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• 891. [Article] The Small Business Development Center Program: From a Small Business Growth Stage and Adult Learning Perspective

  The study of the Clackamas Small Business Development Center's Small Business Management Programs (SBM) had three research objectives: to ascertain what information should be transferred to small business ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Small Business Development Center Program: From a Small Business Growth Stage and Adult Learning Perspective Author: Kruger, Roy Otis Year: 1991 The study of the Clackamas Small Business Development Center's Small Business Management Programs (SBM) had three research objectives: to ascertain what information should be transferred to small business owners and how best to transfer that information; to ascertain what information is presently being transferred to clients and what methods are used in transferring the information; and to survey clients in order to develop a current demographic profile, measure their level of satisfaction with the assistance received, and ascertain what they perceived were the benefits of the program to their companies. Prior to the study, there had been little systematic research of what information should be transferred to SBDC clients and the most effective methods for transferring that information. The small business growth stage literature was used to develop the recommended body of information. The adult learning literature was used to develop the recommended methods for transferring that information to clients. The majority of respondents were women, well educated, middle-aged, and from companies in service related industries that employed few workers. The findings suggest that clients desire an increase in both the appropriateness of the program's informational content and the level of their involvement in tailoring the SBM program to the needs of their organizations. As suggested by the Small Business Growth Stage Models, a statistically significant decline in client satisfaction of the program's informational content was found to exist between stage two and stage three business owners. The study found that instructors did not utilize specific business factors (such as sales levels, numbers of employees, etc.) in developing the informational content of the SBM programs. Instructors also did not utilize client preferred learning styles, or formal client involvement in developing the instructional design of the SBM program. The study found that clients and center personnel appear to differ in their perceptions regarding the role of the instructor and the purpose of the SBM program. Clients appear to envision the role of the instructor as more of a consultant, while instructors view their role as preparing clients to solve their own problems. Title: The Small Business Development Center Program: From a Small Business Growth Stage and Adult Learning Perspective Author: Kruger, Roy Otis Year: 1991 The study of the Clackamas Small Business Development Center's Small Business Management Programs (SBM) had three research objectives: to ascertain what information should be transferred to small business owners and how best to transfer that information; to ascertain what information is presently being transferred to clients and what methods are used in transferring the information; and to survey clients in order to develop a current demographic profile, measure their level of satisfaction with the assistance received, and ascertain what they perceived were the benefits of the program to their companies. Prior to the study, there had been little systematic research of what information should be transferred to SBDC clients and the most effective methods for transferring that information. The small business growth stage literature was used to develop the recommended body of information. The adult learning literature was used to develop the recommended methods for transferring that information to clients. The majority of respondents were women, well educated, middle-aged, and from companies in service related industries that employed few workers. The findings suggest that clients desire an increase in both the appropriateness of the program's informational content and the level of their involvement in tailoring the SBM program to the needs of their organizations. As suggested by the Small Business Growth Stage Models, a statistically significant decline in client satisfaction of the program's informational content was found to exist between stage two and stage three business owners. The study found that instructors did not utilize specific business factors (such as sales levels, numbers of employees, etc.) in developing the informational content of the SBM programs. Instructors also did not utilize client preferred learning styles, or formal client involvement in developing the instructional design of the SBM program. The study found that clients and center personnel appear to differ in their perceptions regarding the role of the instructor and the purpose of the SBM program. Clients appear to envision the role of the instructor as more of a consultant, while instructors view their role as preparing clients to solve their own problems. Close

• 892. [Article] Isolation and characterization of two sterols from the green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum

  The green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum, was cultured in artificial nutrient medium utilizing five-gallon carboys, each of which contained 16 1. of culture. The algal cells were separated from the nutrient ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Isolation and characterization of two sterols from the green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum Author: Owings, Raymond Mark Year: 1976 The green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum, was cultured in artificial nutrient medium utilizing five-gallon carboys, each of which contained 16 1. of culture. The algal cells were separated from the nutrient medium by continuous-flow centrifugation at 7500 RPM, and were then lyophilized. The lyophilized cells were extracted by refluxing with ether, acetone, and chloroform:methanol (2:1). Free sterols and sterol esters were separated from the crude extract using preparative thin-layer chromatography. Sterol esters were saponified and both the sterols and the fatty acids were recovered. Individual sterols were separated from the free sterol fraction using argentation thin-layer chromatography. Gas chromatograms, mass spectra, and ultraviolet spectra were obtained for these sterols. The free sterol fraction was found to contain approximately 40% 24-methylcholesta-5,7-dien-3B-ol and 60% 24-ethylcholesta-5,7-dien-3B-ol. The sterol ester fraction also contained these two sterols; however, the composition and amount of esterified sterols varied as a function of culture age. Sterol ester content was higher for older cultures, and in older cultures the composition of the esterified sterols more closely resembled that of the free sterols. The fatty acids obtained from the saponification of the sterol esters were methylated and were analyzed using gas chromatography. Tentative identifications, based upon comparative retention times, were made for several of these acids. Sterols were extracted from the nutrient medium after harvest of the algal cells. Extraction was accomplished by mixing large quantities of nutrient medium with ether for several days, or by shaking small aliquots with ether. 24-methylcholesta-5,7-dien-3B-ol and 24 ethylcholesta-5,7-dien-3B-ol were isolated from the nutrient medium in approximately the same relative amounts as from the algal cells. The concentration of sterols in the nutrient medium was approximately equal to the water-solubility of cholesterol (25-29)t g./l.). Extraction procedures which release sterols from water soluble complexes were carried out on extracted cells and on extracted nutrient medium. These procedures failed to yield measurable quantities of sterols. Treatment of extracted cells with strong base and subsequent extraction showed that all sterols had been extracted without prior cell lysis or pretreatment. An extraction of algal cells was carried out using DMSO:ether as the extraction solvent. This extraction resulted in complete removal of sterols from the cells, and the sterols were accompanied by only small amounts of other lipidsoluble material. Title: Isolation and characterization of two sterols from the green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum Author: Owings, Raymond Mark Year: 1976 The green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum, was cultured in artificial nutrient medium utilizing five-gallon carboys, each of which contained 16 1. of culture. The algal cells were separated from the nutrient medium by continuous-flow centrifugation at 7500 RPM, and were then lyophilized. The lyophilized cells were extracted by refluxing with ether, acetone, and chloroform:methanol (2:1). Free sterols and sterol esters were separated from the crude extract using preparative thin-layer chromatography. Sterol esters were saponified and both the sterols and the fatty acids were recovered. Individual sterols were separated from the free sterol fraction using argentation thin-layer chromatography. Gas chromatograms, mass spectra, and ultraviolet spectra were obtained for these sterols. The free sterol fraction was found to contain approximately 40% 24-methylcholesta-5,7-dien-3B-ol and 60% 24-ethylcholesta-5,7-dien-3B-ol. The sterol ester fraction also contained these two sterols; however, the composition and amount of esterified sterols varied as a function of culture age. Sterol ester content was higher for older cultures, and in older cultures the composition of the esterified sterols more closely resembled that of the free sterols. The fatty acids obtained from the saponification of the sterol esters were methylated and were analyzed using gas chromatography. Tentative identifications, based upon comparative retention times, were made for several of these acids. Sterols were extracted from the nutrient medium after harvest of the algal cells. Extraction was accomplished by mixing large quantities of nutrient medium with ether for several days, or by shaking small aliquots with ether. 24-methylcholesta-5,7-dien-3B-ol and 24 ethylcholesta-5,7-dien-3B-ol were isolated from the nutrient medium in approximately the same relative amounts as from the algal cells. The concentration of sterols in the nutrient medium was approximately equal to the water-solubility of cholesterol (25-29)t g./l.). Extraction procedures which release sterols from water soluble complexes were carried out on extracted cells and on extracted nutrient medium. These procedures failed to yield measurable quantities of sterols. Treatment of extracted cells with strong base and subsequent extraction showed that all sterols had been extracted without prior cell lysis or pretreatment. An extraction of algal cells was carried out using DMSO:ether as the extraction solvent. This extraction resulted in complete removal of sterols from the cells, and the sterols were accompanied by only small amounts of other lipidsoluble material. Close

• 893. [Article] "Dangerous Subjects": James D. Saules and the Enforcement of the Color Line in Oregon

  In June of 1844, James D. Saules, a black sailor turned farmer living in Oregon's Willamette Valley, was arrested and convicted for allegedly inciting Indians to violence against a settler named Charles ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Dangerous Subjects": James D. Saules and the Enforcement of the Color Line in Oregon Author: Coleman, Kenneth Robert Year: 2014 In June of 1844, James D. Saules, a black sailor turned farmer living in Oregon's Willamette Valley, was arrested and convicted for allegedly inciting Indians to violence against a settler named Charles E. Pickett. Three years earlier, Saules had deserted the United States Exploring Expedition, married a Chinookan woman, and started a freight business on the Columbia River. Less than two months following Saules' arrest, Oregon's Provisional Government passed its infamous "Lash Law," banning the immigration of free black people to the region. While the government repealed the law in 1845, Oregon passed a territorial black exclusion law in 1849 and included a black exclusion clause in its 1857 state constitution. Oregon's territorial delegate also convinced the U.S. Congress to exclude black people from the 1850 Donation Land Act. In each case, Oregon politicians suggested the legacy of the Saules case by stressing the need to prevent black men, particularly sailors, from coming to Oregon and collaborating with local indigenous groups to commit acts of violence against white settlers. This thesis explains the unusual persistence of black exclusion laws in Oregon by focusing on the life of Saules, both before and after white American settlers came to the region in large numbers. Black exclusion in Oregon was neither an anomalous byproduct of American expansion nor a means to prevent slavery from taking root in the region. Instead, racial exclusion was central to the land-centered settler colonial project in the Pacific Northwest. Prior to the Americanization of the Pacific Northwest, the region was home to a cosmopolitan and increasingly fluid culture that incorporated various local Native groups, exogenous fur industry workers, and missionaries. This was a milieu made possible by colonialism and the rise of merchant capitalism during the Age of Sail, a period which lasted from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. This was also likely a world very familiar to Saules, who had spent his entire adult life aboard ships and in various seaports. However, the American immigrants who began arriving in Oregon in the early 1840s sought to dismantle this multiethnic social order, privatize land, and create a homogenous settler society based on classical republican principles. And although Saules was born in the United States, American settlers, emboldened by a racialist ideology, denied most non-whites a place in their settler society. Furthermore, during the early decades of resettlement, white American settlers often felt vulnerable to attacks from the preexisting population. Therefore, many settlers viewed free black men like Saules, a worldly sailor with connections among Native people, as potential threats to the security of their nascent communities. Title: "Dangerous Subjects": James D. Saules and the Enforcement of the Color Line in Oregon Author: Coleman, Kenneth Robert Year: 2014 In June of 1844, James D. Saules, a black sailor turned farmer living in Oregon's Willamette Valley, was arrested and convicted for allegedly inciting Indians to violence against a settler named Charles E. Pickett. Three years earlier, Saules had deserted the United States Exploring Expedition, married a Chinookan woman, and started a freight business on the Columbia River. Less than two months following Saules' arrest, Oregon's Provisional Government passed its infamous "Lash Law," banning the immigration of free black people to the region. While the government repealed the law in 1845, Oregon passed a territorial black exclusion law in 1849 and included a black exclusion clause in its 1857 state constitution. Oregon's territorial delegate also convinced the U.S. Congress to exclude black people from the 1850 Donation Land Act. In each case, Oregon politicians suggested the legacy of the Saules case by stressing the need to prevent black men, particularly sailors, from coming to Oregon and collaborating with local indigenous groups to commit acts of violence against white settlers. This thesis explains the unusual persistence of black exclusion laws in Oregon by focusing on the life of Saules, both before and after white American settlers came to the region in large numbers. Black exclusion in Oregon was neither an anomalous byproduct of American expansion nor a means to prevent slavery from taking root in the region. Instead, racial exclusion was central to the land-centered settler colonial project in the Pacific Northwest. Prior to the Americanization of the Pacific Northwest, the region was home to a cosmopolitan and increasingly fluid culture that incorporated various local Native groups, exogenous fur industry workers, and missionaries. This was a milieu made possible by colonialism and the rise of merchant capitalism during the Age of Sail, a period which lasted from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. This was also likely a world very familiar to Saules, who had spent his entire adult life aboard ships and in various seaports. However, the American immigrants who began arriving in Oregon in the early 1840s sought to dismantle this multiethnic social order, privatize land, and create a homogenous settler society based on classical republican principles. And although Saules was born in the United States, American settlers, emboldened by a racialist ideology, denied most non-whites a place in their settler society. Furthermore, during the early decades of resettlement, white American settlers often felt vulnerable to attacks from the preexisting population. Therefore, many settlers viewed free black men like Saules, a worldly sailor with connections among Native people, as potential threats to the security of their nascent communities. Close

• 894. [Article] Intrastate Armed Conflict and Peacebuilding in Nepal: An Assessment of the Political and Economic Agency of Women

  The proliferation of intrastate armed conflicts has been one of the significant threats to global peace, security, and governance. Such conflicts may trigger resource exploitation, environmental degradation, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intrastate Armed Conflict and Peacebuilding in Nepal: An Assessment of the Political and Economic Agency of Women Author: Luintel, Gyanu Gautam Year: 2016 The proliferation of intrastate armed conflicts has been one of the significant threats to global peace, security, and governance. Such conflicts may trigger resource exploitation, environmental degradation, human rights violations, human and drug trafficking, and terrorism. Women may suffer disproportionately from armed conflicts due to their unequal social status. While they endure the same effects of the conflict as the rest of the population, they also become targets of gender-based violence. However, women can also be active agents of armed conflict and perpetrate violence. Therefore, political and scientific communities at the national and international levels are now increasingly interested in developing a better understanding of the role of women in, and effect on them from, armed conflict. A better understanding of the roles of women in conflict would help to prevent conflicts and promote peace. Following in-depth interviews with civil society members who witnessed the decade-long armed conflict between Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M) and the Government of Nepal (GoN) (1996-2006) and thereafter the peacebuildng process, I assess the political and economic agency of women particularly in terms of their role in, and impact on them from, the armed conflict and peacebuilding processes. My research revealed that a large number of women, particularly those from rural areas, members of socially oppressed groups, poor and productive age (i.e., 14 - 45 years) - participated in the armed conflict as combatants, political cadres, motivators, and members of the cultural troupe in CPN-M, despite deeply entrenched patriarchal values in Nepali society. The GoN also recruited women in combatant roles who took part in the armed conflict. Women joined the armed conflict voluntarily, involuntarily, or as a survival strategy. Women who did not participate directly in the armed conflict were affected in many different ways. They were required to perform multiple tasks and unconventional roles at both household and community levels, particularly due to the absence or shortage of men in rural areas as they were killed, disappeared, or displaced. At the household level, women performed the role of household head- both politically and economically. However, in most cases the economic agency of women was negatively affected. At the community level, women's role as peacebuilders, members of community based organizations and civil society organizations either increased or decreased depending on the situation. Despite active participation of women in formal and informal peacebuilding processes at different levels, they were excluded from most of the high level formal peace processes. However, they were able to address some of the women's issues (e.g., access to parental property, inclusion in the state governance mechanism) at the constitutional level. The armed conflict changed gender relations to some extent, and some women acquired new status, skills and power by assuming new responsibilities. However, these changes were gained at the cost of grave violations of human rights and gender-based violence committed by the warring sides. Also, the gains made by women were short-lived and their situation often returned to status quo in the post-conflict period. Title: Intrastate Armed Conflict and Peacebuilding in Nepal: An Assessment of the Political and Economic Agency of Women Author: Luintel, Gyanu Gautam Year: 2016 The proliferation of intrastate armed conflicts has been one of the significant threats to global peace, security, and governance. Such conflicts may trigger resource exploitation, environmental degradation, human rights violations, human and drug trafficking, and terrorism. Women may suffer disproportionately from armed conflicts due to their unequal social status. While they endure the same effects of the conflict as the rest of the population, they also become targets of gender-based violence. However, women can also be active agents of armed conflict and perpetrate violence. Therefore, political and scientific communities at the national and international levels are now increasingly interested in developing a better understanding of the role of women in, and effect on them from, armed conflict. A better understanding of the roles of women in conflict would help to prevent conflicts and promote peace. Following in-depth interviews with civil society members who witnessed the decade-long armed conflict between Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M) and the Government of Nepal (GoN) (1996-2006) and thereafter the peacebuildng process, I assess the political and economic agency of women particularly in terms of their role in, and impact on them from, the armed conflict and peacebuilding processes. My research revealed that a large number of women, particularly those from rural areas, members of socially oppressed groups, poor and productive age (i.e., 14 - 45 years) - participated in the armed conflict as combatants, political cadres, motivators, and members of the cultural troupe in CPN-M, despite deeply entrenched patriarchal values in Nepali society. The GoN also recruited women in combatant roles who took part in the armed conflict. Women joined the armed conflict voluntarily, involuntarily, or as a survival strategy. Women who did not participate directly in the armed conflict were affected in many different ways. They were required to perform multiple tasks and unconventional roles at both household and community levels, particularly due to the absence or shortage of men in rural areas as they were killed, disappeared, or displaced. At the household level, women performed the role of household head- both politically and economically. However, in most cases the economic agency of women was negatively affected. At the community level, women's role as peacebuilders, members of community based organizations and civil society organizations either increased or decreased depending on the situation. Despite active participation of women in formal and informal peacebuilding processes at different levels, they were excluded from most of the high level formal peace processes. However, they were able to address some of the women's issues (e.g., access to parental property, inclusion in the state governance mechanism) at the constitutional level. The armed conflict changed gender relations to some extent, and some women acquired new status, skills and power by assuming new responsibilities. However, these changes were gained at the cost of grave violations of human rights and gender-based violence committed by the warring sides. Also, the gains made by women were short-lived and their situation often returned to status quo in the post-conflict period. Close

• 895. [Article] A comparison of responses between two different socioeconomic groups on the Boehm test of basic concepts

  The primary purpose of the investigation was to compare the responses of white, lower-class kindergartners and first graders with white, middle-class kindergartners and first graders on the Boehm Test ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of responses between two different socioeconomic groups on the Boehm test of basic concepts Author: Geist, Teri Jones Year: 1975 The primary purpose of the investigation was to compare the responses of white, lower-class kindergartners and first graders with white, middle-class kindergartners and first graders on the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts (BTBC) in order to determine if a statistically significant difference existed between socioeconomic level and the number of concepts correctly identified on the BTBC. A secondary purpose was to determine is a significant relationship existed between concept development as measure by the BTBC and intelligence from an assessment of receptive vocabulary by using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). One hundred white, lower middle socioeconomic level children from two elementary schools in Portland were selected as subjects to be included in this study. Variable controlled were grade level, auditory acuity, emotional stability, and sooioeconomioc status. The BTBC consists of fifty pictorial items, arranged in approximate order of difficulty and divided evenly between two booklets. Included in the fifty items are twenty-three spatial concepts, four time concepts, eighteen quantity concepts, and five concepts classified as miscellaneous. The PPVT was used to provide an estimate of subject’s verbal intelligence though a measurement of his receptive vocabulary. On both tests, the subject was instructed to point to the picture representing the stimulus item. The results of this study revealed a relationship exists between socioeconomic status and the number of concepts correctly identified on the BTBC. This relationship was observed when the lower-class subjects were compared with their middle-class peers at each grade level, when all kindergarteners were compared to all first graders, and in a comparison of the fifty lower-class and fifty middle-class subjects. The subjects of the middle socioeconomic level tended to identify more concepts correctly than the subjects of the lower socioeconomic level, while the first grade subjects, generally, identified more concepts correctly than the kindergartners. An analysis of the conceptual areas of space, time, and quantity revealed that socioeconomic status was related to the number of concepts correctly identified when the fifty lower-class subjects were compared to the fifty middle-class subjects. The children of the middle-class identified more concepts correctly in each area than the lower-class subjects. Grade level also was related to the number of concepts correctly identified in each of' the concept areas. The first graders tended to identify more concepts in each area than the kindergarteners. When the scores of the lower- and middleclass subjects at the kindergarten level were compared, there was no relationship between socioeconomic status and the number of concepts correctly identified in each of the three areas. No relationship was observed between the scores of the two groups of first graders on the spatial concepts. Socioeconomic level, however, did effect the number of time and quantity concepts correctly identified. The subjects of the middle socioeconomic level, generally, identified more time and quantity concepts correctly than the subjects of the lower socioeconomic level. These results suggest a higher .degree of abstraction abilities may be found with increased age and a higher socioeconomic level. The findings also tend to support the views of many researchers in the field of conceptual development who have stated that the language of the disadvantaged child inhibits his ability to abstract. Results of a Pearson's Product-Moment correlation calculated between the subjects’ scores on each of the tests indicated no significant correlation between the children's I.Q. scores and the number of concepts correctly identified. Title: A comparison of responses between two different socioeconomic groups on the Boehm test of basic concepts Author: Geist, Teri Jones Year: 1975 The primary purpose of the investigation was to compare the responses of white, lower-class kindergartners and first graders with white, middle-class kindergartners and first graders on the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts (BTBC) in order to determine if a statistically significant difference existed between socioeconomic level and the number of concepts correctly identified on the BTBC. A secondary purpose was to determine is a significant relationship existed between concept development as measure by the BTBC and intelligence from an assessment of receptive vocabulary by using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). One hundred white, lower middle socioeconomic level children from two elementary schools in Portland were selected as subjects to be included in this study. Variable controlled were grade level, auditory acuity, emotional stability, and sooioeconomioc status. The BTBC consists of fifty pictorial items, arranged in approximate order of difficulty and divided evenly between two booklets. Included in the fifty items are twenty-three spatial concepts, four time concepts, eighteen quantity concepts, and five concepts classified as miscellaneous. The PPVT was used to provide an estimate of subject’s verbal intelligence though a measurement of his receptive vocabulary. On both tests, the subject was instructed to point to the picture representing the stimulus item. The results of this study revealed a relationship exists between socioeconomic status and the number of concepts correctly identified on the BTBC. This relationship was observed when the lower-class subjects were compared with their middle-class peers at each grade level, when all kindergarteners were compared to all first graders, and in a comparison of the fifty lower-class and fifty middle-class subjects. The subjects of the middle socioeconomic level tended to identify more concepts correctly than the subjects of the lower socioeconomic level, while the first grade subjects, generally, identified more concepts correctly than the kindergartners. An analysis of the conceptual areas of space, time, and quantity revealed that socioeconomic status was related to the number of concepts correctly identified when the fifty lower-class subjects were compared to the fifty middle-class subjects. The children of the middle-class identified more concepts correctly in each area than the lower-class subjects. Grade level also was related to the number of concepts correctly identified in each of' the concept areas. The first graders tended to identify more concepts in each area than the kindergarteners. When the scores of the lower- and middleclass subjects at the kindergarten level were compared, there was no relationship between socioeconomic status and the number of concepts correctly identified in each of the three areas. No relationship was observed between the scores of the two groups of first graders on the spatial concepts. Socioeconomic level, however, did effect the number of time and quantity concepts correctly identified. The subjects of the middle socioeconomic level, generally, identified more time and quantity concepts correctly than the subjects of the lower socioeconomic level. These results suggest a higher .degree of abstraction abilities may be found with increased age and a higher socioeconomic level. The findings also tend to support the views of many researchers in the field of conceptual development who have stated that the language of the disadvantaged child inhibits his ability to abstract. Results of a Pearson's Product-Moment correlation calculated between the subjects’ scores on each of the tests indicated no significant correlation between the children's I.Q. scores and the number of concepts correctly identified. Close

• 896. [Article] An Attempt to Find Predictor Variables Which Will Discriminate Between Those Patients Who Seek Aftercare Treatment and Those Who Do Not Seek Aftercare Treatment Upon Discharge From a Psychiatric Ward

  This is an exploratory follow-up study of the clientele of the Psychiatric Crisis Unit, a short-term, crisis-oriented inpatient psychiatric ward. The main objective of the research was to test the following ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Attempt to Find Predictor Variables Which Will Discriminate Between Those Patients Who Seek Aftercare Treatment and Those Who Do Not Seek Aftercare Treatment Upon Discharge From a Psychiatric Ward Author: Johnstone, Nena V., Lynch, William D., Baldwin, Philip M., Kemp, John C. Year: 1971 This is an exploratory follow-up study of the clientele of the Psychiatric Crisis Unit, a short-term, crisis-oriented inpatient psychiatric ward. The main objective of the research was to test the following null hypothesis: there are no significant differences between those individuals who attempt to gain aftercare treatment as opposed to those individuals who do not following discharge from the Crisis Unit. A sample of fifty-one voluntary patients who consented to participate in the study was used in testing this hypothesis. Each subject completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (M.M.P.I.) and a sociological questionnaire while in the Crisis Unit, and a follow-up questionnaire was administered via telephone or personal contact approximately one month after discharge. The follow-up information was used to determine whether the subject fell into the "aftercare” or “no-aftercare” group. Data collection lasted from July 1, 1970 to December 15, 1970. The data revealed that there were significant differences between the groups and, thus, the null hypothesis was rejected. The ten M.M.P.I. scales revealed no significant differences between the groups on the individual scales. However, when examined collectively, the aftercare group scored higher than the no-aftercare group on all scales except Self-Sufficiency (which is scored in the opposite direction, corroborating the tendency in the other scales). A discriminant function correctly classified seventy-three percent of the subjects. These results indicate that the aftercare subjects probably viewed themselves as “needing” more help. The significant predictor variables found included prior familial and personal experiences similar to those bringing the subject to the Unit, employment status, age, diagnostic designation, length of hospitalization, referral planning, and self-ratings on a mood scale which was administered upon discharge from the Crisis Unit. These variables were obtained with less effort than the psychological test data. It was found that the aftercare group (compared to the other group) was younger, had a higher rate of unemployment, and had a higher rate of familial and prior personal experiences. They were also diagnosed more frequently as psychotic, with depression ranking second, and rated themselves lower on the mood scale scores. However, the difference between the before and after mood scale scores revealed that these subjects felt they had “gained” more than the no-aftercare subjects. The no-aftercare group was diagnosed more frequently as depressed, with behavior/character disorders ranking second. They tended to rate themselves higher on the mood scale scores. However, the differences between the before and after mood scale scores revealed that they had not “progressed” as much as the aftercare subjects. Although not statistically significant, it was found that the aftercare subjects were hospitalized two days longer than the subjects of the no-aftercare group. More significant is the fact that the aftercare group had a higher rate of rehospitalization than the no-aftercare group. Data collected concerning the referral process revealed that aftercare subjects were more frequently referred for treatment than were subjects of the no-aftercare group. It was speculated that those subjects who perceived themselves and/or were perceived as being "sicker" would seek further help after discharge from the Crisis Unit. The findings also suggested that not all patients need or perceived themselves as needing further help. Title: An Attempt to Find Predictor Variables Which Will Discriminate Between Those Patients Who Seek Aftercare Treatment and Those Who Do Not Seek Aftercare Treatment Upon Discharge From a Psychiatric Ward Author: Johnstone, Nena V., Lynch, William D., Baldwin, Philip M., Kemp, John C. Year: 1971 This is an exploratory follow-up study of the clientele of the Psychiatric Crisis Unit, a short-term, crisis-oriented inpatient psychiatric ward. The main objective of the research was to test the following null hypothesis: there are no significant differences between those individuals who attempt to gain aftercare treatment as opposed to those individuals who do not following discharge from the Crisis Unit. A sample of fifty-one voluntary patients who consented to participate in the study was used in testing this hypothesis. Each subject completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (M.M.P.I.) and a sociological questionnaire while in the Crisis Unit, and a follow-up questionnaire was administered via telephone or personal contact approximately one month after discharge. The follow-up information was used to determine whether the subject fell into the "aftercare” or “no-aftercare” group. Data collection lasted from July 1, 1970 to December 15, 1970. The data revealed that there were significant differences between the groups and, thus, the null hypothesis was rejected. The ten M.M.P.I. scales revealed no significant differences between the groups on the individual scales. However, when examined collectively, the aftercare group scored higher than the no-aftercare group on all scales except Self-Sufficiency (which is scored in the opposite direction, corroborating the tendency in the other scales). A discriminant function correctly classified seventy-three percent of the subjects. These results indicate that the aftercare subjects probably viewed themselves as “needing” more help. The significant predictor variables found included prior familial and personal experiences similar to those bringing the subject to the Unit, employment status, age, diagnostic designation, length of hospitalization, referral planning, and self-ratings on a mood scale which was administered upon discharge from the Crisis Unit. These variables were obtained with less effort than the psychological test data. It was found that the aftercare group (compared to the other group) was younger, had a higher rate of unemployment, and had a higher rate of familial and prior personal experiences. They were also diagnosed more frequently as psychotic, with depression ranking second, and rated themselves lower on the mood scale scores. However, the difference between the before and after mood scale scores revealed that these subjects felt they had “gained” more than the no-aftercare subjects. The no-aftercare group was diagnosed more frequently as depressed, with behavior/character disorders ranking second. They tended to rate themselves higher on the mood scale scores. However, the differences between the before and after mood scale scores revealed that they had not “progressed” as much as the aftercare subjects. Although not statistically significant, it was found that the aftercare subjects were hospitalized two days longer than the subjects of the no-aftercare group. More significant is the fact that the aftercare group had a higher rate of rehospitalization than the no-aftercare group. Data collected concerning the referral process revealed that aftercare subjects were more frequently referred for treatment than were subjects of the no-aftercare group. It was speculated that those subjects who perceived themselves and/or were perceived as being "sicker" would seek further help after discharge from the Crisis Unit. The findings also suggested that not all patients need or perceived themselves as needing further help. Close

• 897. [Article] Die Gestalt der Frau in ausgewählten Dramen George Kaisers

  This thesis' focuses on the characterization of the "woman", who occupies a very prominent part in the dramatic works of playwright Georg Kaiser (1878-1945). The purpose of this study is twofold: the first ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Die Gestalt der Frau in ausgewählten Dramen George Kaisers Author: Justen, Wolfgang H. Year: 1970 This thesis' focuses on the characterization of the "woman", who occupies a very prominent part in the dramatic works of playwright Georg Kaiser (1878-1945). The purpose of this study is twofold: the first part re-examines the early plays Die judische Witwe (1910) and Europa (1910) and basically re-affirms the findings that Judith and Europa are "elementary beings", driven by only one force, their overpowering sexual desire. It can be pointed out, though, that already in these plays Kaiser turned toward mythology - which includes Old and New Testament for him - in the choice of his• protagonists. The examination of Das Frauenopfer (1918) and Octobertag (1928) shows that, contrary to previous opinion, it is not erotic adventurism which motivates the women in these plays, but a more spiritualized love which, though it may have started with erotic desires, transcends reality by its intensity of feeling. In Das Frauenopfer the woman sacrifices herself twice for her husband who experiences a second “rerbirth" through her death. In Oktobertag Catherine's intensity of feeling is so strong that she is living in a "higher realm of reality", which is the only reality for her. Through her love she lifts the man Marrien to the heights of her world. Marrien proclaims the beginning of a "second life" for himself which only now is his real life. Their life together becomes poss£ble only through the death of another man, however. The actual importance in these plays lies in these recurring motives: the intertwining of life and death, where life is possible only through the death of someone, and the theme of re-birth, a second life, where a parallel experience in Kaiser's own life can be seen. Kaiser's move in the direction of primary - primeval - human experience is underscored by the orphan-childhood of the protagonists: Countess Lavalette, Elise, Catherine, and Rosamunde share the fate of being orphans, a fate which is an archetypical experience, prominent in myths. The second part examines the plays Alain und Elise (1938) and Rosamunde Floris (1937/38). These plays have been called absurd and incomprehensible in that Elise and Rosamunde heap lies, exile and death on people around them and are still not guilty of any crime. The plain dramatic action is incomprehensible, but the examination of the symbols shows that they all belong to the subconscious layer of archetypical symbols present in all mankind, taken either directly from Greek mythology or having parallels in the symbols of the Great Mother, as described by c. G. Jung and others. Through recognition of these symbols Elise is shown to be a mythical figure and Rosamunde is recognized to be a Demeter-Kore figure, which in Greek mythology represents the synthesis of the goddesses of Life and Death. The further examination of Kaiser's writings points out that his goal was to show the "synthesis of man", man's Allheit, his courage to live "though man has death in him from the first day of his life". Kaiser's essay Mythos states that man, through the ages, tried to explain the secrets of Life and Death in myths. For Kaiser, the role of the woman takes on this dimension, since woman, by her very nature, is closest to the secrets of the "Great Mother". In this study it can be shown how Kaiser's image of the woman changes from the one-sidedness of the early plays to the all embracing mythical beings of the late plays. The "mythical existence" explains the paradox that these murdering women are shown to be images of innocence: man in myth does not have a personal conscience. His acts are responsible only to a collectivistic, conformistic type of law. This, too, is implied in Kaiser's essay Mythos, and perhaps the prominence of characters without personal conscience has implications for the time during which these plays were written, Germany at the height of the “Myth of the Twentieth Century”. Title: Die Gestalt der Frau in ausgewählten Dramen George Kaisers Author: Justen, Wolfgang H. Year: 1970 This thesis' focuses on the characterization of the "woman", who occupies a very prominent part in the dramatic works of playwright Georg Kaiser (1878-1945). The purpose of this study is twofold: the first part re-examines the early plays Die judische Witwe (1910) and Europa (1910) and basically re-affirms the findings that Judith and Europa are "elementary beings", driven by only one force, their overpowering sexual desire. It can be pointed out, though, that already in these plays Kaiser turned toward mythology - which includes Old and New Testament for him - in the choice of his• protagonists. The examination of Das Frauenopfer (1918) and Octobertag (1928) shows that, contrary to previous opinion, it is not erotic adventurism which motivates the women in these plays, but a more spiritualized love which, though it may have started with erotic desires, transcends reality by its intensity of feeling. In Das Frauenopfer the woman sacrifices herself twice for her husband who experiences a second “rerbirth" through her death. In Oktobertag Catherine's intensity of feeling is so strong that she is living in a "higher realm of reality", which is the only reality for her. Through her love she lifts the man Marrien to the heights of her world. Marrien proclaims the beginning of a "second life" for himself which only now is his real life. Their life together becomes poss£ble only through the death of another man, however. The actual importance in these plays lies in these recurring motives: the intertwining of life and death, where life is possible only through the death of someone, and the theme of re-birth, a second life, where a parallel experience in Kaiser's own life can be seen. Kaiser's move in the direction of primary - primeval - human experience is underscored by the orphan-childhood of the protagonists: Countess Lavalette, Elise, Catherine, and Rosamunde share the fate of being orphans, a fate which is an archetypical experience, prominent in myths. The second part examines the plays Alain und Elise (1938) and Rosamunde Floris (1937/38). These plays have been called absurd and incomprehensible in that Elise and Rosamunde heap lies, exile and death on people around them and are still not guilty of any crime. The plain dramatic action is incomprehensible, but the examination of the symbols shows that they all belong to the subconscious layer of archetypical symbols present in all mankind, taken either directly from Greek mythology or having parallels in the symbols of the Great Mother, as described by c. G. Jung and others. Through recognition of these symbols Elise is shown to be a mythical figure and Rosamunde is recognized to be a Demeter-Kore figure, which in Greek mythology represents the synthesis of the goddesses of Life and Death. The further examination of Kaiser's writings points out that his goal was to show the "synthesis of man", man's Allheit, his courage to live "though man has death in him from the first day of his life". Kaiser's essay Mythos states that man, through the ages, tried to explain the secrets of Life and Death in myths. For Kaiser, the role of the woman takes on this dimension, since woman, by her very nature, is closest to the secrets of the "Great Mother". In this study it can be shown how Kaiser's image of the woman changes from the one-sidedness of the early plays to the all embracing mythical beings of the late plays. The "mythical existence" explains the paradox that these murdering women are shown to be images of innocence: man in myth does not have a personal conscience. His acts are responsible only to a collectivistic, conformistic type of law. This, too, is implied in Kaiser's essay Mythos, and perhaps the prominence of characters without personal conscience has implications for the time during which these plays were written, Germany at the height of the “Myth of the Twentieth Century”. Close

• 898. [Article] James Butler and the Royalist cause in Ireland, 1641-1650

  On June 19, 1647 Ireland's Lord Lieutenant, the Marquis of Ormond, unconditionally surrendered the city of Dublin to the parliament of England. Ormond's biographer, Thomas Carte, records that in January ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: James Butler and the Royalist cause in Ireland, 1641-1650 Author: Brennan, Monica A. Year: 1974 On June 19, 1647 Ireland's Lord Lieutenant, the Marquis of Ormond, unconditionally surrendered the city of Dublin to the parliament of England. Ormond's biographer, Thomas Carte, records that in January of this year the marquis received a private dispatch clearly indicating Charles I’s pleasure -- if it were impossible to hold Dublin and the other royalist garrisons in his name they were to be surrendered to the English rather than the Irish. The loss of the major royalist stronghold in Ireland proved, in effect, to be the turning point of the war in that kingdom; its loss has given Ormond’s political character its most ugly stain. In the opinion of his unsympathetic contemporaries, Ormond had traitorously betrayed Ireland; he surrendered Dublin to the parliamentarians in overt opposition to the king’s wish that he ally with the Confederate Irish. The fact, however, remains; Dublin could not be held for the king. Ormond choose what he considered the lesser of two evils. James Butler, created Duke of Ormond by Charles II in 1661, was born in Clerkenwell England in 1610. His parents were Catholics, but upon the death of his father in 1619 he became a ward of the courts. His education, therefore, was thoroughly Protestant; never in his adult life did Ormond deviate from his constancy to the Protestant English interest in Ireland. He was Irish by descent, but he claimed to be English by birth, extraction, and choice. Though he was considered to be the “terror of the Irish” by the Celtic population the Anglo-Irish hailed the Lord Lieutenant as the “Great Ormond” and “the jewel of the kingdom;” he was the flower of his age and the Butler family. Ormond, although unsympathetic to Irish Catholicism, was one of the most competent governors in over seven hundred years of English rule in Ireland. It was the lung's cause for which he labored; the interests of Catholic Ireland were of secondary importance. This study is intended neither to exonerate nor excoriate James Butler; it is an attempt to give proper perspective to the role he played as a staunch royalist in that decisive period of Irish history between the rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest. Thomas Carte's biography of Ormond served as an invaluable source for information on Ormond's role in Irish affairs 1641-1650 and for an account of the Protestant and royalist aide of the war. The letters and papers contained in the last two volumes provide all the necessary materials for an account of Ormond's role in public affairs. Carte's references to his subject's personal life were derived from consulting with the Bishop of Worcester who spent several years with Ormond's family, and from a manuscript written by Sir Robert Southwell. A second authority for an account of Ormond's role in the royalist struggle in Ireland is the H. M. C. Ormonde MSS Volumes 1 and 2 New Series, containing Ormond's correspondence relating to Ireland from 1641-1650 and the letters of the Irish Lords Justices, were particularly pertinent to this study. An Aphorismical Discovery of Treasonable Faction and Richard Belling's History of the Irish Confederation and the war in Ireland, the primary sources dealing with Catholic Ireland's stand in the Irish war, were unavailable for examination. It was therefore necessary to rely upon the scholarship of Thomas L. Coonan and his book Irish Catholic Confederacy and the Puritan Revolution. Coonan expresses nothing but disdain for the Marquis of Ormond, but his comprehensive history of the Irish Confederacy provided a valuable source of materials untouched by Carte. Title: James Butler and the Royalist cause in Ireland, 1641-1650 Author: Brennan, Monica A. Year: 1974 On June 19, 1647 Ireland's Lord Lieutenant, the Marquis of Ormond, unconditionally surrendered the city of Dublin to the parliament of England. Ormond's biographer, Thomas Carte, records that in January of this year the marquis received a private dispatch clearly indicating Charles I’s pleasure -- if it were impossible to hold Dublin and the other royalist garrisons in his name they were to be surrendered to the English rather than the Irish. The loss of the major royalist stronghold in Ireland proved, in effect, to be the turning point of the war in that kingdom; its loss has given Ormond’s political character its most ugly stain. In the opinion of his unsympathetic contemporaries, Ormond had traitorously betrayed Ireland; he surrendered Dublin to the parliamentarians in overt opposition to the king’s wish that he ally with the Confederate Irish. The fact, however, remains; Dublin could not be held for the king. Ormond choose what he considered the lesser of two evils. James Butler, created Duke of Ormond by Charles II in 1661, was born in Clerkenwell England in 1610. His parents were Catholics, but upon the death of his father in 1619 he became a ward of the courts. His education, therefore, was thoroughly Protestant; never in his adult life did Ormond deviate from his constancy to the Protestant English interest in Ireland. He was Irish by descent, but he claimed to be English by birth, extraction, and choice. Though he was considered to be the “terror of the Irish” by the Celtic population the Anglo-Irish hailed the Lord Lieutenant as the “Great Ormond” and “the jewel of the kingdom;” he was the flower of his age and the Butler family. Ormond, although unsympathetic to Irish Catholicism, was one of the most competent governors in over seven hundred years of English rule in Ireland. It was the lung's cause for which he labored; the interests of Catholic Ireland were of secondary importance. This study is intended neither to exonerate nor excoriate James Butler; it is an attempt to give proper perspective to the role he played as a staunch royalist in that decisive period of Irish history between the rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest. Thomas Carte's biography of Ormond served as an invaluable source for information on Ormond's role in Irish affairs 1641-1650 and for an account of the Protestant and royalist aide of the war. The letters and papers contained in the last two volumes provide all the necessary materials for an account of Ormond's role in public affairs. Carte's references to his subject's personal life were derived from consulting with the Bishop of Worcester who spent several years with Ormond's family, and from a manuscript written by Sir Robert Southwell. A second authority for an account of Ormond's role in the royalist struggle in Ireland is the H. M. C. Ormonde MSS Volumes 1 and 2 New Series, containing Ormond's correspondence relating to Ireland from 1641-1650 and the letters of the Irish Lords Justices, were particularly pertinent to this study. An Aphorismical Discovery of Treasonable Faction and Richard Belling's History of the Irish Confederation and the war in Ireland, the primary sources dealing with Catholic Ireland's stand in the Irish war, were unavailable for examination. It was therefore necessary to rely upon the scholarship of Thomas L. Coonan and his book Irish Catholic Confederacy and the Puritan Revolution. Coonan expresses nothing but disdain for the Marquis of Ormond, but his comprehensive history of the Irish Confederacy provided a valuable source of materials untouched by Carte. Close

• 899. [Article] Role-taking and behavior

  The present study examined the relationship between the cognitive skill of role-or perspective-taking and naturally occurring behavior of behaviorally disordered children. Twenty-six boys, aged five years, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Role-taking and behavior Author: Uphoff, Jane Wynne Year: 1982 The present study examined the relationship between the cognitive skill of role-or perspective-taking and naturally occurring behavior of behaviorally disordered children. Twenty-six boys, aged five years, nine months to twelve years, two months were tested and observed at their treatment facility. It was predicted that children who could take the perspective of others would prefer peer to adult interaction, would more likely give positive attention to their peers and would be more likely to use effective language than their non perspective-taking peers. These and related hypotheses were examined by observing each participant's interactive behavior for 36 minutes distributed over three different settings, lunch, freetime and organized activity on six or more different days. To determine perspective-taking skill, two perspective taking instruments were administered in a separate room at the treatment site. One measure (the Chandler role-taking task) required a child to tell a story from a series of three cartoon pictures and then retell the story from the point of view of a late arriving bystander. The other task (the Friendship interview from the Selman Measure of Interpersonal Understanding) assessed role-taking on the basis of the child's responses to questions about a filmstrip story that depicted a common dilemma between close friends. The variety and frequency of effective words was assessed by counting the effective words used by the child when responding to the first role-taking task, the cartoon stories. A vocabulary test was administered at the same time as the other cognitive measures. Before data analysis began, such methodological concerns as reliability of the observational code, reliability of the judges' scoring of the role-taking tasks and internal consistency of the measures were addressed. Cognitive measures, use of effective language and behavioral categories were then correlated with each other. The vocabulary test was used to partial general verbal skill from the relationship of role-taking and effective language. In addition to examining relationships among the measures, the children were divided into perspective-taking and non perspective-taking groups and compared on the various behavioral and language measures. Title: Role-taking and behavior Author: Uphoff, Jane Wynne Year: 1982 The present study examined the relationship between the cognitive skill of role-or perspective-taking and naturally occurring behavior of behaviorally disordered children. Twenty-six boys, aged five years, nine months to twelve years, two months were tested and observed at their treatment facility. It was predicted that children who could take the perspective of others would prefer peer to adult interaction, would more likely give positive attention to their peers and would be more likely to use effective language than their non perspective-taking peers. These and related hypotheses were examined by observing each participant's interactive behavior for 36 minutes distributed over three different settings, lunch, freetime and organized activity on six or more different days. To determine perspective-taking skill, two perspective taking instruments were administered in a separate room at the treatment site. One measure (the Chandler role-taking task) required a child to tell a story from a series of three cartoon pictures and then retell the story from the point of view of a late arriving bystander. The other task (the Friendship interview from the Selman Measure of Interpersonal Understanding) assessed role-taking on the basis of the child's responses to questions about a filmstrip story that depicted a common dilemma between close friends. The variety and frequency of effective words was assessed by counting the effective words used by the child when responding to the first role-taking task, the cartoon stories. A vocabulary test was administered at the same time as the other cognitive measures. Before data analysis began, such methodological concerns as reliability of the observational code, reliability of the judges' scoring of the role-taking tasks and internal consistency of the measures were addressed. Cognitive measures, use of effective language and behavioral categories were then correlated with each other. The vocabulary test was used to partial general verbal skill from the relationship of role-taking and effective language. In addition to examining relationships among the measures, the children were divided into perspective-taking and non perspective-taking groups and compared on the various behavioral and language measures. Close

• 900. [Article] Who's in Jail?: An Examination of Irwin's Rabble Hypothesis

  The research reported in this dissertation centers around John Irwin's recent book, The Jail: Managing the Underclass in American Society (1985)', and provides a data informed critique of his study. It ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Who's in Jail?: An Examination of Irwin's Rabble Hypothesis Author: Backstrand, John Allen Year: 1991 The research reported in this dissertation centers around John Irwin's recent book, The Jail: Managing the Underclass in American Society (1985)', and provides a data informed critique of his study. It examined the records of people booked and incarcerated in jails varying in size and other characteristics in order to evaluate Irwin's conclusions that were made from his study of inmates at one jail in San Francisco County, California. The research portion of this dissertation was a comparative study of six Northwest jails in Multnomah County, Oregon and Skamania County, Washington and the varying characteristics of 1,306 jail prisoners incarcerated in them. Drawing upon inmate records, it was possible to obtain a charge distribution of the population selected for study as well as pertinent findings on other variables of age, gender, race, location, time incarcerated in the six detention locations, and disposition of charges. Most important to this study was the issue of crime severity for which a Statutory Seriousness Scale (SSS) was designed. The scale was based on the revised codes (criminal laws) of Oregon and Washington. Irwin put forth the argument that jails are occupied predominantly by a rabble class of inmates who have committed mostly petty crimes or no crimes at all. He defined the rabble class as those who are detached and disreputable persons who do not fit into conventional society and are irksome and offensive lower class members. It is not so much Irwin's definition of rabble that is at issue, rather, it is his contention that the nation's jails are populated predominantly by persons whose "crime" is that they are "offensive," rather than lawbreakers involved in serious criminal acts. According to Irwin, the primary function of the police is to manage, by various means, this disreputable underclass. The data gathering procedures used by Irwin were not entirely satisfactory, casting doubt on the accuracy of his claims. Accordingly, additional inquiry into jail populations is in order. The data uncovered in the present study suggests that, contrary to Irwin's thesis, many people arrested, booked, and jailed as a result of committing fairly serious crimes. This conclusion was true for the six jails and the 1,306 persons whose records were studied. The research suggests that Irwin's argument is not true for jails everywhere and that jails here do not seem to be filled mainly with persons whose primary problem is their offensive behavior. Instead, jails house a majority who have committed fairly serious acts of lawbreaking. Title: Who's in Jail?: An Examination of Irwin's Rabble Hypothesis Author: Backstrand, John Allen Year: 1991 The research reported in this dissertation centers around John Irwin's recent book, The Jail: Managing the Underclass in American Society (1985)', and provides a data informed critique of his study. It examined the records of people booked and incarcerated in jails varying in size and other characteristics in order to evaluate Irwin's conclusions that were made from his study of inmates at one jail in San Francisco County, California. The research portion of this dissertation was a comparative study of six Northwest jails in Multnomah County, Oregon and Skamania County, Washington and the varying characteristics of 1,306 jail prisoners incarcerated in them. Drawing upon inmate records, it was possible to obtain a charge distribution of the population selected for study as well as pertinent findings on other variables of age, gender, race, location, time incarcerated in the six detention locations, and disposition of charges. Most important to this study was the issue of crime severity for which a Statutory Seriousness Scale (SSS) was designed. The scale was based on the revised codes (criminal laws) of Oregon and Washington. Irwin put forth the argument that jails are occupied predominantly by a rabble class of inmates who have committed mostly petty crimes or no crimes at all. He defined the rabble class as those who are detached and disreputable persons who do not fit into conventional society and are irksome and offensive lower class members. It is not so much Irwin's definition of rabble that is at issue, rather, it is his contention that the nation's jails are populated predominantly by persons whose "crime" is that they are "offensive," rather than lawbreakers involved in serious criminal acts. According to Irwin, the primary function of the police is to manage, by various means, this disreputable underclass. The data gathering procedures used by Irwin were not entirely satisfactory, casting doubt on the accuracy of his claims. Accordingly, additional inquiry into jail populations is in order. The data uncovered in the present study suggests that, contrary to Irwin's thesis, many people arrested, booked, and jailed as a result of committing fairly serious crimes. This conclusion was true for the six jails and the 1,306 persons whose records were studied. The research suggests that Irwin's argument is not true for jails everywhere and that jails here do not seem to be filled mainly with persons whose primary problem is their offensive behavior. Instead, jails house a majority who have committed fairly serious acts of lawbreaking. Close