreages. Title: Management of non-industrial private forest lands : survey results from western Oregon and Washington owners Author: Rickenbach, Mark G., 1968-, Moulton, Robert J. (Robert James), Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Kline, J. D., Alig, Ralph J., Johnson, Rebecca L., 1955- Oregon State University researchers conducted a survey in 1994 of non-industrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in western Oregon and western Washington. Private forests provide valuable ecological services, such as fish and wildlife habitat, and are also partially filling the gap created by recent reductions in federal timber harvest in the region. The purpose of the study was to assess demographic characteristics, timber management practices, harvest decisions, attitudes toward government regulation, and the use of government assistance by NIPF landowners in western Oregon and western Washington. NIPF owners are a very heterogenous class with diverse objectives, ranging from timber production to the enjoyment of owning "green space". Most of the owners surveyed had harvested timber from their land and had used a variety of methods, including clearcuts (28%) and thinnings and other partial cuts (60%). A majority (68%) said they would alter the amount and timing of their harvest if it were necessary to maintain a healthy ecosystem. However, most owners would not be willing to give up their right to harvest timber altogether, even if offered a tax incentive. Many of the results differed between owners of large acreages and owners of small acreages. Close

• 1700. [Article] Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.)

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http:...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.) Author: Conroy, Michael J., Shea, Colin P., Wisniewski, Jason M., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Title: Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.) Author: Conroy, Michael J., Shea, Colin P., Wisniewski, Jason M., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Close