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• 131. [Article] Comparisons of calicivirus pathotypes using oligonucleotide patterns from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

  Six serotypes of calicivirus (San Miguel Sea Lion Virus types 4,6,7 and 13, Mink Calicivirus and Reptile Calicivirus) were plaque purified, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis fingerprints, of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparisons of calicivirus pathotypes using oligonucleotide patterns from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis Author: Gambee, Jay E. Six serotypes of calicivirus (San Miguel Sea Lion Virus types 4,6,7 and 13, Mink Calicivirus and Reptile Calicivirus) were plaque purified, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis fingerprints, of the ³²P-labeled Ribonuclease T1 digested viral RNA, were performed for each serotype. Fingerprints revealed several oligonucleotides with similar mobilities, and therefore, possibly similar base composition. Each fingerprint revealed what was believed to be Poly A of homogeneous size, and Poly C which migrated a different distance for each serotype. For those viruses studied, there was a direct relationship between plaque size and the length of the Poly C tract. This correlation between plaque size and Poly C migration may serve as a valid indicator for determining pathogenic potential of caliciviruses. Title: Comparisons of calicivirus pathotypes using oligonucleotide patterns from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis Author: Gambee, Jay E. Six serotypes of calicivirus (San Miguel Sea Lion Virus types 4,6,7 and 13, Mink Calicivirus and Reptile Calicivirus) were plaque purified, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis fingerprints, of the ³²P-labeled Ribonuclease T1 digested viral RNA, were performed for each serotype. Fingerprints revealed several oligonucleotides with similar mobilities, and therefore, possibly similar base composition. Each fingerprint revealed what was believed to be Poly A of homogeneous size, and Poly C which migrated a different distance for each serotype. For those viruses studied, there was a direct relationship between plaque size and the length of the Poly C tract. This correlation between plaque size and Poly C migration may serve as a valid indicator for determining pathogenic potential of caliciviruses. Close

• 132. [Article] Role of IL-8 and TIMP-2 on term canine trophoblast migration, invasion, and proliferation

  Placental pathologies are not uncommon in dogs. For example, in primiparous bitches, the reported incidence of subinvolution of placental sites is 21% - 100%. Despite years of research in multiple species, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Role of IL-8 and TIMP-2 on term canine trophoblast migration, invasion, and proliferation Author: Gullaba, Justine Marie Placental pathologies are not uncommon in dogs. For example, in primiparous bitches, the reported incidence of subinvolution of placental sites is 21% - 100%. Despite years of research in multiple species, the mechanisms regulating late gestation trophoblast behavior in the dog remain unexamined. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize normal in vitro term canine trophoblast (TCT) physiology, with respect to migration, invasion, and proliferation. In addition, the effects of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) on trophoblast physiology were examined. Following isolation of primary TCT, the cell suspension was seeded into the migration (wound-healing) assay, invasion (Matrigel) assay, and proliferation (MTT) assay. Cells were cultured under the same conditions at 37ºC with 5% CO₂ for each assay. Recombinant human IL-8 (200-08M, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) was used at a concentration of 10 ng/ml for each assay. Recombinant human TIMP-2 (410-02, Peprotech) was used at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml for each assay, respectively. For the migration assay, cells were suspended in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (10% FBS). Primary TCT (1000X10³ cells/well) were cultured in 12-well tissue culture plates until a confluent monolayer was formed. A wound was added with a sterile pipette tip, the monolayer was rinsed, and 10% FBS with no factor (control), with IL-8 or TIMP-2 was then added. Photomicrographs of the wound were taken with phase-contrast microscopy (100X) after 8 h in culture and the area of the wound was measured using ImageJ v.1.34 software. The experiment was performed in triplicate (n=5 dogs). The invasion assay was performed using Matrigel invasion chambers (#354480, BD Biosciences). Primary TCT (250X10³) were suspended in protein-free medium (PFM) with no factor (control), with IL-8 or TIMP-2 and seeded onto Matrigel-coated filter membranes in the upper well. Chemoattractant (10% FBS) was placed in the lower well and the 24-well chambers were cultured for 22 h. Non-invading cells were removed from the filters that were then fixed and stained. Cells were counted under light microscopy (400X). The experiment was performed in triplicate (n=5 dogs). For the proliferation assay, cells were suspended in PFM. For the proliferation assay (CGD-1, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) primary TCT (100X10³ cells/well) were suspended in PFM with no factor (control) or with IL-8 and cultured in 96-well tissue culture plate for 28 h. Cells were then incubated with MTT for 4 h, which was later replaced with 1-propanol and the plates were vigorously shaken. Absorbances were measured with a microplate reader at 570 nm and 690 nm (to remove background). Measurements were analyzed with SoftMax Pro (5.2 program SoftMax® Pro Data Acquistion & Analysis Software, Sunnyvale, CA). The experiment was performed in quadruplicate (n=4 dogs). Statistical analysis of the data ws performed using Repeated Measures ANOVA (migration), one-way ANOVA (invasion), or two-way ANOVA (proliferation) in PROC MIXED using SAS (Version 9.2, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). For the migration assay, the mean of the control wound area at 0 h was set to 0% wound closure and the data were expressed as the percent wound closure of the control for each dog. For the invasion assay and proliferation assay, the mean of the controls was set to 100% and the data was expressed as the percentage of the control for each dog. Significance was defined as P<0.05. Analysis showed that IL-8 increased cell migration by 35% compared to the control (P<0.01). TIMP-2 had no significant effect on cell migration (P=0.38). There was no significant effect of IL-8 on cell invasion compared to the control (P=0.42), whereas TIMP-2 decreased cell invasion by 57% compared to the control (P<0.05). Also, for the proliferation assay IL-8 had no significant effect on cell proliferation (P=0.18). This study was the first to investigate term canine trophoblast physiology. Future studies should compare differences between normal term trophoblasts and those from cases of subinvolution of placental sites. It would also be of interest to compare differences in trophoblast physiology at different stages of gestation. Title: Role of IL-8 and TIMP-2 on term canine trophoblast migration, invasion, and proliferation Author: Gullaba, Justine Marie Placental pathologies are not uncommon in dogs. For example, in primiparous bitches, the reported incidence of subinvolution of placental sites is 21% - 100%. Despite years of research in multiple species, the mechanisms regulating late gestation trophoblast behavior in the dog remain unexamined. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize normal in vitro term canine trophoblast (TCT) physiology, with respect to migration, invasion, and proliferation. In addition, the effects of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) on trophoblast physiology were examined. Following isolation of primary TCT, the cell suspension was seeded into the migration (wound-healing) assay, invasion (Matrigel) assay, and proliferation (MTT) assay. Cells were cultured under the same conditions at 37ºC with 5% CO₂ for each assay. Recombinant human IL-8 (200-08M, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) was used at a concentration of 10 ng/ml for each assay. Recombinant human TIMP-2 (410-02, Peprotech) was used at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml for each assay, respectively. For the migration assay, cells were suspended in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (10% FBS). Primary TCT (1000X10³ cells/well) were cultured in 12-well tissue culture plates until a confluent monolayer was formed. A wound was added with a sterile pipette tip, the monolayer was rinsed, and 10% FBS with no factor (control), with IL-8 or TIMP-2 was then added. Photomicrographs of the wound were taken with phase-contrast microscopy (100X) after 8 h in culture and the area of the wound was measured using ImageJ v.1.34 software. The experiment was performed in triplicate (n=5 dogs). The invasion assay was performed using Matrigel invasion chambers (#354480, BD Biosciences). Primary TCT (250X10³) were suspended in protein-free medium (PFM) with no factor (control), with IL-8 or TIMP-2 and seeded onto Matrigel-coated filter membranes in the upper well. Chemoattractant (10% FBS) was placed in the lower well and the 24-well chambers were cultured for 22 h. Non-invading cells were removed from the filters that were then fixed and stained. Cells were counted under light microscopy (400X). The experiment was performed in triplicate (n=5 dogs). For the proliferation assay, cells were suspended in PFM. For the proliferation assay (CGD-1, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) primary TCT (100X10³ cells/well) were suspended in PFM with no factor (control) or with IL-8 and cultured in 96-well tissue culture plate for 28 h. Cells were then incubated with MTT for 4 h, which was later replaced with 1-propanol and the plates were vigorously shaken. Absorbances were measured with a microplate reader at 570 nm and 690 nm (to remove background). Measurements were analyzed with SoftMax Pro (5.2 program SoftMax® Pro Data Acquistion & Analysis Software, Sunnyvale, CA). The experiment was performed in quadruplicate (n=4 dogs). Statistical analysis of the data ws performed using Repeated Measures ANOVA (migration), one-way ANOVA (invasion), or two-way ANOVA (proliferation) in PROC MIXED using SAS (Version 9.2, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). For the migration assay, the mean of the control wound area at 0 h was set to 0% wound closure and the data were expressed as the percent wound closure of the control for each dog. For the invasion assay and proliferation assay, the mean of the controls was set to 100% and the data was expressed as the percentage of the control for each dog. Significance was defined as P<0.05. Analysis showed that IL-8 increased cell migration by 35% compared to the control (P<0.01). TIMP-2 had no significant effect on cell migration (P=0.38). There was no significant effect of IL-8 on cell invasion compared to the control (P=0.42), whereas TIMP-2 decreased cell invasion by 57% compared to the control (P<0.05). Also, for the proliferation assay IL-8 had no significant effect on cell proliferation (P=0.18). This study was the first to investigate term canine trophoblast physiology. Future studies should compare differences between normal term trophoblasts and those from cases of subinvolution of placental sites. It would also be of interest to compare differences in trophoblast physiology at different stages of gestation. Close

• 133. [Article] An eraseable MOS read-only memory

  A non-volatile electrically alterable read-only memory using an MOS field effect transistor with a threshold voltage which depended upon the position of ionic charges for its memory was fabricated. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An eraseable MOS read-only memory Author: Johnson, Norman Leland A non-volatile electrically alterable read-only memory using an MOS field effect transistor with a threshold voltage which depended upon the position of ionic charges for its memory was fabricated. The conventional silicon dioxide layer was replaced by a composite layer consisting of thermal silicon dioxide, electron beam evaporated aluminum oxide, and pyrolytically deposited silicon dioxide which substantially reduced the migration rate of the ions. The rate of drift of the ions was found to be dependent upon the polarity of the electric field. The ions had greater mobility under a negative applied bias. It was also shown that for the same electric fields the activation energy was higher for negative electric fields, and that the activation energy decreases with increasing electric fields. The migration rate was also found to be an exponential function of applied electric field. Title: An eraseable MOS read-only memory Author: Johnson, Norman Leland A non-volatile electrically alterable read-only memory using an MOS field effect transistor with a threshold voltage which depended upon the position of ionic charges for its memory was fabricated. The conventional silicon dioxide layer was replaced by a composite layer consisting of thermal silicon dioxide, electron beam evaporated aluminum oxide, and pyrolytically deposited silicon dioxide which substantially reduced the migration rate of the ions. The rate of drift of the ions was found to be dependent upon the polarity of the electric field. The ions had greater mobility under a negative applied bias. It was also shown that for the same electric fields the activation energy was higher for negative electric fields, and that the activation energy decreases with increasing electric fields. The migration rate was also found to be an exponential function of applied electric field. Close

• 134. [Article] Diel horizontal migration of the Hawaiian mesopelagic boundary community observed acoustically

  Copyright 2001 Inter Research. The following article appeared in Marine Ecology Progress Series., 217: 1-14, 2001.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diel horizontal migration of the Hawaiian mesopelagic boundary community observed acoustically Author: Au, Whitlow W. L., Brainard, Russell E., Lammers, Marc O., Benoit-Bird, Kelly J. Copyright 2001 Inter Research. The following article appeared in Marine Ecology Progress Series., 217: 1-14, 2001. Title: Diel horizontal migration of the Hawaiian mesopelagic boundary community observed acoustically Author: Au, Whitlow W. L., Brainard, Russell E., Lammers, Marc O., Benoit-Bird, Kelly J. Copyright 2001 Inter Research. The following article appeared in Marine Ecology Progress Series., 217: 1-14, 2001. Close

• 135. [Article] Delineating pattern and process in tropical lowland : mealy parrot migration dynamics as a guide for regional conservation planning

  Most reserves fail to capture the habitat heterogeneity necessary to maintain viable populations of wide-ranging species. Methods to determine defensible dimensions of reserves and reserve networks are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Delineating pattern and process in tropical lowland : mealy parrot migration dynamics as a guide for regional conservation planning Author: Bjork, Robin D. Most reserves fail to capture the habitat heterogeneity necessary to maintain viable populations of wide-ranging species. Methods to determine defensible dimensions of reserves and reserve networks are needed. The primary goal of this study was to develop such methods for lowland tropical forests by examining habitat- and spatial-use patterns of the Mealy Parrot (Amazona farinosa) in northern Guatemala. Regional connectivity has been demonstrated by altitudinal migration of birds that track seasonal fruit availability; it is now recognized that a suite of habitats along the elevational gradient must be protected to conserve biodiversity of tropical montane ecosystems. However, in tropical lowlands, little is known about spatiotemporal patterns of resources and animals that rely on them. I considered the large-bodied, frugivorous Mealy Parrot a useful focal species because its movements and habitat use should be coupled with the ecological factors determining fruit distribution. Individual- and population-based methods were developed in this study. In each of 4 years, radio telemetry revealed that adult Mealy Parrots breeding in northeastern Guatemala engaged in predictable seasonal migrations within mature lowland forest. Although the area covered by these parrots was considerable (10,000 km²), more significant was the consistency of their movements and specific locations utilized. Canopy-based population surveys were used to estimate densities of all 6 locally occurring parrot species as a function of landscape type and season over a two-year period; the data suggest that migration is common in this parrot community. Mealy Parrots rely on mature lowland forest arrayed along regional environmental gradients. Over distances of a few hundred kilometers and a range in elevation of [approximately] 200 m, variation in fruiting phenology, forest composition, and rainfall shape this species' movement patterns. Basing reserve design on size alone is insufficient. Large protected areas, such as the 600 km² Tikal National Park and even the 21,000 km² Maya Biosphere Reserve, will not maintain this population of Mealy Parrots without inclusion of areas that encompass the range of spatiotemporal variability governing migration patterns. The Mealy Parrot occurs from Mexico through Amazonia and may serve as a valuable focal species for conservation planning in other parts of its range. Title: Delineating pattern and process in tropical lowland : mealy parrot migration dynamics as a guide for regional conservation planning Author: Bjork, Robin D. Most reserves fail to capture the habitat heterogeneity necessary to maintain viable populations of wide-ranging species. Methods to determine defensible dimensions of reserves and reserve networks are needed. The primary goal of this study was to develop such methods for lowland tropical forests by examining habitat- and spatial-use patterns of the Mealy Parrot (Amazona farinosa) in northern Guatemala. Regional connectivity has been demonstrated by altitudinal migration of birds that track seasonal fruit availability; it is now recognized that a suite of habitats along the elevational gradient must be protected to conserve biodiversity of tropical montane ecosystems. However, in tropical lowlands, little is known about spatiotemporal patterns of resources and animals that rely on them. I considered the large-bodied, frugivorous Mealy Parrot a useful focal species because its movements and habitat use should be coupled with the ecological factors determining fruit distribution. Individual- and population-based methods were developed in this study. In each of 4 years, radio telemetry revealed that adult Mealy Parrots breeding in northeastern Guatemala engaged in predictable seasonal migrations within mature lowland forest. Although the area covered by these parrots was considerable (10,000 km²), more significant was the consistency of their movements and specific locations utilized. Canopy-based population surveys were used to estimate densities of all 6 locally occurring parrot species as a function of landscape type and season over a two-year period; the data suggest that migration is common in this parrot community. Mealy Parrots rely on mature lowland forest arrayed along regional environmental gradients. Over distances of a few hundred kilometers and a range in elevation of [approximately] 200 m, variation in fruiting phenology, forest composition, and rainfall shape this species' movement patterns. Basing reserve design on size alone is insufficient. Large protected areas, such as the 600 km² Tikal National Park and even the 21,000 km² Maya Biosphere Reserve, will not maintain this population of Mealy Parrots without inclusion of areas that encompass the range of spatiotemporal variability governing migration patterns. The Mealy Parrot occurs from Mexico through Amazonia and may serve as a valuable focal species for conservation planning in other parts of its range. Close

• 136. [Article] Inhibitory Effect of Paclitaxel and Rapamycin Individual and Dual Drug-Loaded Polymeric Micelles in the Angiogenic Cascade

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/journal/...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Inhibitory Effect of Paclitaxel and Rapamycin Individual and Dual Drug-Loaded Polymeric Micelles in the Angiogenic Cascade Author: Mishra, Gyan P., Nguyen, Duc, Alani, Adam W. G. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/journal/mpohbp Title: Inhibitory Effect of Paclitaxel and Rapamycin Individual and Dual Drug-Loaded Polymeric Micelles in the Angiogenic Cascade Author: Mishra, Gyan P., Nguyen, Duc, Alani, Adam W. G. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/journal/mpohbp Close

• 137. [Article] Description and prediction of broad-scale spatial variability in expression of anadromy in female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River, Oregon, USA

  Partial migration is a common migratory behavior where some individuals in a population migrate and others do not. Patterns of partial migration can vary dramatically, especially for species that inhabit ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Description and prediction of broad-scale spatial variability in expression of anadromy in female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River, Oregon, USA Author: Mills, Justin S. Partial migration is a common migratory behavior where some individuals in a population migrate and others do not. Patterns of partial migration can vary dramatically, especially for species that inhabit a wide range of environments. I described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss (steelhead and rainbow trout) in the John Day River catchment basin, Oregon. This large catchment (20,500 km2), where O. mykiss is known to exhibit partial migration, encompasses a broad range of environmental conditions. I collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. Individuals within sites were more likely to have the same maternal origin than expected at random (χ2 test, P < 0.001). I used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy among sites in relation to stream size (as indicated by mean annual runoff). Stream size and maternal origin for single fish collected from 69 sites were used to construct a predictive model. I examined the ability of this model to predict new individuals at 47 of these sites (where a second fish was collected) using a variety of diagnostics, including kappa statistics and receiver operating characteristic curves. The model predicted anadromy in this second set of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g. 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, as indicated by Mantel tests. This result also suggested that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to stream size. The importance of stream size implies that occurrence of migratory females was related to environmental variability, but stream size is an indicator of many potential processes, and I was unable to identify a specific likely mechanism. However, I was able to demonstrate 1) that it is possible to predict the probability of anadromy across broad environmental gradients, and 2) the validity of a sampling approach that minimizes the need for sacrificial sampling of individuals. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout). My results provide managers with the first broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and provide a broad template that can guide future habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss. Title: Description and prediction of broad-scale spatial variability in expression of anadromy in female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River, Oregon, USA Author: Mills, Justin S. Partial migration is a common migratory behavior where some individuals in a population migrate and others do not. Patterns of partial migration can vary dramatically, especially for species that inhabit a wide range of environments. I described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss (steelhead and rainbow trout) in the John Day River catchment basin, Oregon. This large catchment (20,500 km2), where O. mykiss is known to exhibit partial migration, encompasses a broad range of environmental conditions. I collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. Individuals within sites were more likely to have the same maternal origin than expected at random (χ2 test, P < 0.001). I used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy among sites in relation to stream size (as indicated by mean annual runoff). Stream size and maternal origin for single fish collected from 69 sites were used to construct a predictive model. I examined the ability of this model to predict new individuals at 47 of these sites (where a second fish was collected) using a variety of diagnostics, including kappa statistics and receiver operating characteristic curves. The model predicted anadromy in this second set of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g. 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, as indicated by Mantel tests. This result also suggested that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to stream size. The importance of stream size implies that occurrence of migratory females was related to environmental variability, but stream size is an indicator of many potential processes, and I was unable to identify a specific likely mechanism. However, I was able to demonstrate 1) that it is possible to predict the probability of anadromy across broad environmental gradients, and 2) the validity of a sampling approach that minimizes the need for sacrificial sampling of individuals. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout). My results provide managers with the first broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and provide a broad template that can guide future habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss. Close

• 138. [Article] North or south? Niche separation of endemic red-legged kittiwakes and sympatric black-legged kittiwakes during their non-breeding migrations

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: North or south? Niche separation of endemic red-legged kittiwakes and sympatric black-legged kittiwakes during their non-breeding migrations Author: Paredes, Rosana, Irons, David B., Shaffer, Scott A., Orben, Rachael A., Phillips, Richard A., Roby, Daniel D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2699. Title: North or south? Niche separation of endemic red-legged kittiwakes and sympatric black-legged kittiwakes during their non-breeding migrations Author: Paredes, Rosana, Irons, David B., Shaffer, Scott A., Orben, Rachael A., Phillips, Richard A., Roby, Daniel D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2699. Close

• 139. [Article] Using parasite community data and population genetics for assessing Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) population structure along the west coast of North America

  Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax) are an economically and ecologically important forage fish which transfer energy from planktonic primary producers and secondary consumers to upper trophic predators. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using parasite community data and population genetics for assessing Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) population structure along the west coast of North America Author: Baldwin, Rebecca E. B. Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax) are an economically and ecologically important forage fish which transfer energy from planktonic primary producers and secondary consumers to upper trophic predators. Previous genetics studies of Pacific sardine suggested a panmictic population with a shallow genetic structure. However, more than one subpopulation within the Central California Offshore management unit may exist based on recovering larger individuals at higher latitudes and a temporal difference in sardine spawning off Southern California and the Pacific Northwest. Potential for separate sardine subpopulations questions the long-standing paradigm of an annual migration of individuals to feeding grounds off the Pacific Northwest in the summer with migrants returning to Southern California in the fall to spawn the following spring. This study applied parasite community analyses and population genetics techniques to assess migration patterns and stock structure of Pacific sardine in the California Current from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California, USA. A coastwide sardine migration is supported by the geographical distribution of Myosaccium ecaude (Trematoda), but a second migration pattern was identified within the Pacific Northwest from the geographic distribution of Lecithaster gibbosus (Trematoda). Population genetics studies identified a panmictic distribution for: 1) the trematode M. ecaude using a 283bp portion of the NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene; and 2) three species of Anisakis nematodes (A. simplex s.s., A. pegreffii, and A. simplex 'C') using a 524bp portion of the cytochrome c oxidase 2 (cox2) mtDNA gene. These results suggest that the extensive movement of all of the potential hosts utilized by these parasites, the limited oceanographic barriers, and complexity in the California Current are not preventing the mixing of M. ecaude or Anisakis species populations. The diversity and availability of fish and cetacean species that undergo extensive migrations along the full length of the California Current system may enable large geographically distributed population sizes of these parasite species. We thus cannot confirm the existence of separate Pacific sardine subpopulations within the California Current by the occurrence of parasite communities or the population genetics analyses of M. ecaude or the three Anisakis species. Title: Using parasite community data and population genetics for assessing Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) population structure along the west coast of North America Author: Baldwin, Rebecca E. B. Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax) are an economically and ecologically important forage fish which transfer energy from planktonic primary producers and secondary consumers to upper trophic predators. Previous genetics studies of Pacific sardine suggested a panmictic population with a shallow genetic structure. However, more than one subpopulation within the Central California Offshore management unit may exist based on recovering larger individuals at higher latitudes and a temporal difference in sardine spawning off Southern California and the Pacific Northwest. Potential for separate sardine subpopulations questions the long-standing paradigm of an annual migration of individuals to feeding grounds off the Pacific Northwest in the summer with migrants returning to Southern California in the fall to spawn the following spring. This study applied parasite community analyses and population genetics techniques to assess migration patterns and stock structure of Pacific sardine in the California Current from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California, USA. A coastwide sardine migration is supported by the geographical distribution of Myosaccium ecaude (Trematoda), but a second migration pattern was identified within the Pacific Northwest from the geographic distribution of Lecithaster gibbosus (Trematoda). Population genetics studies identified a panmictic distribution for: 1) the trematode M. ecaude using a 283bp portion of the NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene; and 2) three species of Anisakis nematodes (A. simplex s.s., A. pegreffii, and A. simplex 'C') using a 524bp portion of the cytochrome c oxidase 2 (cox2) mtDNA gene. These results suggest that the extensive movement of all of the potential hosts utilized by these parasites, the limited oceanographic barriers, and complexity in the California Current are not preventing the mixing of M. ecaude or Anisakis species populations. The diversity and availability of fish and cetacean species that undergo extensive migrations along the full length of the California Current system may enable large geographically distributed population sizes of these parasite species. We thus cannot confirm the existence of separate Pacific sardine subpopulations within the California Current by the occurrence of parasite communities or the population genetics analyses of M. ecaude or the three Anisakis species. Close

• 140. [Article] The migratory pattern of audlt sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Bristol Bay as related to the distribution of their home-river waters

  The individual stocks of sockeye salmon that make up the annual spawning migration to the Bristol Bay region of Western Alaska are produced in the lakes and streams of ten major river systems, which discharge ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The migratory pattern of audlt sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Bristol Bay as related to the distribution of their home-river waters Author: Straty, Richard R. The individual stocks of sockeye salmon that make up the annual spawning migration to the Bristol Bay region of Western Alaska are produced in the lakes and streams of ten major river systems, which discharge into the bay over a shoreline distance of 120 miles. The hypothesis adopted in this study was that the bay distribution of the waters from these river systems and controlling factors such as tide, wind and bottom topography determine the distribution of the individual stocks of sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay. This hypothesis was based on the premise that mature sockeye salmon return to their river system of origin to spawn and in doing so utilize recognizable characteristics of their home-river waters to guide them to its source. Hydrographic studies were carried out in upper Bristol Bay to determine the seaward course and distribution of the waters of major sockeye salmon-producing river systems draining into Bristol Bay. These studies included determination of the vertical and horizontal salinity distribution in the upper bay, tracking and plotting the distribution and course of individual river waters, which had been tagged with Rhodamine B dye, during flood and ebb tide and plotting the seaward course of plastic drift cards released at various strategic locations in upper Bristol Bay. From the results of these studies the course and distribution of the waters of each major sockeye salmon-producing river system was described for upper Bristol Bay. The distribution and migration routes of the individual stocks of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon were determined from analysis of the results of exploratory fishing operations carried out by research vessels of the United States and offshore and inshore adult sockeye salmon tagging studies conducted by the United States and Japan. The results of this analysis showed that the main migration route of all stocks of Bristol Bay sockeye is in the offshore waters of the southern half of the entrance to the bay and in the bay itself. All stocks remain in the offshore waters until within 20 to 50 miles of their home-river systems. They were, however, already beginning, to segregate according to, river of origin in the offshore waters when still as much as 150 miles from the mouths of their home-river systems. From this point to the head of Bristol Bay there was a progressive segregation of sockeye salmon stocks according to their river of origin. From these studies the general distribution and migration route of all major stocks of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon was described and illustrated on a chart of the area. Comparison of the distribution of the major river-system waters with that of their respective sockeye salmon stocks showed that the distribution of river water in outer Bristol Bay did not conform to the distribution of sockeye salmon whereas in the upper bay the individual sockeye stocks assumed a distribution which was very similar to that of their river-system waters. The conclusions reached were that the migration route, distribution and initial segregation of sockeye- stocks in the clear offshore waters of Bristol Bay are not influenced by the distribution of river water, but once in the turbid upper bay these features must somehow be related to the distribution of home-river waters and the recognizable properties they contain. Title: The migratory pattern of audlt sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Bristol Bay as related to the distribution of their home-river waters Author: Straty, Richard R. The individual stocks of sockeye salmon that make up the annual spawning migration to the Bristol Bay region of Western Alaska are produced in the lakes and streams of ten major river systems, which discharge into the bay over a shoreline distance of 120 miles. The hypothesis adopted in this study was that the bay distribution of the waters from these river systems and controlling factors such as tide, wind and bottom topography determine the distribution of the individual stocks of sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay. This hypothesis was based on the premise that mature sockeye salmon return to their river system of origin to spawn and in doing so utilize recognizable characteristics of their home-river waters to guide them to its source. Hydrographic studies were carried out in upper Bristol Bay to determine the seaward course and distribution of the waters of major sockeye salmon-producing river systems draining into Bristol Bay. These studies included determination of the vertical and horizontal salinity distribution in the upper bay, tracking and plotting the distribution and course of individual river waters, which had been tagged with Rhodamine B dye, during flood and ebb tide and plotting the seaward course of plastic drift cards released at various strategic locations in upper Bristol Bay. From the results of these studies the course and distribution of the waters of each major sockeye salmon-producing river system was described for upper Bristol Bay. The distribution and migration routes of the individual stocks of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon were determined from analysis of the results of exploratory fishing operations carried out by research vessels of the United States and offshore and inshore adult sockeye salmon tagging studies conducted by the United States and Japan. The results of this analysis showed that the main migration route of all stocks of Bristol Bay sockeye is in the offshore waters of the southern half of the entrance to the bay and in the bay itself. All stocks remain in the offshore waters until within 20 to 50 miles of their home-river systems. They were, however, already beginning, to segregate according to, river of origin in the offshore waters when still as much as 150 miles from the mouths of their home-river systems. From this point to the head of Bristol Bay there was a progressive segregation of sockeye salmon stocks according to their river of origin. From these studies the general distribution and migration route of all major stocks of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon was described and illustrated on a chart of the area. Comparison of the distribution of the major river-system waters with that of their respective sockeye salmon stocks showed that the distribution of river water in outer Bristol Bay did not conform to the distribution of sockeye salmon whereas in the upper bay the individual sockeye stocks assumed a distribution which was very similar to that of their river-system waters. The conclusions reached were that the migration route, distribution and initial segregation of sockeye- stocks in the clear offshore waters of Bristol Bay are not influenced by the distribution of river water, but once in the turbid upper bay these features must somehow be related to the distribution of home-river waters and the recognizable properties they contain. Close