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• 111. [Article] Utilization of surplus Italian prunes

  Prune growers of Oregon are faced with the prospect of large crops and surpluses for the next few years. These surpluses will probably be felt in both fresh and dried prunes. This thesis presents the results ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utilization of surplus Italian prunes Author: Fenner, Keith Peck, 1914- Prune growers of Oregon are faced with the prospect of large crops and surpluses for the next few years. These surpluses will probably be felt in both fresh and dried prunes. This thesis presents the results of an investigation to find. new markets and new products which will be of value in utilizing these surpluses. The following products have been investigated and are included in this report. Canned prepared dried prunes. A. prolonged study was made of the effect of prepared Italian prunes on various types of cans. It was found that plain charcoal cans were entirely satisfactory over a period of 11 months' storage. Single enameled cans should not be used as they swell in less than eight months' storage. Methods of preparation of prunes for canning were studied. A long pre-soaking was found most satisfactory, for high quality. Short hot blanch before canning can be used if proper conditions of syrup and fill are observed. Yields and costs were given for the two methods of preparation. Prune beverages. Three types of prune beverages were discussed. Pulpy juice was most promising. A cloudy and a clear beverage were also satisfactory. Yields and costs were given and compared. Pitted prune pulp. Small or low-grade dried prunes were made into pulp by means of a suitable machine. This product was suitable for use in the bakery trade. Halved Pitted prunes. Fresh prunes were split and pitted before drying. The machine to do this was developed during this investigation. Large savings were effected in drying time, because of quicker evaporation of moisture from these halved prunes. Because of shorter drying time and lower temperature the quality was more nearly that of fresh prunes. Fresh Prune Juice. Small or low-grade fresh prunes were used to make a pulpy fresh prune juice. This product was excellent in flavor and color. Cloudy fresh prune juice was not satisfactory either in flavor, in body, or in yield. Fresh Prune Pulp. This was prepared from fresh prunes. It proved to be a very good means of fresh prune utilization. The combined effect of the products studied in this report, if they are developed and marketed, should prove beneficial to marketing conditions of the northwest Italian prunes. Title: Utilization of surplus Italian prunes Author: Fenner, Keith Peck, 1914- Prune growers of Oregon are faced with the prospect of large crops and surpluses for the next few years. These surpluses will probably be felt in both fresh and dried prunes. This thesis presents the results of an investigation to find. new markets and new products which will be of value in utilizing these surpluses. The following products have been investigated and are included in this report. Canned prepared dried prunes. A. prolonged study was made of the effect of prepared Italian prunes on various types of cans. It was found that plain charcoal cans were entirely satisfactory over a period of 11 months' storage. Single enameled cans should not be used as they swell in less than eight months' storage. Methods of preparation of prunes for canning were studied. A long pre-soaking was found most satisfactory, for high quality. Short hot blanch before canning can be used if proper conditions of syrup and fill are observed. Yields and costs were given for the two methods of preparation. Prune beverages. Three types of prune beverages were discussed. Pulpy juice was most promising. A cloudy and a clear beverage were also satisfactory. Yields and costs were given and compared. Pitted prune pulp. Small or low-grade dried prunes were made into pulp by means of a suitable machine. This product was suitable for use in the bakery trade. Halved Pitted prunes. Fresh prunes were split and pitted before drying. The machine to do this was developed during this investigation. Large savings were effected in drying time, because of quicker evaporation of moisture from these halved prunes. Because of shorter drying time and lower temperature the quality was more nearly that of fresh prunes. Fresh Prune Juice. Small or low-grade fresh prunes were used to make a pulpy fresh prune juice. This product was excellent in flavor and color. Cloudy fresh prune juice was not satisfactory either in flavor, in body, or in yield. Fresh Prune Pulp. This was prepared from fresh prunes. It proved to be a very good means of fresh prune utilization. The combined effect of the products studied in this report, if they are developed and marketed, should prove beneficial to marketing conditions of the northwest Italian prunes. Close

• 112. [Article] Evaluation of three methods of selection in relation to yield and yield stability in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host)

  The effectiveness of early generation selection for yield and yield stability and the possible identification of superior parental combinations were studied in winter wheat populations representing different ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of three methods of selection in relation to yield and yield stability in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Charoenwatana, Terd, 1937- The effectiveness of early generation selection for yield and yield stability and the possible identification of superior parental combinations were studied in winter wheat populations representing different levels of genetic diversity. Experimental material for evaluating yield stability consisted of nine bulk and seven modified bulk populations derived from nine parental combinations which represented the F₈, F₉, and F₁₀ generations. The F₉ and F₁₀ generations of nine bulk, nine modified bulk and two modified pedigree populations along with the respective parental populations were studied to determine the relationship of yield to genetic diversity. Linear regression of the mean yield of individual entries on the mean yield of all entries for each year was used to describe yield stability. Grain yield differences among populations and crosses were analyzed by a functional analysis of variance. The modified bulk populations were found to be superior to their respective parents in yield and to the bulk populations in yield and yield stability. The modified pedigree populations had the highest yield of all populations measured. It was concluded that populations with high genetic diversity not only do not produce the highest yield but may not provide the greatest stability of yield. Selection for grain yield in the F₄ generation was effective in identifying superior segregates. It was also possible to develop populations which had more yield stability. The highest yielding progeny were obtained from crosses between the medium yielding parents rather than between the highest yielding parents. This suggested that parental performance was of limited value in predicting the yielding ability of their resulting progeny. Therefore, selection for suitable parental combinations could not be based on their individual performance in the present study. It appeared that genetic factors for adaptability are as important as the level of genetic diversity in determining yield stability. A breeding system that allows the breeder to identify and incorporate genetic factors for adaptability and still maintain some genetic diversity in a new variety is suggested. Such a breeding system would prolong the length of time a variety could remain in commercial production and would allow such a variety to be grown over a more extensive range of environments. Title: Evaluation of three methods of selection in relation to yield and yield stability in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Charoenwatana, Terd, 1937- The effectiveness of early generation selection for yield and yield stability and the possible identification of superior parental combinations were studied in winter wheat populations representing different levels of genetic diversity. Experimental material for evaluating yield stability consisted of nine bulk and seven modified bulk populations derived from nine parental combinations which represented the F₈, F₉, and F₁₀ generations. The F₉ and F₁₀ generations of nine bulk, nine modified bulk and two modified pedigree populations along with the respective parental populations were studied to determine the relationship of yield to genetic diversity. Linear regression of the mean yield of individual entries on the mean yield of all entries for each year was used to describe yield stability. Grain yield differences among populations and crosses were analyzed by a functional analysis of variance. The modified bulk populations were found to be superior to their respective parents in yield and to the bulk populations in yield and yield stability. The modified pedigree populations had the highest yield of all populations measured. It was concluded that populations with high genetic diversity not only do not produce the highest yield but may not provide the greatest stability of yield. Selection for grain yield in the F₄ generation was effective in identifying superior segregates. It was also possible to develop populations which had more yield stability. The highest yielding progeny were obtained from crosses between the medium yielding parents rather than between the highest yielding parents. This suggested that parental performance was of limited value in predicting the yielding ability of their resulting progeny. Therefore, selection for suitable parental combinations could not be based on their individual performance in the present study. It appeared that genetic factors for adaptability are as important as the level of genetic diversity in determining yield stability. A breeding system that allows the breeder to identify and incorporate genetic factors for adaptability and still maintain some genetic diversity in a new variety is suggested. Such a breeding system would prolong the length of time a variety could remain in commercial production and would allow such a variety to be grown over a more extensive range of environments. Close

• 113. [Article] Impact of artificial flooding on farm profits and streamflow in Echo Meadows, Oregon

  Competition for water both from within the irrigation community and from outside interests has been a major source of conflict in the West. In the Umatilla Basin of central Oregon, Umatilla River water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of artificial flooding on farm profits and streamflow in Echo Meadows, Oregon Author: Seely, Harold E Competition for water both from within the irrigation community and from outside interests has been a major source of conflict in the West. In the Umatilla Basin of central Oregon, Umatilla River water is diverted to irrigate a variety of crops, while instream flows have value in salmonid production. Historically, the Umatilla Basin supported runs of fall and spring Chinook as well as steelhead and resident trout but native fish populations have largely disappeared from the river system. The decline in salmonid production has been blamed, in part, on a combination of low streamflow and high water temperatures in the summer months resulting from diversions by agricultural users. This thesis examines a proposed project designed to increase streamflow in the lower Umatilla River during the summer months by artificially flooding selected agricultural land in the Echo Meadows area of the basin during the late winter. The thesis also examines alternative options to increase streamflow. Estimates of the economic and hydrologic impacts of winter water spreading and other options provides information to policy-makers and irrigators on the costs and benefits associated with various project management alternatives. Using information on agricultural production and water supply in the lower Umatilla Basin, this thesis constructs a mathematical optimization model of representative farms in the area. In addition, because return flows represent an important component of streamflow in summer months, water applications determined by the representative farm models are used to assess the impacts of the artificial flooding project on streamflow in the Umatilla River below the study area. The results of the representative farm models indicate that the artificial flooding project increases farm profits by $37,620 and streamflow by 18.58 cubic feet per second. Alternative techniques to obtain similar increases in streamflow are more costly and would have negative effects on the agricultural community. Title: Impact of artificial flooding on farm profits and streamflow in Echo Meadows, Oregon Author: Seely, Harold E Competition for water both from within the irrigation community and from outside interests has been a major source of conflict in the West. In the Umatilla Basin of central Oregon, Umatilla River water is diverted to irrigate a variety of crops, while instream flows have value in salmonid production. Historically, the Umatilla Basin supported runs of fall and spring Chinook as well as steelhead and resident trout but native fish populations have largely disappeared from the river system. The decline in salmonid production has been blamed, in part, on a combination of low streamflow and high water temperatures in the summer months resulting from diversions by agricultural users. This thesis examines a proposed project designed to increase streamflow in the lower Umatilla River during the summer months by artificially flooding selected agricultural land in the Echo Meadows area of the basin during the late winter. The thesis also examines alternative options to increase streamflow. Estimates of the economic and hydrologic impacts of winter water spreading and other options provides information to policy-makers and irrigators on the costs and benefits associated with various project management alternatives. Using information on agricultural production and water supply in the lower Umatilla Basin, this thesis constructs a mathematical optimization model of representative farms in the area. In addition, because return flows represent an important component of streamflow in summer months, water applications determined by the representative farm models are used to assess the impacts of the artificial flooding project on streamflow in the Umatilla River below the study area. The results of the representative farm models indicate that the artificial flooding project increases farm profits by $37,620 and streamflow by 18.58 cubic feet per second. Alternative techniques to obtain similar increases in streamflow are more costly and would have negative effects on the agricultural community. Close

• 114. [Article] Wood density patterns of young Costa Rican trees in planted and natural forests

  In plantation forestry, rapid growth rate is favorable for wood production, but may decrease wood density, which is an important indicator of wood quality for both pulp and solid wood products. I looked ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wood density patterns of young Costa Rican trees in planted and natural forests Author: Baker, David C. In plantation forestry, rapid growth rate is favorable for wood production, but may decrease wood density, which is an important indicator of wood quality for both pulp and solid wood products. I looked for (1) differences in radial patterns of wood density between planted and naturally grown Costa Rican tree species, and (2) between species characteristic of different successional stages. Trees were sampled from seven- and eleven-year-old research plantations and the nearby forests at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica and analyzed by x-ray densitometry at Oregon State University. Four of eight tree species had significantly higher wood densities for naturally grown trees than for the seven-year-old planted trees as shown by x-ray densitometry. Two species had significantly higher wood density for planted trees, and the two remaining species showed no significant differences between planted and naturally grown trees. Height-diameter ratios for eleven-year-old trees were higher for later successional species than for early successional species, and later successional species showed greater increases in wood density than early successional species. As expected, wood density was lowest in early successional species. The index S (ht/(dia*SG)) was expected to correlate with successional status. S provided an accurate prediction of relative successional order, with high values representing late successional species, due to the unexpected height-diameter ratio results. The results show that early-successional tree species do not necessarily have rapid height growth at the expense of diameter growth, nor a related radial increase in wood density. Different species had different patterns of wood density and/or height-to-diameter ratios that defied simple generalizations. More research is necessary to understand the underlying reasons for this the observed variation, rather than reject outright previously held generalities in the literature. Preferably, such studies will use older trees, larger sample sizes, and better-documented and more diverse growing conditions in plantations. Title: Wood density patterns of young Costa Rican trees in planted and natural forests Author: Baker, David C. In plantation forestry, rapid growth rate is favorable for wood production, but may decrease wood density, which is an important indicator of wood quality for both pulp and solid wood products. I looked for (1) differences in radial patterns of wood density between planted and naturally grown Costa Rican tree species, and (2) between species characteristic of different successional stages. Trees were sampled from seven- and eleven-year-old research plantations and the nearby forests at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica and analyzed by x-ray densitometry at Oregon State University. Four of eight tree species had significantly higher wood densities for naturally grown trees than for the seven-year-old planted trees as shown by x-ray densitometry. Two species had significantly higher wood density for planted trees, and the two remaining species showed no significant differences between planted and naturally grown trees. Height-diameter ratios for eleven-year-old trees were higher for later successional species than for early successional species, and later successional species showed greater increases in wood density than early successional species. As expected, wood density was lowest in early successional species. The index S (ht/(dia*SG)) was expected to correlate with successional status. S provided an accurate prediction of relative successional order, with high values representing late successional species, due to the unexpected height-diameter ratio results. The results show that early-successional tree species do not necessarily have rapid height growth at the expense of diameter growth, nor a related radial increase in wood density. Different species had different patterns of wood density and/or height-to-diameter ratios that defied simple generalizations. More research is necessary to understand the underlying reasons for this the observed variation, rather than reject outright previously held generalities in the literature. Preferably, such studies will use older trees, larger sample sizes, and better-documented and more diverse growing conditions in plantations. Close

• 115. [Article] Prediction of kernel hardness and grain protein based on the performance of F₃ and F₄ populations derived from ten wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)

  Ten wheat crosses (four winter x spring and six winter x winter) involving F₃ and F₄ generations and their respective winter parents were used to determine whether the early generation selection would be ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prediction of kernel hardness and grain protein based on the performance of F₃ and F₄ populations derived from ten wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Hazar, Necati Ten wheat crosses (four winter x spring and six winter x winter) involving F₃ and F₄ generations and their respective winter parents were used to determine whether the early generation selection would be effective for kernel hardness and grain protein content. In 1980, twenty individual F₂ plants were selected with good phenotypic appearance from each cross. The F₃ progeny rows along with their respective winter parents were grown in a replicated yield trial in 1981. Significant differences were found among the crosses for kernel hardness, percent protein, grain yield, 1000 kernel weight, and heading date. Superior progeny with values above the winter parent were observed for both kernel hardness and percent grain protein in both F₃ and F₄ generations in winter x spring corsses. Transgressive segregation was also observed beyond both parents in five of the six winter x winter crosses for both traits. Correlations between F₃ and F₄ generations were found for kernel hardness. A high correlation coefficient between generations for kernel hardness indicated that early generation selection would be effective for this trait in these populations. Small correlations were found in most of the crosses between the F₃ and F₄ generations for percent grain protein. Similarly small correlation between years for the winter parents indicated that percent grain protein was largely influenced by the environment and early generation selection may not be effective for this trait. Little association was observed between kernel hardness and percent grain protein when all crosses are considered. However, significant negative correlations were observed in three of the four winter x spring crosses in the F₄ generation. The correlation between grain yield and hardness was low while the correlation between grain yield and protein content was significant and negative. Title: Prediction of kernel hardness and grain protein based on the performance of F₃ and F₄ populations derived from ten wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Hazar, Necati Ten wheat crosses (four winter x spring and six winter x winter) involving F₃ and F₄ generations and their respective winter parents were used to determine whether the early generation selection would be effective for kernel hardness and grain protein content. In 1980, twenty individual F₂ plants were selected with good phenotypic appearance from each cross. The F₃ progeny rows along with their respective winter parents were grown in a replicated yield trial in 1981. Significant differences were found among the crosses for kernel hardness, percent protein, grain yield, 1000 kernel weight, and heading date. Superior progeny with values above the winter parent were observed for both kernel hardness and percent grain protein in both F₃ and F₄ generations in winter x spring corsses. Transgressive segregation was also observed beyond both parents in five of the six winter x winter crosses for both traits. Correlations between F₃ and F₄ generations were found for kernel hardness. A high correlation coefficient between generations for kernel hardness indicated that early generation selection would be effective for this trait in these populations. Small correlations were found in most of the crosses between the F₃ and F₄ generations for percent grain protein. Similarly small correlation between years for the winter parents indicated that percent grain protein was largely influenced by the environment and early generation selection may not be effective for this trait. Little association was observed between kernel hardness and percent grain protein when all crosses are considered. However, significant negative correlations were observed in three of the four winter x spring crosses in the F₄ generation. The correlation between grain yield and hardness was low while the correlation between grain yield and protein content was significant and negative. Close

• 116. [Article] The influence of variety, plant population and planting date on corn silage production

  The influence of variety, plant population, and planting date on corn silage production was studied at Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. The corn plants were grown under irrigation with 300 pounds ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of variety, plant population and planting date on corn silage production Author: Samphantharak, Krisda The influence of variety, plant population, and planting date on corn silage production was studied at Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. The corn plants were grown under irrigation with 300 pounds per acre of 16-20-0 (N-P₂0₅-K₂0) and 240 pounds of urea, providing a total nitrogen application of 158 pounds per acre. The yield of total dry matter, shelled grain, silage and the chemical constituents of silage (feeding quality), date of maturity and plant height were studied. The medium season varieties gave more yield of dry matter, shelled grain and silage than the early varieties. Yields of silage and shelled grain were reduced when the varieties were planted in late May compared with the same varieties planted in late April. The yield of all varieties used in the late planting test, including Sudangrass, showed no statistically significant differences. Late planting apparently prolonged date of maturity compared with the same varieties in early planting. The yield of silage increased with increased plant population. Row spacing had a large influence o.n yield of dry matter, particularly at high population rate. The 36-inch rows treatments gave a higher yield than 24-inch rows for every variety studied. The variation in plant spacing within the row (one vs. two plants per hill) had very little effect o.n yield if any. The feeding value, on the basis of analysis for feed constituents, was not influenced by increased population rate. Yield of silage was positively correlated with time to maturity and plant height and inversely with percent grain. Title: The influence of variety, plant population and planting date on corn silage production Author: Samphantharak, Krisda The influence of variety, plant population, and planting date on corn silage production was studied at Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. The corn plants were grown under irrigation with 300 pounds per acre of 16-20-0 (N-P₂0₅-K₂0) and 240 pounds of urea, providing a total nitrogen application of 158 pounds per acre. The yield of total dry matter, shelled grain, silage and the chemical constituents of silage (feeding quality), date of maturity and plant height were studied. The medium season varieties gave more yield of dry matter, shelled grain and silage than the early varieties. Yields of silage and shelled grain were reduced when the varieties were planted in late May compared with the same varieties planted in late April. The yield of all varieties used in the late planting test, including Sudangrass, showed no statistically significant differences. Late planting apparently prolonged date of maturity compared with the same varieties in early planting. The yield of silage increased with increased plant population. Row spacing had a large influence o.n yield of dry matter, particularly at high population rate. The 36-inch rows treatments gave a higher yield than 24-inch rows for every variety studied. The variation in plant spacing within the row (one vs. two plants per hill) had very little effect o.n yield if any. The feeding value, on the basis of analysis for feed constituents, was not influenced by increased population rate. Yield of silage was positively correlated with time to maturity and plant height and inversely with percent grain. Close

• 117. [Article] Selectivity and chemodynamics of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey)

  Controlled environment chamber and laboratory studies were carried out to evaluate selectivity and chemodynamics of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selectivity and chemodynamics of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey) Author: Schafer, David Eugene Controlled environment chamber and laboratory studies were carried out to evaluate selectivity and chemodynamics of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 'Nugaines', a tolerant species, and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey), a susceptible species. A comparison of ED₅₀ values, based upon reduction of whole plant growth, indicated that wheat was 109 times more tolerant of bromoxynil than was fiddleneck. The shoot/root ratios of both wheat and fiddleneck were observed to increase with increasing dosage of bromoxynil. Measurement of necrotic tissue weight of wheat and fiddleneck, as a function of bromoxynil dosage, suggested a sub-lethal translocation effect. The selectivity of bromoxynil in wheat and fiddleneck was concluded to be the result of a complex of interactions. Fiddleneck was found to retain twice as much spray solution as wheat. Mathematical analysis revealed that 6.3 percent of the differential toxicity could be attributed to differential herbicide retention. The penetration of bromoxynil-¹⁴C into leaf tissue was found to proceed more rapidly in fiddleneck than in wheat. Penetration of bromoxynil-¹⁴C could not be related to stomatal densities in either species. Only 4.9 percent of the selectivity existing between wheat and fiddleneck could be attributed to the penetration differential. Autoradiography and extraction procedures revealed that the label from bromoxynil-¹⁴C was more mobile in fiddleneck than in wheat. Higher levels of radioactivity were found in treated leaf, foliage and root extracts of fiddleneck as compared to wheat. Higher levels of insoluble label were found in treated leaves, foliage and roots of wheat as compared to fiddleneck. In both species, a high percentage of the extractable radioactivity was attributed to bromoxynil-¹⁴C. No specific difference in the percentage of total derivatives could be found. The evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ by wheat treated with bromoxynil-¹⁴C significantly exceeded that of fiddleneck. This indicated a greater capacity, on the part of wheat, to degrade this herbicide. Mathematical analysis indicated that 88.8 percent of the selectivity existing between wheat and fiddleneck could be attributed to internal physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Title: Selectivity and chemodynamics of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey) Author: Schafer, David Eugene Controlled environment chamber and laboratory studies were carried out to evaluate selectivity and chemodynamics of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 'Nugaines', a tolerant species, and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey), a susceptible species. A comparison of ED₅₀ values, based upon reduction of whole plant growth, indicated that wheat was 109 times more tolerant of bromoxynil than was fiddleneck. The shoot/root ratios of both wheat and fiddleneck were observed to increase with increasing dosage of bromoxynil. Measurement of necrotic tissue weight of wheat and fiddleneck, as a function of bromoxynil dosage, suggested a sub-lethal translocation effect. The selectivity of bromoxynil in wheat and fiddleneck was concluded to be the result of a complex of interactions. Fiddleneck was found to retain twice as much spray solution as wheat. Mathematical analysis revealed that 6.3 percent of the differential toxicity could be attributed to differential herbicide retention. The penetration of bromoxynil-¹⁴C into leaf tissue was found to proceed more rapidly in fiddleneck than in wheat. Penetration of bromoxynil-¹⁴C could not be related to stomatal densities in either species. Only 4.9 percent of the selectivity existing between wheat and fiddleneck could be attributed to the penetration differential. Autoradiography and extraction procedures revealed that the label from bromoxynil-¹⁴C was more mobile in fiddleneck than in wheat. Higher levels of radioactivity were found in treated leaf, foliage and root extracts of fiddleneck as compared to wheat. Higher levels of insoluble label were found in treated leaves, foliage and roots of wheat as compared to fiddleneck. In both species, a high percentage of the extractable radioactivity was attributed to bromoxynil-¹⁴C. No specific difference in the percentage of total derivatives could be found. The evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ by wheat treated with bromoxynil-¹⁴C significantly exceeded that of fiddleneck. This indicated a greater capacity, on the part of wheat, to degrade this herbicide. Mathematical analysis indicated that 88.8 percent of the selectivity existing between wheat and fiddleneck could be attributed to internal physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Close

• 118. [Article] Performance of Willamette Valley native plants following herbicide exposure

  Prairies were once the dominant vegetation type in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Land use conversion, fire suppression, succession, and invasive species have reduced Willamette Valley prairies to less than ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of Willamette Valley native plants following herbicide exposure Author: Blakeley-Smith, Matthew R. Prairies were once the dominant vegetation type in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Land use conversion, fire suppression, succession, and invasive species have reduced Willamette Valley prairies to less than 1% of their historical area. The remnant prairies that persist today are small in size and are highly fragmented. Marginal strips of habitat along roadsides and agricultural fields play an important role as refugia for native species and provide important resources for wildlife. These seemingly insignificant habitat units may also play an important role in facilitating gene flow between disjunct populations of prairie plants, thus reducing the potential for the negative effects of inbreeding depression. Presently, much of the land area in the Willamette Valley is dedicated to commercial agricultural which is heavily reliant on herbicides for weed control and field preparation. Since herbicide applications are imprecise and prone to drift, there is potential to impact the native plants surrounding these agricultural fields. Current EPA methods for assessing the ecological effects of herbicides may not be robust enough to account for potential impacts on native plants since the suggested test species are ten annual agricultural crops. To address the need for improved phytotoxicity testing protocols, we incorporated non-crop plant species into the EPA vegetative vigor test methodology for use in determining effects of low concentrations of chemical herbicides on Willamette Valley terrestrial plants. A separate experiment was conducted in order to determine how herbicides might be used to restore Butterfly Meadows, a degraded Willamette Valley prairie. The specific objective of this study were to: 1.) determine which herbicide treatments were most effective at reducing dominance of an invasive species, Brachypodium sylvaticum, 2.) determine if native species declined following herbicide treatments, and 3.) describe the compositional changes in the plant communities over a four-year period. The EPA vegetative vigor test study showed that there was a wide variety of responses among 17 species (14 native and 3 introduced) to each herbicide tested (glyphosate, tribenuron, and fluazifop). For glyphosate, Potentilla gracilis was the most sensitive species based on an EC25 value of 0.012 x f.a.r. for dry weight; while Bromus carinatus, Clarkia amoena, Gilia capitata, and Lupinus albicaulis were tolerant to glyphosate as indicated by no effect on dry weight. Seven Willamette Valley forb species were sensitive to tribenuron based on EC25 values ranging from 0.001 to 0.012 x f.a.r.; Clarkia amoena, Collinsia grandflora, Leucanthemum vulgare, Potentilla gracilis, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus occidentalis and Sanquisorba occidentalis. Six grass species and Eriophyllum lanatum were resistant to tribenuron showing no reduction in dry weight. Fluazifop primarily affected grass species as expected due to the grass-specific activity for this herbicide. Two native grasses, Elymus trachycaulus and Danthonia californica were the most sensitive to fluazifop, based on low EC25 values of 0.002 to 0.010 x f.a.r. A native fescue grass, Festuca roemeri, and nearly all the forb species were resistant to fluazifop, showing no response at any herbicide rate applied. The results from this research will be useful as background information for evaluating potential modifications in the EPA's Vegetative Vigor Test to assess the risk of herbicides to non-target plants. Seven different herbicide combinations were effective at reducing the cover of Brachypodium sylvaticum in test plots at Butterfly Meadows one year after treatment. The reduction of B. sylvaticum was short lived however, since the cover of this grass species was not different from control plots during the second growing season. Native plant species were not negatively impacted by the herbicide treatments, as shown by MRPP analysis. Successional trajectories illustrate that control plots that were dominated by B. sylvaticum remained relatively unchanged over the course of four years. Some treatments exhibited a sharp decline in dominance by graminoids after the first year, a recovery the second year, but never returned exactly to their pretreatment community composition after the third year. The reduction of the dominant species after the first growing season was associated with colonization by a number of introduced species into the newly created open habitat. Over the same period there was no overall increase in native species cover, suggesting that the native species at this site may be recruitment limited. Future restoration activities at this site should include multiple years of B. sylvaticum control, with special attention to the seed bank and tolerant individuals. Seed additions of native species may help fill empty niches and afford resistance to invasion by introduced species. Title: Performance of Willamette Valley native plants following herbicide exposure Author: Blakeley-Smith, Matthew R. Prairies were once the dominant vegetation type in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Land use conversion, fire suppression, succession, and invasive species have reduced Willamette Valley prairies to less than 1% of their historical area. The remnant prairies that persist today are small in size and are highly fragmented. Marginal strips of habitat along roadsides and agricultural fields play an important role as refugia for native species and provide important resources for wildlife. These seemingly insignificant habitat units may also play an important role in facilitating gene flow between disjunct populations of prairie plants, thus reducing the potential for the negative effects of inbreeding depression. Presently, much of the land area in the Willamette Valley is dedicated to commercial agricultural which is heavily reliant on herbicides for weed control and field preparation. Since herbicide applications are imprecise and prone to drift, there is potential to impact the native plants surrounding these agricultural fields. Current EPA methods for assessing the ecological effects of herbicides may not be robust enough to account for potential impacts on native plants since the suggested test species are ten annual agricultural crops. To address the need for improved phytotoxicity testing protocols, we incorporated non-crop plant species into the EPA vegetative vigor test methodology for use in determining effects of low concentrations of chemical herbicides on Willamette Valley terrestrial plants. A separate experiment was conducted in order to determine how herbicides might be used to restore Butterfly Meadows, a degraded Willamette Valley prairie. The specific objective of this study were to: 1.) determine which herbicide treatments were most effective at reducing dominance of an invasive species, Brachypodium sylvaticum, 2.) determine if native species declined following herbicide treatments, and 3.) describe the compositional changes in the plant communities over a four-year period. The EPA vegetative vigor test study showed that there was a wide variety of responses among 17 species (14 native and 3 introduced) to each herbicide tested (glyphosate, tribenuron, and fluazifop). For glyphosate, Potentilla gracilis was the most sensitive species based on an EC25 value of 0.012 x f.a.r. for dry weight; while Bromus carinatus, Clarkia amoena, Gilia capitata, and Lupinus albicaulis were tolerant to glyphosate as indicated by no effect on dry weight. Seven Willamette Valley forb species were sensitive to tribenuron based on EC25 values ranging from 0.001 to 0.012 x f.a.r.; Clarkia amoena, Collinsia grandflora, Leucanthemum vulgare, Potentilla gracilis, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus occidentalis and Sanquisorba occidentalis. Six grass species and Eriophyllum lanatum were resistant to tribenuron showing no reduction in dry weight. Fluazifop primarily affected grass species as expected due to the grass-specific activity for this herbicide. Two native grasses, Elymus trachycaulus and Danthonia californica were the most sensitive to fluazifop, based on low EC25 values of 0.002 to 0.010 x f.a.r. A native fescue grass, Festuca roemeri, and nearly all the forb species were resistant to fluazifop, showing no response at any herbicide rate applied. The results from this research will be useful as background information for evaluating potential modifications in the EPA's Vegetative Vigor Test to assess the risk of herbicides to non-target plants. Seven different herbicide combinations were effective at reducing the cover of Brachypodium sylvaticum in test plots at Butterfly Meadows one year after treatment. The reduction of B. sylvaticum was short lived however, since the cover of this grass species was not different from control plots during the second growing season. Native plant species were not negatively impacted by the herbicide treatments, as shown by MRPP analysis. Successional trajectories illustrate that control plots that were dominated by B. sylvaticum remained relatively unchanged over the course of four years. Some treatments exhibited a sharp decline in dominance by graminoids after the first year, a recovery the second year, but never returned exactly to their pretreatment community composition after the third year. The reduction of the dominant species after the first growing season was associated with colonization by a number of introduced species into the newly created open habitat. Over the same period there was no overall increase in native species cover, suggesting that the native species at this site may be recruitment limited. Future restoration activities at this site should include multiple years of B. sylvaticum control, with special attention to the seed bank and tolerant individuals. Seed additions of native species may help fill empty niches and afford resistance to invasion by introduced species. Close

• 119. [Article] Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon

  Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon Author: Faux, John Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing uses to other, higher-valued uses is receiving greater attention due to constraints on development of new water supplies. A key to reallocation is identification of the economic value associated with existing and alternative water uses. A hedonic price analysis of farm sales in eastern Oregon is performed to reveal the value of water used in irrigation. Estimation includes a joint test of heteroskedasticity and functional form. The value of water is shown to be strongly influenced by the crop-growing-capability of the soil on which it is applied. The value of an irrigated acre is not significantly influenced by the source of irrigation supply. The implicit market price of irrigation water in this area ranges from $44 per acre-foot (one-time delivery) on the best soils to $9 per acre-foot on the poorest soils irrigated. Title: Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon Author: Faux, John Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing uses to other, higher-valued uses is receiving greater attention due to constraints on development of new water supplies. A key to reallocation is identification of the economic value associated with existing and alternative water uses. A hedonic price analysis of farm sales in eastern Oregon is performed to reveal the value of water used in irrigation. Estimation includes a joint test of heteroskedasticity and functional form. The value of water is shown to be strongly influenced by the crop-growing-capability of the soil on which it is applied. The value of an irrigated acre is not significantly influenced by the source of irrigation supply. The implicit market price of irrigation water in this area ranges from $44 per acre-foot (one-time delivery) on the best soils to $9 per acre-foot on the poorest soils irrigated. Close

• 120. [Article] The water footprint of staple crop trade under climate and policy scenarios

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by IOP Publishing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The water footprint of staple crop trade under climate and policy scenarios Author: Reimer, Jeffrey J., Hussein, Zekarias, Hanasaki, Naota, Konar, Megan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by IOP Publishing and can be found at: http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1748-9326 Title: The water footprint of staple crop trade under climate and policy scenarios Author: Reimer, Jeffrey J., Hussein, Zekarias, Hanasaki, Naota, Konar, Megan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by IOP Publishing and can be found at: http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1748-9326 Close