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• 1641. [Article] History and analysis of the creation research society

  The resurgence of creationism the past few years has been led by advocates of recent-creationism. These individuals, a minority among creationists in general, argue that the entire universe was created ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: History and analysis of the creation research society Author: Elliott, William E. The resurgence of creationism the past few years has been led by advocates of recent-creationism. These individuals, a minority among creationists in general, argue that the entire universe was created approximately 10,000 years ago in one six-day period of time. Recent-creationists support their position by appealing to the Genesis account of creation and scientific data. Their interpretation of Genesis is based on the doctrines of conservative, evangelical Christianity. Their interpretation of scientific data is informed by their theological presuppositions. The scientific side of recent-creationism is supported by several organizations, most of which had their origin in one group, the Creation Research Society. The CRS is a major factor in the rise of the modern creationist movement. Founded in 1963, this small (c. 2000 members) group claims to be a bona-fide scientific society engaged in valid scientific research conducted from a recent-creationist perspective. These claims are analyzed and evaluated. The Society's history is discussed, including antecedent creationist groups. Most of the group's founders were members of the American Scientific Affiliation, and their rejection of changes within the ASA was a significant motivating factor in founding the CRS. The organization, functioning, and finances of the Society are detailed with special emphasis on the group's struggles for independence and credibility. founding the CRS. The organization, functioning, and finances of the Society are detailed with special emphasis on the group's struggles for independence and credibility. The Creation Research Society's journal, the Creation Research Society Quarterly, is analyzed with special emphasis on how its writers support recent-creationism from scientific data. The Society also publishes a number of creationist books, and these are discussed. Special attention was given to the group's most ambitious project, a high school biology textbook designed for use in public schools. Research efforts of the CRS are evaluated to determine if the Society does "do science." Some of their work has scientific value, but a significant portion of it is trivial in nature. In some cases the CRS does do science in that they seek to test hypotheses from an honest evaluation of observational evidence. However, they operate independent of the traditional scientific community which ignores their efforts. Title: History and analysis of the creation research society Author: Elliott, William E. The resurgence of creationism the past few years has been led by advocates of recent-creationism. These individuals, a minority among creationists in general, argue that the entire universe was created approximately 10,000 years ago in one six-day period of time. Recent-creationists support their position by appealing to the Genesis account of creation and scientific data. Their interpretation of Genesis is based on the doctrines of conservative, evangelical Christianity. Their interpretation of scientific data is informed by their theological presuppositions. The scientific side of recent-creationism is supported by several organizations, most of which had their origin in one group, the Creation Research Society. The CRS is a major factor in the rise of the modern creationist movement. Founded in 1963, this small (c. 2000 members) group claims to be a bona-fide scientific society engaged in valid scientific research conducted from a recent-creationist perspective. These claims are analyzed and evaluated. The Society's history is discussed, including antecedent creationist groups. Most of the group's founders were members of the American Scientific Affiliation, and their rejection of changes within the ASA was a significant motivating factor in founding the CRS. The organization, functioning, and finances of the Society are detailed with special emphasis on the group's struggles for independence and credibility. founding the CRS. The organization, functioning, and finances of the Society are detailed with special emphasis on the group's struggles for independence and credibility. The Creation Research Society's journal, the Creation Research Society Quarterly, is analyzed with special emphasis on how its writers support recent-creationism from scientific data. The Society also publishes a number of creationist books, and these are discussed. Special attention was given to the group's most ambitious project, a high school biology textbook designed for use in public schools. Research efforts of the CRS are evaluated to determine if the Society does "do science." Some of their work has scientific value, but a significant portion of it is trivial in nature. In some cases the CRS does do science in that they seek to test hypotheses from an honest evaluation of observational evidence. However, they operate independent of the traditional scientific community which ignores their efforts. Close

• 1642. [Article] Pulmonary function of male cigarette smokers compared with lifetime noncigarette smokers

  The pulmonary function scores of 250 male cigarette smokers were compared with 406 lifetime nonsmokers. A Stead-Wells spirometer was used to obtain forced vital capacity, forced expiratory flow, forced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pulmonary function of male cigarette smokers compared with lifetime noncigarette smokers Author: Barr, Robert Douglas The pulmonary function scores of 250 male cigarette smokers were compared with 406 lifetime nonsmokers. A Stead-Wells spirometer was used to obtain forced vital capacity, forced expiratory flow, forced mid-expiratory flow, and forced expiratory volume. All individuals included in the sample were between. the ages of 20 and 49 years. Predictive regression equations were formulated for lifetime nonsmokers, light smokers, moderate smokers, heavy smokers, and for the combined group of smokers. The difference in physical characteristics between the lifetime nonsmokers and the smokers appeared slight, The primary difference between the lifetime nonsmokers and the smokers was the presence or absence cf a smoking history. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of smoking history upon pulmonary functioning. The following conclusions were found: I. Male cigarette smokers have a significantly reduced pulmonary function when compared to lifetime nonsmokers. II. Heavy cigarette smokers have a significantly reduced pulmonary function when compared light smokers. III. Little difference is noted between pulmonary function of light smokers and moderate smokers. IV. Little difference is noted between pulmonary function of moderate smokers and heavy smokers. V. Smoking history correlates more highly with pulmonary function than does height. VI. Age correlates more highly with pulmonary function than does height, VII. Regression equations can be formulated to predict the pulmonary function of lifetime nonsmokers and the various classifications of smokers IX. Forced expiratory volume for one second correlates most highly with pack-years, X. The more a given individual smokes the more he inhales and the more deeply, XI. Pulmonary function standards for lifetime nonsmokers and smokers can be formulated from which an individual's pulmonary function score can be compared. XII. Cigarette smoking has been found to be a major contribution to reduced pulmonary function. Title: Pulmonary function of male cigarette smokers compared with lifetime noncigarette smokers Author: Barr, Robert Douglas The pulmonary function scores of 250 male cigarette smokers were compared with 406 lifetime nonsmokers. A Stead-Wells spirometer was used to obtain forced vital capacity, forced expiratory flow, forced mid-expiratory flow, and forced expiratory volume. All individuals included in the sample were between. the ages of 20 and 49 years. Predictive regression equations were formulated for lifetime nonsmokers, light smokers, moderate smokers, heavy smokers, and for the combined group of smokers. The difference in physical characteristics between the lifetime nonsmokers and the smokers appeared slight, The primary difference between the lifetime nonsmokers and the smokers was the presence or absence cf a smoking history. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of smoking history upon pulmonary functioning. The following conclusions were found: I. Male cigarette smokers have a significantly reduced pulmonary function when compared to lifetime nonsmokers. II. Heavy cigarette smokers have a significantly reduced pulmonary function when compared light smokers. III. Little difference is noted between pulmonary function of light smokers and moderate smokers. IV. Little difference is noted between pulmonary function of moderate smokers and heavy smokers. V. Smoking history correlates more highly with pulmonary function than does height. VI. Age correlates more highly with pulmonary function than does height, VII. Regression equations can be formulated to predict the pulmonary function of lifetime nonsmokers and the various classifications of smokers IX. Forced expiratory volume for one second correlates most highly with pack-years, X. The more a given individual smokes the more he inhales and the more deeply, XI. Pulmonary function standards for lifetime nonsmokers and smokers can be formulated from which an individual's pulmonary function score can be compared. XII. Cigarette smoking has been found to be a major contribution to reduced pulmonary function. Close

• 1643. [Article] Identifying and minimizing the effects of malicious behavior in SERF

  Collaborative filtering (CF) algorithms are used in a wide range of internet applications. However the chief objective of using CF algorithms across most of these applications is to discover items that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identifying and minimizing the effects of malicious behavior in SERF Author: Natarajan, Sandeep, Oregon State University. Dept. of Computer Science Collaborative filtering (CF) algorithms are used in a wide range of internet applications. However the chief objective of using CF algorithms across most of these applications is to discover items that might be of interest to its users. CF algorithms work by obtaining feedback from users on the items that they browse and utilize that feedback to suggest recommendations to other users with similar tastes. CF algorithms rely heavily on input provided by humans and thus it is vital to verify that this information is appropriate. In this paper, we analyze various mechanisms by which users can enter malicious data to a CF system called SERF (System for Electronic Recommendation Filtering). We explore how bad data can be propagated through the system and can be used to manipulate the quality of recommendations. We also explore some techniques to counter the effects of bad data on the system. We report the results of our experiment with two simulated systems - a reputation system that utilizes a user's agreement and disagreement history to predict the trust that can be attributed to a user and a word weighting scheme based on word co-occurrence. Title: Identifying and minimizing the effects of malicious behavior in SERF Author: Natarajan, Sandeep, Oregon State University. Dept. of Computer Science Collaborative filtering (CF) algorithms are used in a wide range of internet applications. However the chief objective of using CF algorithms across most of these applications is to discover items that might be of interest to its users. CF algorithms work by obtaining feedback from users on the items that they browse and utilize that feedback to suggest recommendations to other users with similar tastes. CF algorithms rely heavily on input provided by humans and thus it is vital to verify that this information is appropriate. In this paper, we analyze various mechanisms by which users can enter malicious data to a CF system called SERF (System for Electronic Recommendation Filtering). We explore how bad data can be propagated through the system and can be used to manipulate the quality of recommendations. We also explore some techniques to counter the effects of bad data on the system. We report the results of our experiment with two simulated systems - a reputation system that utilizes a user's agreement and disagreement history to predict the trust that can be attributed to a user and a word weighting scheme based on word co-occurrence. Close

• 1644. [Article] Oregon 4-H flower and ornamental grower's handbook

  Revised July 2001. Reprinted June 2005. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon 4-H flower and ornamental grower's handbook Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised July 2001. Reprinted June 2005. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon 4-H flower and ornamental grower's handbook Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised July 2001. Reprinted June 2005. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 1645. [Article] Paleomagnetism and secular variation of Easter Island basalts

  The paleomagnetic history of the volcanic rocks of Easter Island was investigated using standard paleomagnetic techniques. The remanent magnetization of 673 specimens from the three volcanic episodes recognized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Paleomagnetism and secular variation of Easter Island basalts Author: Isaacson, Laurie Brown The paleomagnetic history of the volcanic rocks of Easter Island was investigated using standard paleomagnetic techniques. The remanent magnetization of 673 specimens from the three volcanic episodes recognized on the island were measured using a spinner magnetometer. Inclinations, declinations and virtual geomagnetic poles were calculated for each flow. The majority of the samples were collected from the youngest episode, the Terevaka volcanics, which represents activity from the last 200, 000 years. The 65 flows from the Terevaka episode were used to study the Brunhes epoch on Easter Island. A mean geomagnetic pole was located at 87.4°N latitude and 204.2°E longitude. With its oval of 95% confidence, this includes the present geographic pole, as expected for such young rocks. Secular variation, expressed by the angular deviation of the mean virtual geomagnetic pole, was obtained for the Terevaka samples, This value, 12.8° with 95% confidence limits of 14.9° and 11.2°, is compared to other values for Brunhes age rocks. It appears to fit well onto a calculated model for the variation of angular dispersion with site latitude. It also can be related to an anomalously low region of secular variation found in the central Pacific. Title: Paleomagnetism and secular variation of Easter Island basalts Author: Isaacson, Laurie Brown The paleomagnetic history of the volcanic rocks of Easter Island was investigated using standard paleomagnetic techniques. The remanent magnetization of 673 specimens from the three volcanic episodes recognized on the island were measured using a spinner magnetometer. Inclinations, declinations and virtual geomagnetic poles were calculated for each flow. The majority of the samples were collected from the youngest episode, the Terevaka volcanics, which represents activity from the last 200, 000 years. The 65 flows from the Terevaka episode were used to study the Brunhes epoch on Easter Island. A mean geomagnetic pole was located at 87.4°N latitude and 204.2°E longitude. With its oval of 95% confidence, this includes the present geographic pole, as expected for such young rocks. Secular variation, expressed by the angular deviation of the mean virtual geomagnetic pole, was obtained for the Terevaka samples, This value, 12.8° with 95% confidence limits of 14.9° and 11.2°, is compared to other values for Brunhes age rocks. It appears to fit well onto a calculated model for the variation of angular dispersion with site latitude. It also can be related to an anomalously low region of secular variation found in the central Pacific. Close

• 1646. [Article] Historical archaeology of Battery Freeman (ca. 1900-1940), Fort Stevens, Oregon

  This research focuses on events surrounding the activities of Battery Freeman, a coastal defense facility constructed within the earthworks of "old" Fort Stevens near Astoria, OR, in 1900 and destroyed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical archaeology of Battery Freeman (ca. 1900-1940), Fort Stevens, Oregon Author: Clark, Jorie This research focuses on events surrounding the activities of Battery Freeman, a coastal defense facility constructed within the earthworks of "old" Fort Stevens near Astoria, OR, in 1900 and destroyed in 1939. Archival data are used in conjunction with nearly 5,000 artifacts that were recovered from archaeological excavations in 1989 by the Oregon State University Field School, to reconstruct the history of the facility. Archival information provided a detailed representation of the spatial setting of Battery Freeman with respect to the original earthworks of Old Fort Stevens. In addition, this information detailed the timing and progress of and materials used in the construction of the battery. Spatial, temporal, and typological analyses were conducted on the artifacts. The great majority of the artifacts are associated with Battery Freeman architecture. Many of these artifacts were homogenously distributed throughout a "fill unit" reflecting the leveling and bulldozing of the site. However, several primary features were preserved, including a remnant of the east bulkhead wall of the pre-1900 structure and an incinerator feature apparently used in the battery. The spatial context of artifacts associated with these features could be interpreted with greater confidence. Title: Historical archaeology of Battery Freeman (ca. 1900-1940), Fort Stevens, Oregon Author: Clark, Jorie This research focuses on events surrounding the activities of Battery Freeman, a coastal defense facility constructed within the earthworks of "old" Fort Stevens near Astoria, OR, in 1900 and destroyed in 1939. Archival data are used in conjunction with nearly 5,000 artifacts that were recovered from archaeological excavations in 1989 by the Oregon State University Field School, to reconstruct the history of the facility. Archival information provided a detailed representation of the spatial setting of Battery Freeman with respect to the original earthworks of Old Fort Stevens. In addition, this information detailed the timing and progress of and materials used in the construction of the battery. Spatial, temporal, and typological analyses were conducted on the artifacts. The great majority of the artifacts are associated with Battery Freeman architecture. Many of these artifacts were homogenously distributed throughout a "fill unit" reflecting the leveling and bulldozing of the site. However, several primary features were preserved, including a remnant of the east bulkhead wall of the pre-1900 structure and an incinerator feature apparently used in the battery. The spatial context of artifacts associated with these features could be interpreted with greater confidence. Close

• 1647. [Article] The Thomas Kay Woolen Mill, finishing departments 1890-1962

  The Thomas Kay Woolen Mill operated between 1890 and 1962. The mill produced predominately woolen blankets and woolen fabrics for outerwear garments. Mission Mill Museum Association purchased the woolen ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Thomas Kay Woolen Mill, finishing departments 1890-1962 Author: Allen, Patricia Gehrman The Thomas Kay Woolen Mill operated between 1890 and 1962. The mill produced predominately woolen blankets and woolen fabrics for outerwear garments. Mission Mill Museum Association purchased the woolen mill after its closure in order to develop the property as a museum. The purpose of this study was to provide historic documentation of the Thomas Kay Woolen Mill woolen finishing processes and machinery which will be used to interpret a new exhibition of the mill's finishing departments. Business records of the Thomas Kay Woolen Mill which were found in the museum's archives, newspaper articles, extant mill machinery, old machinery manuals, and woolen process texts provided most of the documentation for this study. Generally, the finishing processes and finishing machinery used by the mill remained the same during its seventy years of operation. The proposed plan for the exhibition retains the extant wet finishing department and proposes suggestions for interpretation of the predominant finishing processes used in the Thomas Kay Woolen Mill. Title: The Thomas Kay Woolen Mill, finishing departments 1890-1962 Author: Allen, Patricia Gehrman The Thomas Kay Woolen Mill operated between 1890 and 1962. The mill produced predominately woolen blankets and woolen fabrics for outerwear garments. Mission Mill Museum Association purchased the woolen mill after its closure in order to develop the property as a museum. The purpose of this study was to provide historic documentation of the Thomas Kay Woolen Mill woolen finishing processes and machinery which will be used to interpret a new exhibition of the mill's finishing departments. Business records of the Thomas Kay Woolen Mill which were found in the museum's archives, newspaper articles, extant mill machinery, old machinery manuals, and woolen process texts provided most of the documentation for this study. Generally, the finishing processes and finishing machinery used by the mill remained the same during its seventy years of operation. The proposed plan for the exhibition retains the extant wet finishing department and proposes suggestions for interpretation of the predominant finishing processes used in the Thomas Kay Woolen Mill. Close

• 1648. [Article] Investigation of automatic construction of reactive controllers

  In real-time control systems, the value of a control decision depends not only on the correctness of the decision but also on the time when that decision is available. Recent work in real-time decision ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation of automatic construction of reactive controllers Author: Westerberg, Caryl J. In real-time control systems, the value of a control decision depends not only on the correctness of the decision but also on the time when that decision is available. Recent work in real-time decision making has used machine learning techniques to automatically construct reactive controllers, that is, controllers with little or no internal state and low time complexity pathways between sensors and effectors. This paper presents research on 1) how a problem representation affects the trade-offs between space and performance, and 2) off -line versus on-line approaches for collecting training examples when using machine learning techniques to construct reactive controllers. Empirical results show that for a partially observable problem both the inclusion of history information in the problem representation and the use of on-line rather than off -line learning can improve the performance of the reactive controller. Title: Investigation of automatic construction of reactive controllers Author: Westerberg, Caryl J. In real-time control systems, the value of a control decision depends not only on the correctness of the decision but also on the time when that decision is available. Recent work in real-time decision making has used machine learning techniques to automatically construct reactive controllers, that is, controllers with little or no internal state and low time complexity pathways between sensors and effectors. This paper presents research on 1) how a problem representation affects the trade-offs between space and performance, and 2) off -line versus on-line approaches for collecting training examples when using machine learning techniques to construct reactive controllers. Empirical results show that for a partially observable problem both the inclusion of history information in the problem representation and the use of on-line rather than off -line learning can improve the performance of the reactive controller. Close

• 1649. [Article] Leaf spot (Higginsia hiemalis (Higg.) Nannf.) of sour cherry in the Willamette Valley

  The life history of the fungus involved and the control for cherry leaf spot was studied ever a two-year period. It was found that the disease in Oregon is caused by the same fungus described in New York ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Leaf spot (Higginsia hiemalis (Higg.) Nannf.) of sour cherry in the Willamette Valley Author: Evans, Arlyn Wayne, 1916- The life history of the fungus involved and the control for cherry leaf spot was studied ever a two-year period. It was found that the disease in Oregon is caused by the same fungus described in New York by Higgins in 1914 as Coccomyces hiemalis and which was more recently transferred to the genus Higginsia by Nannfeldt. The best control of the disease under Oregon conditions was obtained by the use of lime-sulfur. Fair control of the disease was obtained by the use of proprietary copper fungicides. Wettable sulfur sprays will produce excellent control under warm weather conditions, but they are not satisfactory during cool, wet weather. The recommended control, therefore, consists of lime-sulfur, two gallons per hundred of spray solution at the "petal fall" and "shuck fall" stages. If additional applications are made necessary due to wet weather, it is doubtless safer to use wettable sulfur (6 lbs. per 100 gals.) instead of lime-sulfur. Bordeaux-mixture gave good control but tends to dwarf the fruit when applied after the leaves are fairly well developed. Title: Leaf spot (Higginsia hiemalis (Higg.) Nannf.) of sour cherry in the Willamette Valley Author: Evans, Arlyn Wayne, 1916- The life history of the fungus involved and the control for cherry leaf spot was studied ever a two-year period. It was found that the disease in Oregon is caused by the same fungus described in New York by Higgins in 1914 as Coccomyces hiemalis and which was more recently transferred to the genus Higginsia by Nannfeldt. The best control of the disease under Oregon conditions was obtained by the use of lime-sulfur. Fair control of the disease was obtained by the use of proprietary copper fungicides. Wettable sulfur sprays will produce excellent control under warm weather conditions, but they are not satisfactory during cool, wet weather. The recommended control, therefore, consists of lime-sulfur, two gallons per hundred of spray solution at the "petal fall" and "shuck fall" stages. If additional applications are made necessary due to wet weather, it is doubtless safer to use wettable sulfur (6 lbs. per 100 gals.) instead of lime-sulfur. Bordeaux-mixture gave good control but tends to dwarf the fruit when applied after the leaves are fairly well developed. Close

• 1650. [Article] Identifying Nash equilibrium strategies for a multi-fleet multi-national fishery under uncertainty

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identifying Nash equilibrium strategies for a multi-fleet multi-national fishery under uncertainty Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile Abstract Only Title: Identifying Nash equilibrium strategies for a multi-fleet multi-national fishery under uncertainty Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile Abstract Only Close