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• 101. [Article] Biological indicators of the timing and direction of warm-water advection during the 1997/1998 El Niño off the central Oregon coast, USA

  The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological indicators of the timing and direction of warm-water advection during the 1997/1998 El Niño off the central Oregon coast, USA Author: Johnson, Travis B., Morgan, Cheryl A., Keister, Julie E., Peterson, William T. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Biological indicators of the timing and direction of warm-water advection during the 1997/1998 El Niño off the central Oregon coast, USA Author: Johnson, Travis B., Morgan, Cheryl A., Keister, Julie E., Peterson, William T. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 102. [Article] Comparison of the reassociation and hybridization properties of the DNAs for several species of fish

  The genome composition and DNA base sequence homologies of several diverse species of fish were examined. The fishes were characterized from spectrophotometric studies of reassociation and hybridization ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparison of the reassociation and hybridization properties of the DNAs for several species of fish Author: Gharrett, Anthony John The genome composition and DNA base sequence homologies of several diverse species of fish were examined. The fishes were characterized from spectrophotometric studies of reassociation and hybridization of their DNAs and from the thermal stabilities of hybrid duplexes. Spectrophotometric studies indicated that repeated sequences comprise 35-40% of the genomes of starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), ling cod (Ophiodon elongatus), and buffalo sculpin (Enophrys bison), and approximately 60% of the genomes of the salmonids (Salmo gairdneri, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Prosopium williamsoni, and Thymallus arcticus) and Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus). The information content was relatively high in the steelhead ( Salmo gairdneri), 1.6 x 10⁹ base pairs, and lamprey, 2.3 x 10⁹base pairs, as compared to 0. 75 x 10⁹ in starry flounder. Hybridization studies indicate that closely related species share substantial base sequence similarities while distantly related fish share few or none. Hydroxyapatite chromatography was used for examining the thermal stabilities of DNA hybrids. This technique provided a means for separating closely related species, such as the salmonids. It was concluded that the specialization in fishes is accompanied by a reduction in information content and a decrease in repeatedness in their genomes. These observations are consistent with the loss of structural components and decrease in plasticity generally accompanying specialization. Quantitative differences were found in the base sequences of closely related species and, although differences between populations and races were not resolved, the data suggest that with sufficient refinement of the methodology, such separations might be made. Title: Comparison of the reassociation and hybridization properties of the DNAs for several species of fish Author: Gharrett, Anthony John The genome composition and DNA base sequence homologies of several diverse species of fish were examined. The fishes were characterized from spectrophotometric studies of reassociation and hybridization of their DNAs and from the thermal stabilities of hybrid duplexes. Spectrophotometric studies indicated that repeated sequences comprise 35-40% of the genomes of starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), ling cod (Ophiodon elongatus), and buffalo sculpin (Enophrys bison), and approximately 60% of the genomes of the salmonids (Salmo gairdneri, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Prosopium williamsoni, and Thymallus arcticus) and Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus). The information content was relatively high in the steelhead ( Salmo gairdneri), 1.6 x 10⁹ base pairs, and lamprey, 2.3 x 10⁹base pairs, as compared to 0. 75 x 10⁹ in starry flounder. Hybridization studies indicate that closely related species share substantial base sequence similarities while distantly related fish share few or none. Hydroxyapatite chromatography was used for examining the thermal stabilities of DNA hybrids. This technique provided a means for separating closely related species, such as the salmonids. It was concluded that the specialization in fishes is accompanied by a reduction in information content and a decrease in repeatedness in their genomes. These observations are consistent with the loss of structural components and decrease in plasticity generally accompanying specialization. Quantitative differences were found in the base sequences of closely related species and, although differences between populations and races were not resolved, the data suggest that with sufficient refinement of the methodology, such separations might be made. Close

• 103. [Article] Taxonomy and reproduction of Microtus canicaudus

  The taxonomic status of Microtus canicaudus was compared with that of a morphologically similar vole, Microtus montanus. Four means of comparison were utilized: hybridization experiments, comparative karyology, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Taxonomy and reproduction of Microtus canicaudus Author: Tyser, Robin W. The taxonomic status of Microtus canicaudus was compared with that of a morphologically similar vole, Microtus montanus. Four means of comparison were utilized: hybridization experiments, comparative karyology, growth distinctions (total length and body weight), and qualitative behavioral observations. The hybridization experiments indicated that, while the incidence of pregnancy of M. montanus x M. canicaudus was similar to one of the control groups (M. montanus x M. montanus) and was even greater than the other control group (M. canicaudus x M. canicaudus), the litter size and survival of hybrid offspring until weaning was significantly less than both control groups. Therefore, reduced reproductive compatibility between the two species is indicated. The karyotypes of the two species (M. canicaudus from Benton County, Oregon; M. montanus from Moran, Wyoming, Red Butte Canyon - near Salt Lake City, Utah, and the Columbia River Gorge, Oregon) showed consistent interspecific differences. Karyotypes of male and female hybrids exhibited chromosome "mis-matching". Growth comparisons between Benton County M. canicaudus and Red Butte M. montanus demonstrated that M. canicaudus was significantly shorter and weighed less. Behavioral interactions between a group of seven individuals of each species housed in a network of interconnected cages revealed that 77% of the agonistic interactions noted were interspecific, These results lend support to the hypothesis that M. canicaudus deserves species status. In addition to the taxonomic study, the breeding records of M. canicaudus yielded information concerning its gestation period and trends in sizes of consecutive litters. The most common gestation interval was 21 days. Temporal patterning of successive litters led to speculation on the presence of a 21 day pseudopregnancy. Evidence was presented which suggests that the sizes of first litters were relatively smaller than the mean size of litters two through four. Title: Taxonomy and reproduction of Microtus canicaudus Author: Tyser, Robin W. The taxonomic status of Microtus canicaudus was compared with that of a morphologically similar vole, Microtus montanus. Four means of comparison were utilized: hybridization experiments, comparative karyology, growth distinctions (total length and body weight), and qualitative behavioral observations. The hybridization experiments indicated that, while the incidence of pregnancy of M. montanus x M. canicaudus was similar to one of the control groups (M. montanus x M. montanus) and was even greater than the other control group (M. canicaudus x M. canicaudus), the litter size and survival of hybrid offspring until weaning was significantly less than both control groups. Therefore, reduced reproductive compatibility between the two species is indicated. The karyotypes of the two species (M. canicaudus from Benton County, Oregon; M. montanus from Moran, Wyoming, Red Butte Canyon - near Salt Lake City, Utah, and the Columbia River Gorge, Oregon) showed consistent interspecific differences. Karyotypes of male and female hybrids exhibited chromosome "mis-matching". Growth comparisons between Benton County M. canicaudus and Red Butte M. montanus demonstrated that M. canicaudus was significantly shorter and weighed less. Behavioral interactions between a group of seven individuals of each species housed in a network of interconnected cages revealed that 77% of the agonistic interactions noted were interspecific, These results lend support to the hypothesis that M. canicaudus deserves species status. In addition to the taxonomic study, the breeding records of M. canicaudus yielded information concerning its gestation period and trends in sizes of consecutive litters. The most common gestation interval was 21 days. Temporal patterning of successive litters led to speculation on the presence of a 21 day pseudopregnancy. Evidence was presented which suggests that the sizes of first litters were relatively smaller than the mean size of litters two through four. Close

• 104. [Article] Models of a four-species annual weed community : growth, competition, and community dynamics

  Models of weed communities aid in the development of weed management strategies and elucidate the processes and mechanisms that regulate plant populations and communities. A conceptual weed community model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Models of a four-species annual weed community : growth, competition, and community dynamics Author: Roush, Mary Lynn Models of weed communities aid in the development of weed management strategies and elucidate the processes and mechanisms that regulate plant populations and communities. A conceptual weed community model was developed to organize key regulatory life-history processes. Specific investigations focused on the processes of plant growth and competition, and relationships between growth ability and competitive ability. Plant competition was investigated from two perspectives: the intensity of competition and the importance of competition. Intensity is the response of a plant to competition; importance is the role of competition in regulating populations and communities. Recent applications of fundamental yield-density relationships have enhanced interpretations that can be made about the mechanisms and implications of competition. Plant growth and competition experiments were conducted for a community of four annual weed species to 1) quantify competition intensity using yield-density relationships, 2) link processes of plant growth and competition, and 3) characterize the importance of competition in the community. The weed species were Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenmodium album L., Echinochloa crus-galli L., and Lolium multiflorum Lam.. Experiments were conducted for two years in the field, using isolated, container-grown individuals for growth analysis, and an addition series design for competition. Results indicated strong relationships between plant growth traits and competitive abilities; however, these relationships were sensitive to variation in the environment. Yield-density models and population models suggested that the role of competition in population dynamics varied for the four species, and indicated that other key life-history processes may significantly influence the weed community. In particular, seed bank dynamics and interactions between the environment (temperature and light) and growth, competition and seed bank processes were emphasized for further development and implementation of the weed community model. Title: Models of a four-species annual weed community : growth, competition, and community dynamics Author: Roush, Mary Lynn Models of weed communities aid in the development of weed management strategies and elucidate the processes and mechanisms that regulate plant populations and communities. A conceptual weed community model was developed to organize key regulatory life-history processes. Specific investigations focused on the processes of plant growth and competition, and relationships between growth ability and competitive ability. Plant competition was investigated from two perspectives: the intensity of competition and the importance of competition. Intensity is the response of a plant to competition; importance is the role of competition in regulating populations and communities. Recent applications of fundamental yield-density relationships have enhanced interpretations that can be made about the mechanisms and implications of competition. Plant growth and competition experiments were conducted for a community of four annual weed species to 1) quantify competition intensity using yield-density relationships, 2) link processes of plant growth and competition, and 3) characterize the importance of competition in the community. The weed species were Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenmodium album L., Echinochloa crus-galli L., and Lolium multiflorum Lam.. Experiments were conducted for two years in the field, using isolated, container-grown individuals for growth analysis, and an addition series design for competition. Results indicated strong relationships between plant growth traits and competitive abilities; however, these relationships were sensitive to variation in the environment. Yield-density models and population models suggested that the role of competition in population dynamics varied for the four species, and indicated that other key life-history processes may significantly influence the weed community. In particular, seed bank dynamics and interactions between the environment (temperature and light) and growth, competition and seed bank processes were emphasized for further development and implementation of the weed community model. Close

• 105. [Article] Host selection and wood channelization by beetles in conifer logs in western Oregon

  The host preferences and wood channelization rates of scolytid and cerambycid beetles were studied at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (Lane County, Oregon) during 1986 and 1987. Attack density and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host selection and wood channelization by beetles in conifer logs in western Oregon Author: Zhong, He The host preferences and wood channelization rates of scolytid and cerambycid beetles were studied at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (Lane County, Oregon) during 1986 and 1987. Attack density and gallery volumes were measured in fall-felled experimental logs of four major conifer species: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mensiesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.)Sarg.), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabalis (Dougl.)Forbes), and western redcedar (Thu'a plicata Donn). The ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) and Gnathotrichus spp., were significantly more abundant in Douglas-fir and western hemlock than in silver fir or western redcedar, but Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg) showed no discrimination among the four tree species. The average emergence of ambrosia beetle brood per gallery was 1.8 in spring-felled Douglas-fir logs and 2.2 in western hemlock. The data indicate a declining ambrosia beetle population emerging from these logs. About 0.16% of the sapwood volume of Douglas-fir and about 0.18% of the sapwood volume of western hemlock were removed by Trypodendron. About 0.01% of the sapwood volume of Douglas-fir and about 0.06% of the sapwood volume of western hemlock were removed by Gnathotrichus. The bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins and Dryocoetes autographus Ratzeburg excavated about 7.6% of Douglas-fir phloem surface area. Pseudohylesinus sericeus (Mannerheim) removed 6.8% of Pacific silver fir phloem surface area. Long-horned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) excavated an additional 2.3% of Pacific silver fir phloem surface area. These data indicate that each tree species has a distinct boring insect species pool with differences in channelization rates through time. Colonization and fragmentation of fallen trees by beetles are important to the initiation of the decomposition process in forest ecosystems. Title: Host selection and wood channelization by beetles in conifer logs in western Oregon Author: Zhong, He The host preferences and wood channelization rates of scolytid and cerambycid beetles were studied at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (Lane County, Oregon) during 1986 and 1987. Attack density and gallery volumes were measured in fall-felled experimental logs of four major conifer species: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mensiesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.)Sarg.), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabalis (Dougl.)Forbes), and western redcedar (Thu'a plicata Donn). The ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) and Gnathotrichus spp., were significantly more abundant in Douglas-fir and western hemlock than in silver fir or western redcedar, but Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg) showed no discrimination among the four tree species. The average emergence of ambrosia beetle brood per gallery was 1.8 in spring-felled Douglas-fir logs and 2.2 in western hemlock. The data indicate a declining ambrosia beetle population emerging from these logs. About 0.16% of the sapwood volume of Douglas-fir and about 0.18% of the sapwood volume of western hemlock were removed by Trypodendron. About 0.01% of the sapwood volume of Douglas-fir and about 0.06% of the sapwood volume of western hemlock were removed by Gnathotrichus. The bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins and Dryocoetes autographus Ratzeburg excavated about 7.6% of Douglas-fir phloem surface area. Pseudohylesinus sericeus (Mannerheim) removed 6.8% of Pacific silver fir phloem surface area. Long-horned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) excavated an additional 2.3% of Pacific silver fir phloem surface area. These data indicate that each tree species has a distinct boring insect species pool with differences in channelization rates through time. Colonization and fragmentation of fallen trees by beetles are important to the initiation of the decomposition process in forest ecosystems. Close

• 106. [Article] Hydrology shapes taxonomic and functional structure of desert stream invertebrate communities

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is copyrighted by The Society for Freshwater Science and published by The University of Chicago Press. It can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrology shapes taxonomic and functional structure of desert stream invertebrate communities Author: Lytle, David A., Olden, Julian D., Jaeger, Kristin L., Bogan, Michael T., Schriever, Tiffany A., Cañedo-Argüelles, Miguel, Boersma, Kate S. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is copyrighted by The Society for Freshwater Science and published by The University of Chicago Press. It can be found at: http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/journals/journal/fws.html Title: Hydrology shapes taxonomic and functional structure of desert stream invertebrate communities Author: Lytle, David A., Olden, Julian D., Jaeger, Kristin L., Bogan, Michael T., Schriever, Tiffany A., Cañedo-Argüelles, Miguel, Boersma, Kate S. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is copyrighted by The Society for Freshwater Science and published by The University of Chicago Press. It can be found at: http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/journals/journal/fws.html Close

• 107. [Article] Characterization of the Zea mays ssp. mays TOUSLED-like kinases

  This dissertation describes the cloning and characterization of the TOUSLEDlike kinases genes of maize (ZmTLKs). The TOUSLED-like kinases (TLKs) are a conserved family of nuclear Ser/Thr kinases in higher ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of the Zea mays ssp. mays TOUSLED-like kinases Author: Owusu, Ethel Owusuwaa This dissertation describes the cloning and characterization of the TOUSLEDlike kinases genes of maize (ZmTLKs). The TOUSLED-like kinases (TLKs) are a conserved family of nuclear Ser/Thr kinases in higher eukaryotes. The maize genome has three TOUSLED-like kinase genes (ZmTLK1, ZmTLK2, and ZmTLK3). Based upon sequence similarity, the ZmTLKs are divided into two classes, the ZmTLK1 and the ZmTLK2/3 class. The origins of these genes can be inferred from their map positions and relationships with TLKs in other Zea species. The ZmTLK1 and ZmTLK2 genes occupy syntenous positions on chromosome arms 1L and 5S in the maize genome. There are two equivalent classes of TLK genes in other Zea species, altogether indicating that the two ZmTLK classes are orthologous genes from the precursor species of maize, an ancient allotetraploid. Gene expression studies of ZmTLKs show that there is a higher level of expression in tissues undergoing DNA synthesis. This is consistent with studies of TLKs in animal systems that show involvement in chromatin assembly/remodeling activities during DNA replication and repair, as well as in transcription. The highest level of gene expression for the ZmTLK2/3 class was observed during development of the endosperm, in a period of massive nuclear endoreduplication. ZmTLK1 is not upregulated in endoreduplicating endosperm, suggesting functional divergence between the two classes of ZmTLK genes. The function of the ZmTLKs was examined by testing whether maize TLK genes could complement the tousled mutant of Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, recessive mutations in the single copy TOUSLED (TSL) gene cause moderate vegetative and severe floral defects, suggesting that TLKs may play a role in gene expression modulation through chromatin remodeling. The ZmTLK proteins are 84% identical to TSL in the catalytic region and 45 - 49% at the N-terminal regulatory domain. However, structural features of the N-terminal region domains of the ZmTLKs are similar to that of TSL. Arabidopsis tsl-1 mutant plants were transformed with ZmTLK2, under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. These plants showed wild-type Arabidopsis phenotype, indicating that in spite of their sequence differences, ZmTLK2 and TSL interact with the same substrates and regulatory partners and are functionally equivalent. Title: Characterization of the Zea mays ssp. mays TOUSLED-like kinases Author: Owusu, Ethel Owusuwaa This dissertation describes the cloning and characterization of the TOUSLEDlike kinases genes of maize (ZmTLKs). The TOUSLED-like kinases (TLKs) are a conserved family of nuclear Ser/Thr kinases in higher eukaryotes. The maize genome has three TOUSLED-like kinase genes (ZmTLK1, ZmTLK2, and ZmTLK3). Based upon sequence similarity, the ZmTLKs are divided into two classes, the ZmTLK1 and the ZmTLK2/3 class. The origins of these genes can be inferred from their map positions and relationships with TLKs in other Zea species. The ZmTLK1 and ZmTLK2 genes occupy syntenous positions on chromosome arms 1L and 5S in the maize genome. There are two equivalent classes of TLK genes in other Zea species, altogether indicating that the two ZmTLK classes are orthologous genes from the precursor species of maize, an ancient allotetraploid. Gene expression studies of ZmTLKs show that there is a higher level of expression in tissues undergoing DNA synthesis. This is consistent with studies of TLKs in animal systems that show involvement in chromatin assembly/remodeling activities during DNA replication and repair, as well as in transcription. The highest level of gene expression for the ZmTLK2/3 class was observed during development of the endosperm, in a period of massive nuclear endoreduplication. ZmTLK1 is not upregulated in endoreduplicating endosperm, suggesting functional divergence between the two classes of ZmTLK genes. The function of the ZmTLKs was examined by testing whether maize TLK genes could complement the tousled mutant of Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, recessive mutations in the single copy TOUSLED (TSL) gene cause moderate vegetative and severe floral defects, suggesting that TLKs may play a role in gene expression modulation through chromatin remodeling. The ZmTLK proteins are 84% identical to TSL in the catalytic region and 45 - 49% at the N-terminal regulatory domain. However, structural features of the N-terminal region domains of the ZmTLKs are similar to that of TSL. Arabidopsis tsl-1 mutant plants were transformed with ZmTLK2, under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. These plants showed wild-type Arabidopsis phenotype, indicating that in spite of their sequence differences, ZmTLK2 and TSL interact with the same substrates and regulatory partners and are functionally equivalent. Close

• 108. [Article] Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) control in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) grown for seed

  Italian ryegrass growth and production from positionally selective applications and sublethal rates of a nonselective herbicide were compared to growth and production when treated with diuron applied preemergence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) control in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) grown for seed Author: Reyes, Carlos C. Italian ryegrass growth and production from positionally selective applications and sublethal rates of a nonselective herbicide were compared to growth and production when treated with diuron applied preemergence as a broadcast treatment and safened by activated carbon applied over the crop row. In the positionally selective treatments, herbicide spray was directed to leave an untreated zone over the crop row at planting. Growth analysis indicated no detectable differences when Italian ryegrass safened by directed spray was compared to Italian ryegrass safened by activated carbon. The major difference between systems was greater weed control in the crop row for carbon-safened treatments. The non-safened application superimposed sublethal diuron rates over Italian ryegrass and rattail fescue grown in varying densities and proportiors. Growth analysis of monoculture stands indicated differences due to planted density, species, and herbicide, whereas growth analysis of plants grown as space-planted individuals indicated difference due to species only. Diuron at the rates applied did not affect seed yield or above ground dry weight. Soil samples were taken in crop rows where diuron was applied as directed spray or broadcast spray safened by carbon. Samples were assayed and soil profile concentrations mapped. To assist future investigators' understanding of the role rainfall plays in herbicide movement from directed applications, elementary rainfall depth and occurrence models were examined. The Markov and mixed-exponential models adequately described rainfall occurrence and depth patterns for Corvallis, Oregon. Title: Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) control in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) grown for seed Author: Reyes, Carlos C. Italian ryegrass growth and production from positionally selective applications and sublethal rates of a nonselective herbicide were compared to growth and production when treated with diuron applied preemergence as a broadcast treatment and safened by activated carbon applied over the crop row. In the positionally selective treatments, herbicide spray was directed to leave an untreated zone over the crop row at planting. Growth analysis indicated no detectable differences when Italian ryegrass safened by directed spray was compared to Italian ryegrass safened by activated carbon. The major difference between systems was greater weed control in the crop row for carbon-safened treatments. The non-safened application superimposed sublethal diuron rates over Italian ryegrass and rattail fescue grown in varying densities and proportiors. Growth analysis of monoculture stands indicated differences due to planted density, species, and herbicide, whereas growth analysis of plants grown as space-planted individuals indicated difference due to species only. Diuron at the rates applied did not affect seed yield or above ground dry weight. Soil samples were taken in crop rows where diuron was applied as directed spray or broadcast spray safened by carbon. Samples were assayed and soil profile concentrations mapped. To assist future investigators' understanding of the role rainfall plays in herbicide movement from directed applications, elementary rainfall depth and occurrence models were examined. The Markov and mixed-exponential models adequately described rainfall occurrence and depth patterns for Corvallis, Oregon. Close

• 109. [Article] Biological and physical ocean indicators predict the success of an invasive crab, Carcinus maenas, in the northern California Current

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological and physical ocean indicators predict the success of an invasive crab, Carcinus maenas, in the northern California Current Author: Kosro, P. Michael, Yamada, Sylvia Behrens, Peterson, William T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Biological and physical ocean indicators predict the success of an invasive crab, Carcinus maenas, in the northern California Current Author: Kosro, P. Michael, Yamada, Sylvia Behrens, Peterson, William T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 110. [Article] Herbicidal effectiveness of trifluralin as influenced by methods of incorporation into the soil and depth of weed seed germination

  This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of four methods of incorporating the herbicide trifluralin into the soil, and to determine the interaction between depth of incorporation of trifluralin and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Herbicidal effectiveness of trifluralin as influenced by methods of incorporation into the soil and depth of weed seed germination Author: Gargano, Don Richard This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of four methods of incorporating the herbicide trifluralin into the soil, and to determine the interaction between depth of incorporation of trifluralin and depth of weed seed germination. Field experiments on green and dry peas were established in Oregon and Idaho. Trifluralin, applied at four rates, was incorporated by a rototiller, tine-tooth harrow, spike-tooth harrow or double-disked, prior to planting. At time of harvest, yields were taken and plots were evaluated for weed control. On dry peas, only the tine-tooth harrow gave unsatisfactory incorporation of trifluralin. Increasing the rate of trifluralin, regardless of the method of incorporation, reduced the yield of dry peas, indicating injury. On green peas, both the double-disk and rototiller satisfactorily incorporated trifluralin. However, yields from the rototiller plots were slightly less than those from the disk plots. No injury was noted with increasing rates of trifluralin. Greenhouse experiments were conducted at Corvallis to determine the effect of increasing the depth of incorporation and depth of weed seed germination on the herbicidal activity of trifluralin. Trifluralin, applied at three rates, was incorporated to four depths and planted at three depths to pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.). Pigweed was not affected when planted below the trifluralin-treated zone. Only pigweed plants whose roots grew into the trifluralin were controlled. Shoot uptake appeared to be more effective than root uptake by barn-yardgrass. When trifluralin was incorporated over 1.5 inches, weed control was reduced, indicating a dilution effect. Results of this study indicate that the weed species to be controlled will be of major importance when determining the depth and method of incorporation of trifluralin. Title: Herbicidal effectiveness of trifluralin as influenced by methods of incorporation into the soil and depth of weed seed germination Author: Gargano, Don Richard This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of four methods of incorporating the herbicide trifluralin into the soil, and to determine the interaction between depth of incorporation of trifluralin and depth of weed seed germination. Field experiments on green and dry peas were established in Oregon and Idaho. Trifluralin, applied at four rates, was incorporated by a rototiller, tine-tooth harrow, spike-tooth harrow or double-disked, prior to planting. At time of harvest, yields were taken and plots were evaluated for weed control. On dry peas, only the tine-tooth harrow gave unsatisfactory incorporation of trifluralin. Increasing the rate of trifluralin, regardless of the method of incorporation, reduced the yield of dry peas, indicating injury. On green peas, both the double-disk and rototiller satisfactorily incorporated trifluralin. However, yields from the rototiller plots were slightly less than those from the disk plots. No injury was noted with increasing rates of trifluralin. Greenhouse experiments were conducted at Corvallis to determine the effect of increasing the depth of incorporation and depth of weed seed germination on the herbicidal activity of trifluralin. Trifluralin, applied at three rates, was incorporated to four depths and planted at three depths to pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.). Pigweed was not affected when planted below the trifluralin-treated zone. Only pigweed plants whose roots grew into the trifluralin were controlled. Shoot uptake appeared to be more effective than root uptake by barn-yardgrass. When trifluralin was incorporated over 1.5 inches, weed control was reduced, indicating a dilution effect. Results of this study indicate that the weed species to be controlled will be of major importance when determining the depth and method of incorporation of trifluralin. Close