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• 71. [Article] Process Safety Management

  With the May 1992 Occupational Safety and Health regulation that was passed, entitled Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, management in industry will be faced with increasing costs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Process Safety Management Author: Winton, Craig S. Year: 1993 With the May 1992 Occupational Safety and Health regulation that was passed, entitled Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, management in industry will be faced with increasing costs and must be made aware of the alternatives that they have available. These alternatives include good engineering practice in design processes, process documentation, process hazard analysis and management of change. These are some of the issues addressed in this study. Title: Process Safety Management Author: Winton, Craig S. Year: 1993 With the May 1992 Occupational Safety and Health regulation that was passed, entitled Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, management in industry will be faced with increasing costs and must be made aware of the alternatives that they have available. These alternatives include good engineering practice in design processes, process documentation, process hazard analysis and management of change. These are some of the issues addressed in this study. Close

• 72. [Article] The Discount Rate in the Public and in the Private Sector

  The paper is concerned with answering the following questions: What is the discount rate? Why are there differences between the discount rate in the private and the public sector? What is happening when ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Discount Rate in the Public and in the Private Sector Author: Heinold, Eckhard Year: 1993 The paper is concerned with answering the following questions: What is the discount rate? Why are there differences between the discount rate in the private and the public sector? What is happening when a public company is privatized? The discount rate or interest rate symbolize the time value of the invested money. The discount rate in the public and in the private sector is different. In principle there is no difference between a nationalized company and privately owned company regulated by a public agency. Title: The Discount Rate in the Public and in the Private Sector Author: Heinold, Eckhard Year: 1993 The paper is concerned with answering the following questions: What is the discount rate? Why are there differences between the discount rate in the private and the public sector? What is happening when a public company is privatized? The discount rate or interest rate symbolize the time value of the invested money. The discount rate in the public and in the private sector is different. In principle there is no difference between a nationalized company and privately owned company regulated by a public agency. Close

• 73. [Article] Barriers to Healthcare Innovation

  Presentation slides from the ETM 549 group project, discussing barriers to healthcare innovation: policy and regulation; pharmaceutical aspects; technological aspects; and customer aspects.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Barriers to Healthcare Innovation Author: Ghafoori, Parisa, Link, Michael, Narvekar, Kruti, Yilmaz, Selen Year: 2012 Presentation slides from the ETM 549 group project, discussing barriers to healthcare innovation: policy and regulation; pharmaceutical aspects; technological aspects; and customer aspects. Title: Barriers to Healthcare Innovation Author: Ghafoori, Parisa, Link, Michael, Narvekar, Kruti, Yilmaz, Selen Year: 2012 Presentation slides from the ETM 549 group project, discussing barriers to healthcare innovation: policy and regulation; pharmaceutical aspects; technological aspects; and customer aspects. Close

• 74. [Article] Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: Grid Friendly Appliance for Hot Water Heater Control

  Slides from a presentation that provides analysis of grid friendly appliances for hot water heaters that employ autonomous controllers to regulate voltage. Reviews possible applications, device components, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: Grid Friendly Appliance for Hot Water Heater Control Author: Fedie, Ryan Year: 2010 Slides from a presentation that provides analysis of grid friendly appliances for hot water heaters that employ autonomous controllers to regulate voltage. Reviews possible applications, device components, installation options and product life cycle. Title: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: Grid Friendly Appliance for Hot Water Heater Control Author: Fedie, Ryan Year: 2010 Slides from a presentation that provides analysis of grid friendly appliances for hot water heaters that employ autonomous controllers to regulate voltage. Reviews possible applications, device components, installation options and product life cycle. Close

• 75. [Article] Mathematical Model for Bone Mineralization

  Defective bone mineralization has serious clinical manifestations, including deformities and fractures, but the regulation of this extracellular process is not fully understood. We have developed a mathematical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mathematical Model for Bone Mineralization Author: Komarova, Svetlana V., Safranek, Lee, Gopalakrishnan, Jay, Ou, Miao-jung Yvonne, McKee, Marc D., Murshed, Monzur, Rauch, Frank, Zuhr, Erica Year: 2015 Defective bone mineralization has serious clinical manifestations, including deformities and fractures, but the regulation of this extracellular process is not fully understood. We have developed a mathematical model consisting of ordinary differential equations that describe collagen maturation, production and degradation of inhibitors, and mineral nucleation and growth. We examined the roles of individual processes in generating normal and abnormal mineralization patterns characterized using two outcome measures: mineralization lag time and degree of mineralization. Model parameters describing the formation of hydroxyapatite mineral on the nucleating centers most potently affected the degree of mineralization, while the parameters describing inhibitor homeostasis most effectively changed the mineralization lag time. Of interest, a parameter describing the rate of matrix maturation emerged as being capable of counter-intuitively increasing both the mineralization lag time and the degree of mineralization. We validated the accuracy of model predictions using known diseases of bone mineralization such as osteogenesis imperfecta and X-linked hypophosphatemia. The model successfully describes the highly nonlinear mineralization dynamics, which includes an initial lag phase when osteoid is present but no mineralization is evident, then fast primary mineralization, followed by secondary mineralization characterized by a continuous slow increase in bone mineral content. The developed model can potentially predict the function for a mutated protein based on the histology of pathologic bone samples from mineralization disorders of unknown etiology. Title: Mathematical Model for Bone Mineralization Author: Komarova, Svetlana V., Safranek, Lee, Gopalakrishnan, Jay, Ou, Miao-jung Yvonne, McKee, Marc D., Murshed, Monzur, Rauch, Frank, Zuhr, Erica Year: 2015 Defective bone mineralization has serious clinical manifestations, including deformities and fractures, but the regulation of this extracellular process is not fully understood. We have developed a mathematical model consisting of ordinary differential equations that describe collagen maturation, production and degradation of inhibitors, and mineral nucleation and growth. We examined the roles of individual processes in generating normal and abnormal mineralization patterns characterized using two outcome measures: mineralization lag time and degree of mineralization. Model parameters describing the formation of hydroxyapatite mineral on the nucleating centers most potently affected the degree of mineralization, while the parameters describing inhibitor homeostasis most effectively changed the mineralization lag time. Of interest, a parameter describing the rate of matrix maturation emerged as being capable of counter-intuitively increasing both the mineralization lag time and the degree of mineralization. We validated the accuracy of model predictions using known diseases of bone mineralization such as osteogenesis imperfecta and X-linked hypophosphatemia. The model successfully describes the highly nonlinear mineralization dynamics, which includes an initial lag phase when osteoid is present but no mineralization is evident, then fast primary mineralization, followed by secondary mineralization characterized by a continuous slow increase in bone mineral content. The developed model can potentially predict the function for a mutated protein based on the histology of pathologic bone samples from mineralization disorders of unknown etiology. Close

• 76. [Article] Gas Transfer Velocities in Small Forested Ponds

  Inland waters actively exchange gases with the atmosphere, and the gas exchange rate informs system biogeochemistry, ecology, and global carbon budgets. Gas exchange in medium- to large-sized lakes is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gas Transfer Velocities in Small Forested Ponds Author: Holgerson, Meredith A., Farr, Emily R., Raymond, Peter A. Year: 2017 Inland waters actively exchange gases with the atmosphere, and the gas exchange rate informs system biogeochemistry, ecology, and global carbon budgets. Gas exchange in medium- to large-sized lakes is largely regulated by wind; yet less is known about processes regulating gas transfer in small ponds where wind speeds are low. In this study, we determined the gas transfer velocity, k600, in four small ( < 250 m2 ) ponds by using a propane ( C3H8 ) gas injection. When estimated across 12 h periods, the average k600 ranged from 0.19 to 0.72 m d-1 across the ponds. We also estimated k600 at 2 to 3 h intervals during the day and evaluated the relationship with environmental conditions. The average daytime k600 ranged from 0.33 to 1.83 m d-1 across the ponds and was best predicted by wind speed and air or air-water temperature; however, the explanatory power was weak (R2 < 0.27) with high variability within and among ponds. To compare our results to larger water bodies, we compiled direct measurements of k600 from 67 ponds and lakes worldwide. Our k600 estimates were within the range of estimates for other small ponds, and variability in k600 increased with lake size. However, the majority of studies were conducted on medium-sized lakes (0.01 to 1 km2), leaving small ponds and large lakes understudied. Overall, this study adds four small ponds to the existing body of research on gas transfer velocities from inland waters and highlights uncertainty in k600, with implications for calculating metabolism and carbon emissions in inland waters. Title: Gas Transfer Velocities in Small Forested Ponds Author: Holgerson, Meredith A., Farr, Emily R., Raymond, Peter A. Year: 2017 Inland waters actively exchange gases with the atmosphere, and the gas exchange rate informs system biogeochemistry, ecology, and global carbon budgets. Gas exchange in medium- to large-sized lakes is largely regulated by wind; yet less is known about processes regulating gas transfer in small ponds where wind speeds are low. In this study, we determined the gas transfer velocity, k600, in four small ( < 250 m2 ) ponds by using a propane ( C3H8 ) gas injection. When estimated across 12 h periods, the average k600 ranged from 0.19 to 0.72 m d-1 across the ponds. We also estimated k600 at 2 to 3 h intervals during the day and evaluated the relationship with environmental conditions. The average daytime k600 ranged from 0.33 to 1.83 m d-1 across the ponds and was best predicted by wind speed and air or air-water temperature; however, the explanatory power was weak (R2 < 0.27) with high variability within and among ponds. To compare our results to larger water bodies, we compiled direct measurements of k600 from 67 ponds and lakes worldwide. Our k600 estimates were within the range of estimates for other small ponds, and variability in k600 increased with lake size. However, the majority of studies were conducted on medium-sized lakes (0.01 to 1 km2), leaving small ponds and large lakes understudied. Overall, this study adds four small ponds to the existing body of research on gas transfer velocities from inland waters and highlights uncertainty in k600, with implications for calculating metabolism and carbon emissions in inland waters. Close

• 77. [Article] Modeling Liquid Solid Separation in a Coalescing Plate Oil Water Separator

  When precipitation occurs in undeveloped areas a number of abstractions catch and absorb the precipitation. Abstractions include plants and trees, which catch a portion of the water, pervious soils that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Liquid Solid Separation in a Coalescing Plate Oil Water Separator Author: Gorski, Jacob Year: 2013 When precipitation occurs in undeveloped areas a number of abstractions catch and absorb the precipitation. Abstractions include plants and trees, which catch a portion of the water, pervious soils that infiltrate stormwater until saturated and natural changes in topography where stormwater accumulates. During more intense, longer storm evens the abstraction limit in a watershed can be reached and runoff occurs. In the process of developing areas for cities, towns, industrial sites and transportation the watershed characteristics of that area are changed and the quantity of abstraction in the developed area is reduced. Pervious soils are replaced with impervious surfaces and plants that abstract, absorb and release moisture through evapotranspiration are removed. As a result a significantly larger quantity of surface runoff is generated in these areas. There are a number of methods used to manage the quantity of runoff. Two popular options are the combined sewer system and the separate sewer system. The combined sewer system conveys stormwater runoff and sanitary sewage from households to a wastewater treatment plant. After treatment water is released into a receiving body and the quality of the effluent is monitored to comply with water quality regulations in general, or for water quality regulations at a particular receiving body of water. The separate sewer system, also known as the municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) conveys stormwater separate from sanitary waste. The MS4 generally discharges stormwater to a receiving body of water through a system of outfalls while sanitary sewage is conveyed to a wastewater treatment plant. Because stormwater picks up and transports pollutants deposited in urban areas, and is then discharged to a receiving body, or treated along with sanitary waste it is necessary reduce pollutants and/or reduce quantity of runoff for water quality and economic reasons. Within stormwater management methods that reduce runoff volume and or runoff pollution are called best management practices (BMP). Title: Modeling Liquid Solid Separation in a Coalescing Plate Oil Water Separator Author: Gorski, Jacob Year: 2013 When precipitation occurs in undeveloped areas a number of abstractions catch and absorb the precipitation. Abstractions include plants and trees, which catch a portion of the water, pervious soils that infiltrate stormwater until saturated and natural changes in topography where stormwater accumulates. During more intense, longer storm evens the abstraction limit in a watershed can be reached and runoff occurs. In the process of developing areas for cities, towns, industrial sites and transportation the watershed characteristics of that area are changed and the quantity of abstraction in the developed area is reduced. Pervious soils are replaced with impervious surfaces and plants that abstract, absorb and release moisture through evapotranspiration are removed. As a result a significantly larger quantity of surface runoff is generated in these areas. There are a number of methods used to manage the quantity of runoff. Two popular options are the combined sewer system and the separate sewer system. The combined sewer system conveys stormwater runoff and sanitary sewage from households to a wastewater treatment plant. After treatment water is released into a receiving body and the quality of the effluent is monitored to comply with water quality regulations in general, or for water quality regulations at a particular receiving body of water. The separate sewer system, also known as the municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) conveys stormwater separate from sanitary waste. The MS4 generally discharges stormwater to a receiving body of water through a system of outfalls while sanitary sewage is conveyed to a wastewater treatment plant. Because stormwater picks up and transports pollutants deposited in urban areas, and is then discharged to a receiving body, or treated along with sanitary waste it is necessary reduce pollutants and/or reduce quantity of runoff for water quality and economic reasons. Within stormwater management methods that reduce runoff volume and or runoff pollution are called best management practices (BMP). Close

• 78. [Article] Regulations, Policies and Innovation in Photovoltaic Industry

  Reflecting concerns over the environment, health, and security stemming from the consumption of conventional fossil fuel energy sources, such as gas, oil, and coal, has been raised in the world, which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regulations, Policies and Innovation in Photovoltaic Industry Author: Mathew, Anna Mary, Moskovkin, Dmitriy, Guo, Qin, Eyetsemitan, Roli Year: 2015 Reflecting concerns over the environment, health, and security stemming from the consumption of conventional fossil fuel energy sources, such as gas, oil, and coal, has been raised in the world, which increases the expectation of replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy [1]. In addition to these concerns, rising prices of fossil fuels has forced many countries to support the developent of renewable energy sources, such as, solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal[3]. Among these renewable energy sources, solar photovoltaics (PV), which is also known as solar electric system, has long been considered as a clean and sustainable energy that directly converts solar radiation into current electricity by using semiconducting materials [4]. A PV system comprises a PV module and other electrical components, such as charge controllers, inverters, and disconnects. The direct conversion of sunlight to electricity occurs without any moving parts or environmental emissions during operation, which significantly protects the environment. Meanwhile, it has been well proved that PV installations can operate for no less than 100 years with little maintenance, thus extremely reducing the operating cost [4]. As the figure 1 shows, this report begins with a detailed analysis of policies and regulations influencing the current innovation activities of solar PV. In particular, this study pays attention to the government policy supporting technological innovation and market creation. In addition, this report profited substantially from the knowledge of a few experts and research leaders in the industry and academic field who made themselves available for interviews and other queries. Then followed with several case studies on three countries: Germany, Japan, and the United States, some data were collected to analyze how market entry, product safety, environmental policies, and incentives influence the innovation of PV industry. Finally, we provide conclusion and policy implications on the development of solar PV industry. Title: Regulations, Policies and Innovation in Photovoltaic Industry Author: Mathew, Anna Mary, Moskovkin, Dmitriy, Guo, Qin, Eyetsemitan, Roli Year: 2015 Reflecting concerns over the environment, health, and security stemming from the consumption of conventional fossil fuel energy sources, such as gas, oil, and coal, has been raised in the world, which increases the expectation of replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy [1]. In addition to these concerns, rising prices of fossil fuels has forced many countries to support the developent of renewable energy sources, such as, solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal[3]. Among these renewable energy sources, solar photovoltaics (PV), which is also known as solar electric system, has long been considered as a clean and sustainable energy that directly converts solar radiation into current electricity by using semiconducting materials [4]. A PV system comprises a PV module and other electrical components, such as charge controllers, inverters, and disconnects. The direct conversion of sunlight to electricity occurs without any moving parts or environmental emissions during operation, which significantly protects the environment. Meanwhile, it has been well proved that PV installations can operate for no less than 100 years with little maintenance, thus extremely reducing the operating cost [4]. As the figure 1 shows, this report begins with a detailed analysis of policies and regulations influencing the current innovation activities of solar PV. In particular, this study pays attention to the government policy supporting technological innovation and market creation. In addition, this report profited substantially from the knowledge of a few experts and research leaders in the industry and academic field who made themselves available for interviews and other queries. Then followed with several case studies on three countries: Germany, Japan, and the United States, some data were collected to analyze how market entry, product safety, environmental policies, and incentives influence the innovation of PV industry. Finally, we provide conclusion and policy implications on the development of solar PV industry. Close

• 79. [Article] Gene Expression Patterns of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) During Early Embryonic Development in The Annual Killifish Austrofundulus Limnaeus

  The developmental pattern of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus is unusual compared to other fish. First, the cell movements associated with gastrulation are separated from formation of the embryonic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gene Expression Patterns of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) During Early Embryonic Development in The Annual Killifish Austrofundulus Limnaeus Author: Chan, Eva Y Year: 2016 The developmental pattern of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus is unusual compared to other fish. First, the cell movements associated with gastrulation are separated from formation of the embryonic axis. In addition, embryonic diapause can occur. Diapause II and III are often observed when embryos are incubated at 25oC. Maternal influences and incubation environment are the factors that determine entrance into embryonic diapause, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate diapause are still unknown. Interestingly, embryonic diapause and the unusual cell movements observed during early development are always found together in species of annual killifish that exhibit diapause. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPS) are crucial in the development of various embryonic tissues. A recent study found the gene expressions pattern of BMP antagonists, noggin, chordin and follistatin, in early - embryonic development in A. limnaeus are different from zebrafish. This finding suggests BMPs may play roles in the regulation of diapause. In the present paper, the expression of BMP-2, BMP-4 and the BMP Receptor-2 were examined during early embryonic development in A. limnaeus using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Title: Gene Expression Patterns of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) During Early Embryonic Development in The Annual Killifish Austrofundulus Limnaeus Author: Chan, Eva Y Year: 2016 The developmental pattern of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus is unusual compared to other fish. First, the cell movements associated with gastrulation are separated from formation of the embryonic axis. In addition, embryonic diapause can occur. Diapause II and III are often observed when embryos are incubated at 25oC. Maternal influences and incubation environment are the factors that determine entrance into embryonic diapause, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate diapause are still unknown. Interestingly, embryonic diapause and the unusual cell movements observed during early development are always found together in species of annual killifish that exhibit diapause. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPS) are crucial in the development of various embryonic tissues. A recent study found the gene expressions pattern of BMP antagonists, noggin, chordin and follistatin, in early - embryonic development in A. limnaeus are different from zebrafish. This finding suggests BMPs may play roles in the regulation of diapause. In the present paper, the expression of BMP-2, BMP-4 and the BMP Receptor-2 were examined during early embryonic development in A. limnaeus using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Close

• 80. [Article] Planning in the Portland Metropolitan Area after Measure 37

  Created in the aftermath of Measure 37, the Russill Fellowship is aimed at examining non-regulatory land use planning tools and their potential application in the Portland Metropolitan area, with a particular ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Planning in the Portland Metropolitan Area after Measure 37 Author: Reid, Ted Year: 2006 Created in the aftermath of Measure 37, the Russill Fellowship is aimed at examining non-regulatory land use planning tools and their potential application in the Portland Metropolitan area, with a particular emphasis on habitat conservation. The above-mentioned ballot initiative and the larger private property rights movement have given an indication that Oregon voters perceive inequities in the State’s land use planning system. It is also clear that Oregonians still place a high value on the conservation of our state’s natural resources. According to a March, 2005 statewide survey, protecting farmland for farming is very important to 67% of respondents, protecting the environment is very important to 61%, and protecting wildlife habitat is very important to 58% (CFM Research, 2005). According to a more recent survey commissioned by Metro, 72% of respondents indicated that a policy to “add houses in existing neighborhoods” comes closer to how they feel while only 16% chose “convert farm and forest land for growth” (12% responded with “don’t know”) (Davis, Hibbits, & Midghall, Inc., 2006). Regardless of the legal status of Measure 37 or any future regulatory takings initiatives, the planner’s toolbox needs to be expanded, providing a wider variety of options to accomplish the Statewide Planning Goals. However, as the research for this paper progressed, a more complicated picture of planning and the use of regulations has emerged. It has become clear that non-regulatory planning instruments are no substitute for regulation in upholding Oregon’s Statewide Planning Goals. The above-cited survey indicates that Oregonians do still see the importance of the Goals. Thus, this paper has focused on the need for long-range planning, the relationship between planning and property values, the threat of sprawl in the Portland region, planning instruments that help to control such sprawl, and whether such instruments are able to attain Oregon’s Statewide Planning Goals. Title: Planning in the Portland Metropolitan Area after Measure 37 Author: Reid, Ted Year: 2006 Created in the aftermath of Measure 37, the Russill Fellowship is aimed at examining non-regulatory land use planning tools and their potential application in the Portland Metropolitan area, with a particular emphasis on habitat conservation. The above-mentioned ballot initiative and the larger private property rights movement have given an indication that Oregon voters perceive inequities in the State’s land use planning system. It is also clear that Oregonians still place a high value on the conservation of our state’s natural resources. According to a March, 2005 statewide survey, protecting farmland for farming is very important to 67% of respondents, protecting the environment is very important to 61%, and protecting wildlife habitat is very important to 58% (CFM Research, 2005). According to a more recent survey commissioned by Metro, 72% of respondents indicated that a policy to “add houses in existing neighborhoods” comes closer to how they feel while only 16% chose “convert farm and forest land for growth” (12% responded with “don’t know”) (Davis, Hibbits, & Midghall, Inc., 2006). Regardless of the legal status of Measure 37 or any future regulatory takings initiatives, the planner’s toolbox needs to be expanded, providing a wider variety of options to accomplish the Statewide Planning Goals. However, as the research for this paper progressed, a more complicated picture of planning and the use of regulations has emerged. It has become clear that non-regulatory planning instruments are no substitute for regulation in upholding Oregon’s Statewide Planning Goals. The above-cited survey indicates that Oregonians do still see the importance of the Goals. Thus, this paper has focused on the need for long-range planning, the relationship between planning and property values, the threat of sprawl in the Portland region, planning instruments that help to control such sprawl, and whether such instruments are able to attain Oregon’s Statewide Planning Goals. Close