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• 331. [Article] Investigating the Urban Heat Island Effect with a Collaborative Inquiry Project

  Modification of the earth's surface through urbanization can have a dramatic impact on local climate. A phenomenon known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which is a measure of the near-surface air ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigating the Urban Heat Island Effect with a Collaborative Inquiry Project Author: George, Linda Acha, Becker, William G. Year: 2003 Modification of the earth's surface through urbanization can have a dramatic impact on local climate. A phenomenon known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which is a measure of the near-surface air temperature contrast between urbanized and adjoining rural areas, can be evaluated with readily available instruments. Students in an undergraduate general education science course study this phenomenon in the Portland, Oregon area through a collaborative research project. This inquiry project includes background content and literature review, preliminary studies, development of research questions, experimental design and implementation, data analysis and report writing. This project successfully enables students to collaboratively generate a data set that is amenable to sophisticated and interesting analysis and provides an opportunity to study a phenomenon in their local environment. Title: Investigating the Urban Heat Island Effect with a Collaborative Inquiry Project Author: George, Linda Acha, Becker, William G. Year: 2003 Modification of the earth's surface through urbanization can have a dramatic impact on local climate. A phenomenon known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which is a measure of the near-surface air temperature contrast between urbanized and adjoining rural areas, can be evaluated with readily available instruments. Students in an undergraduate general education science course study this phenomenon in the Portland, Oregon area through a collaborative research project. This inquiry project includes background content and literature review, preliminary studies, development of research questions, experimental design and implementation, data analysis and report writing. This project successfully enables students to collaboratively generate a data set that is amenable to sophisticated and interesting analysis and provides an opportunity to study a phenomenon in their local environment. Close

• 332. [Article] Effects of increased fuel costs on households in a low income neighborhood in Portland, Oregon

  This study is made up of two parts which explore some of the effects upon individual households making up a sample of a low income neighborhood in Portland. The first section in Chapter II presents a survey ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of increased fuel costs on households in a low income neighborhood in Portland, Oregon Author: Allen, Ora, Heald, Betty Year: 1976 This study is made up of two parts which explore some of the effects upon individual households making up a sample of a low income neighborhood in Portland. The first section in Chapter II presents a survey of sample households in our identified area, securing personal information given by adult members along with their responses to questions concerning effects on their budgets and the adaptations they have made to reduce the cost of fuel. The second section compares costs of fuel for January, February, and March of 1975 with the same months of 1974 for another sample in the same area. Amount of fuel was tabulated along with costs, and percentage increases or decreases were charted. The fortunate coincidence of the same three-month average temperature in downtown Portland for both years gave an especially good comparison. The monthly use of gas could be more accurately measured than the use of oil. None of our interviewed sample were found to use electricity as a primary source of heat. Title: Effects of increased fuel costs on households in a low income neighborhood in Portland, Oregon Author: Allen, Ora, Heald, Betty Year: 1976 This study is made up of two parts which explore some of the effects upon individual households making up a sample of a low income neighborhood in Portland. The first section in Chapter II presents a survey of sample households in our identified area, securing personal information given by adult members along with their responses to questions concerning effects on their budgets and the adaptations they have made to reduce the cost of fuel. The second section compares costs of fuel for January, February, and March of 1975 with the same months of 1974 for another sample in the same area. Amount of fuel was tabulated along with costs, and percentage increases or decreases were charted. The fortunate coincidence of the same three-month average temperature in downtown Portland for both years gave an especially good comparison. The monthly use of gas could be more accurately measured than the use of oil. None of our interviewed sample were found to use electricity as a primary source of heat. Close

• 333. [Article] Partial purification and characterization of F₄₂₀-dependent NADP reductase from Methanobrevibacter smithii strain DE1

  The F420-dependent NADP reductase of Methanobrevibacter smithii has been partially purified employing a combination of affinity chromatography with Blue Sepharose (Cl-6B) and molecular sieve chromatography ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Partial purification and characterization of F₄₂₀-dependent NADP reductase from Methanobrevibacter smithii strain DE1 Author: Sheridan, Scott D. Year: 1985 The F420-dependent NADP reductase of Methanobrevibacter smithii has been partially purified employing a combination of affinity chromatography with Blue Sepharose (Cl-6B) and molecular sieve chromatography with Sephacryl S-200, The enzyme, which requires reduced F420 as an electron donor, has been purified over 145 fold with a recovery of 6%. A molecular weight of 120,00 for the native enzyme was determined by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography. A subunit molecular weight of 28,200 was determined by SDS-PAGE, indicating that the native enzyme is a tetramer. The optimal temperature for enzymatic activity was found to be 45°C, with a pH optimum of 7.5. The NADP reductase had an apparent Km of 42 uM for reduced F420, and an apparent Km of 4l uM for NADP. The enzyme was stable in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (plus 10 mM cysteine) at pH 7.0, when gassed with nitrogen or hydrogen and stored at 4°C. Title: Partial purification and characterization of F₄₂₀-dependent NADP reductase from Methanobrevibacter smithii strain DE1 Author: Sheridan, Scott D. Year: 1985 The F420-dependent NADP reductase of Methanobrevibacter smithii has been partially purified employing a combination of affinity chromatography with Blue Sepharose (Cl-6B) and molecular sieve chromatography with Sephacryl S-200, The enzyme, which requires reduced F420 as an electron donor, has been purified over 145 fold with a recovery of 6%. A molecular weight of 120,00 for the native enzyme was determined by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography. A subunit molecular weight of 28,200 was determined by SDS-PAGE, indicating that the native enzyme is a tetramer. The optimal temperature for enzymatic activity was found to be 45°C, with a pH optimum of 7.5. The NADP reductase had an apparent Km of 42 uM for reduced F420, and an apparent Km of 4l uM for NADP. The enzyme was stable in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (plus 10 mM cysteine) at pH 7.0, when gassed with nitrogen or hydrogen and stored at 4°C. Close

• 334. [Article] Modeling the effectiveness of riparian restoration on stream shading in the Clackamas River Basin

  Rivers and streams within the Clackamas River Basin are not currently meeting water quality standards in terms of temperature. The Clackamas River Basin Council (CRBC) designed a restoration program to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the effectiveness of riparian restoration on stream shading in the Clackamas River Basin Author: Barksdale, Rachel Year: 2017 Rivers and streams within the Clackamas River Basin are not currently meeting water quality standards in terms of temperature. The Clackamas River Basin Council (CRBC) designed a restoration program to address the thermal loading on behalf of Portland General Electric (PGE) in which native trees and shrubs are planted along streams to restore riparian canopy cover. Solar radiation can be blocked by restoring canopy cover and is an effective way to provide shade, as well as providing ancillary environmental benefits such as enhanced wildlife habitat and erosion control. Stream and vegetation data were collected at nine sites to model the increase in shade from the restoration plantings. Using DEQ’s Shade-a-lator model, shade was predicted in future scenarios at 10, 20, and 50 years compared to the current baseline condition. Modeling results suggest increases in shade at each site, which will help to mitigate excessive thermal inputs. The predicted scenarios provide a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of CRBC’s restoration program. Title: Modeling the effectiveness of riparian restoration on stream shading in the Clackamas River Basin Author: Barksdale, Rachel Year: 2017 Rivers and streams within the Clackamas River Basin are not currently meeting water quality standards in terms of temperature. The Clackamas River Basin Council (CRBC) designed a restoration program to address the thermal loading on behalf of Portland General Electric (PGE) in which native trees and shrubs are planted along streams to restore riparian canopy cover. Solar radiation can be blocked by restoring canopy cover and is an effective way to provide shade, as well as providing ancillary environmental benefits such as enhanced wildlife habitat and erosion control. Stream and vegetation data were collected at nine sites to model the increase in shade from the restoration plantings. Using DEQ’s Shade-a-lator model, shade was predicted in future scenarios at 10, 20, and 50 years compared to the current baseline condition. Modeling results suggest increases in shade at each site, which will help to mitigate excessive thermal inputs. The predicted scenarios provide a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of CRBC’s restoration program. Close

• 335. [Article] Atomic Layer Growth of InSe and Sb₂Se₃ Layered Semiconductors and Their Heterostructure

  Metal chalcogenides based on the C–M–M–C (C = chalcogen, M = metal) structure possess several attractive properties that can be utilized in both electrical and optical devices. We have shown that specular, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Atomic Layer Growth of InSe and Sb₂Se₃ Layered Semiconductors and Their Heterostructure Author: Browning, Robert, Kuperman, Neal, Moon, Bill, Solanki, Raj Year: 2017 Metal chalcogenides based on the C–M–M–C (C = chalcogen, M = metal) structure possess several attractive properties that can be utilized in both electrical and optical devices. We have shown that specular, large area films of y-InSe and Sb2Se3 can be grown via atomic layer deposition (ALD) at relatively low temperatures. Optical (absorption, Raman), crystalline (X-ray diffraction), and composition (XPS) properties of these films have been measured and compared to those reported for exfoliated films and have been found to be similar. Heterostructures composed of a layer of y-InSe (intrinsically n-type) followed by a layer of Sb2Se3 (intrinsically p-type) that display diode characteristics were also grown. Title: Atomic Layer Growth of InSe and Sb₂Se₃ Layered Semiconductors and Their Heterostructure Author: Browning, Robert, Kuperman, Neal, Moon, Bill, Solanki, Raj Year: 2017 Metal chalcogenides based on the C–M–M–C (C = chalcogen, M = metal) structure possess several attractive properties that can be utilized in both electrical and optical devices. We have shown that specular, large area films of y-InSe and Sb2Se3 can be grown via atomic layer deposition (ALD) at relatively low temperatures. Optical (absorption, Raman), crystalline (X-ray diffraction), and composition (XPS) properties of these films have been measured and compared to those reported for exfoliated films and have been found to be similar. Heterostructures composed of a layer of y-InSe (intrinsically n-type) followed by a layer of Sb2Se3 (intrinsically p-type) that display diode characteristics were also grown. Close

• 336. [Article] Qatar to Invest $50B Hosting FIFA World Cup 2022 – A Cost or Benefit?

  In December of 2010 FIFA selected Qatar to host the 2022 World Cup. Qatar, a tiny Arab nation the size of Connecticut with a population less then 1.5M will need to invest extensively in their infrastructure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Qatar to Invest $50B Hosting FIFA World Cup 2022 – A Cost or Benefit? Author: Alyamani, Badr, Demchak, Dave, Ghafoori, Parisa, Jiang, Shawn, Shott, Tom Year: 2011 In December of 2010 FIFA selected Qatar to host the 2022 World Cup. Qatar, a tiny Arab nation the size of Connecticut with a population less then 1.5M will need to invest extensively in their infrastructure to support the estimated 3M fans that will attend. This includes building 9 new open air soccer air conditioned to mitigate summer temperatures over 100° F. The ruling Al-Thani family has committed to spending the estimated $50B1 required to upgrade the country’s infrastructure. So – this obviously seems like a bad economic investment. Or is it? Other events have shown that infrastructure can be converted to other uses when the event is over. The millions of fans will draw in tourist dollars to attend the event. Some of the indirect benefits will be improved GDP, higher employment, future improvements in tourism and the improved “brand image” of the country. We will examine from an economic analysis view if the games are a net benefit to the regional economy. Our analysis is based on the information released regarding the Qatar games along with analysis of the previous World Cup’s games, especially the 2010 World Cup in under-developed South Africa and other previous mega events such as the Olympics. Title: Qatar to Invest $50B Hosting FIFA World Cup 2022 – A Cost or Benefit? Author: Alyamani, Badr, Demchak, Dave, Ghafoori, Parisa, Jiang, Shawn, Shott, Tom Year: 2011 In December of 2010 FIFA selected Qatar to host the 2022 World Cup. Qatar, a tiny Arab nation the size of Connecticut with a population less then 1.5M will need to invest extensively in their infrastructure to support the estimated 3M fans that will attend. This includes building 9 new open air soccer air conditioned to mitigate summer temperatures over 100° F. The ruling Al-Thani family has committed to spending the estimated $50B1 required to upgrade the country’s infrastructure. So – this obviously seems like a bad economic investment. Or is it? Other events have shown that infrastructure can be converted to other uses when the event is over. The millions of fans will draw in tourist dollars to attend the event. Some of the indirect benefits will be improved GDP, higher employment, future improvements in tourism and the improved “brand image” of the country. We will examine from an economic analysis view if the games are a net benefit to the regional economy. Our analysis is based on the information released regarding the Qatar games along with analysis of the previous World Cup’s games, especially the 2010 World Cup in under-developed South Africa and other previous mega events such as the Olympics. Close

• 337. [Article] Analysis and numerical simulation of the ground water system at the Bonneville navigation lock site, Oregon

  As part of the new navigation lock for Bonneville Dam a new water source for the Bonneville Fish Hatchery must be supplied. The hatchery is located on the Oregon side of the Columbia River downstream of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and numerical simulation of the ground water system at the Bonneville navigation lock site, Oregon Author: Baron, Dirk Year: 1990 As part of the new navigation lock for Bonneville Dam a new water source for the Bonneville Fish Hatchery must be supplied. The hatchery is located on the Oregon side of the Columbia River downstream of the dam. It requires large quantities of water free from chemical and biological contamination. In addition, the water has to be in a narrow temperature range. Currently the fish hatchery receives its water from a well field that is located on the alluvial terrace downstream of Bonneville Dam. The well field lies in the proposed approach channel for the new lock and has to be abandoned during construction of the lock. For the continued water supply of the hatchery, a new well field will be developed north of the approach channel. Early in the planning phase for the new lock, concerns were raised about the potential impact of the relocation of the well field and the excavation of the new approach channel on the hatchery. To assess these concerns and to assure a continuous water supply during and after construction, a hydrogeologic investigation was initiated. Within the framework of the investigation this study focuses on the analysis of pumping test data and the development of a three-dimensional ground water flow model for the site. Title: Analysis and numerical simulation of the ground water system at the Bonneville navigation lock site, Oregon Author: Baron, Dirk Year: 1990 As part of the new navigation lock for Bonneville Dam a new water source for the Bonneville Fish Hatchery must be supplied. The hatchery is located on the Oregon side of the Columbia River downstream of the dam. It requires large quantities of water free from chemical and biological contamination. In addition, the water has to be in a narrow temperature range. Currently the fish hatchery receives its water from a well field that is located on the alluvial terrace downstream of Bonneville Dam. The well field lies in the proposed approach channel for the new lock and has to be abandoned during construction of the lock. For the continued water supply of the hatchery, a new well field will be developed north of the approach channel. Early in the planning phase for the new lock, concerns were raised about the potential impact of the relocation of the well field and the excavation of the new approach channel on the hatchery. To assess these concerns and to assure a continuous water supply during and after construction, a hydrogeologic investigation was initiated. Within the framework of the investigation this study focuses on the analysis of pumping test data and the development of a three-dimensional ground water flow model for the site. Close

• 338. [Article] Optimization of Heat Treatment Furnace Operation

  This project models and optimizes operation of a heat treatment furnace department of a foundry. Heat treatment furnace operation involves different operational temperatures, durations and atmospheres. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimization of Heat Treatment Furnace Operation Author: Street, Donna, Blaine, Steve, Brunke, John, Ayabakan, M. Murat Year: 1992 This project models and optimizes operation of a heat treatment furnace department of a foundry. Heat treatment furnace operation involves different operational temperatures, durations and atmospheres. It is inherently a batch process, but may be modeled as a linear program. The objective is to develop a tool to allow a weekly operational plan providing operators with a cost optimal strategy. Two methods were developed, one was formulated using pounds of furnace capacity and one using furnace time as variables. Both methods provided solutions, but the furnace hours best represented the nature of the problem. The program solutions provide a method to lower operational costs while providing insight to the characteristics of the process. The program may be rerun for any changes such as equipment failure or new parts to run, and a new department operation plan developed. Title: Optimization of Heat Treatment Furnace Operation Author: Street, Donna, Blaine, Steve, Brunke, John, Ayabakan, M. Murat Year: 1992 This project models and optimizes operation of a heat treatment furnace department of a foundry. Heat treatment furnace operation involves different operational temperatures, durations and atmospheres. It is inherently a batch process, but may be modeled as a linear program. The objective is to develop a tool to allow a weekly operational plan providing operators with a cost optimal strategy. Two methods were developed, one was formulated using pounds of furnace capacity and one using furnace time as variables. Both methods provided solutions, but the furnace hours best represented the nature of the problem. The program solutions provide a method to lower operational costs while providing insight to the characteristics of the process. The program may be rerun for any changes such as equipment failure or new parts to run, and a new department operation plan developed. Close

• 339. [Article] Suggested Solutions to the Summer Season Power Shortage in Saudi Arabia

  Saudi Arabia experiences some of the highest around the year temperatures on the planet. There is a direct relationship between summer power increase and summer power demand. During summer, Saudi Arabia ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Suggested Solutions to the Summer Season Power Shortage in Saudi Arabia Author: Abdulai, Kon, Almulhim, Ibrahim, Alshafi, Abdulah, Durairajan, Saranya, Hu, Nan, Yilmaz, Selen Year: 2012 Saudi Arabia experiences some of the highest around the year temperatures on the planet. There is a direct relationship between summer power increase and summer power demand. During summer, Saudi Arabia power sees power demand that can peak up to double and even triple other seasons’ power demand. The Saudi Arabia power company currently suffers a system overload during the summer period leading to power shortage problems. Other countries facing the same problem, including the United States have found help and even solutions in using other power alternatives either alone or in conjunction with the existing power solution. Some of the alternatives being used are produced by renewables energies. These alternatives do not only relief the power outage problem but they also contribute in the reduction of green house gas emission and move countries toward sustainability and global clean energy consumption. This study will look at some renewable alternatives employed in the United States. Additionally, an engineering economic analysis study as well as a decision model to find the optimal solutions will be conducted in the selection of best alternatives to propose to the Saudi Arabian government. Title: Suggested Solutions to the Summer Season Power Shortage in Saudi Arabia Author: Abdulai, Kon, Almulhim, Ibrahim, Alshafi, Abdulah, Durairajan, Saranya, Hu, Nan, Yilmaz, Selen Year: 2012 Saudi Arabia experiences some of the highest around the year temperatures on the planet. There is a direct relationship between summer power increase and summer power demand. During summer, Saudi Arabia power sees power demand that can peak up to double and even triple other seasons’ power demand. The Saudi Arabia power company currently suffers a system overload during the summer period leading to power shortage problems. Other countries facing the same problem, including the United States have found help and even solutions in using other power alternatives either alone or in conjunction with the existing power solution. Some of the alternatives being used are produced by renewables energies. These alternatives do not only relief the power outage problem but they also contribute in the reduction of green house gas emission and move countries toward sustainability and global clean energy consumption. This study will look at some renewable alternatives employed in the United States. Additionally, an engineering economic analysis study as well as a decision model to find the optimal solutions will be conducted in the selection of best alternatives to propose to the Saudi Arabian government. Close

• 340. [Article] Stream-Associated Amphibian Habitat Assessment in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Region

  This study assessed the influence of landscape development on stream-associated amphibians in forested riparian areas within the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region. Human alteration of landscapes may ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream-Associated Amphibian Habitat Assessment in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Region Author: Dietrich, Andrew Evans Year: 2012 This study assessed the influence of landscape development on stream-associated amphibians in forested riparian areas within the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region. Human alteration of landscapes may dramatically affect the ecology of neighboring aquatic systems. It was hypothesized that lotic amphibians would be negatively associated with greater amounts of landscape development and positively associated with forested area within the surrounding watershed. Thirty-seven 1st-3rd order streams were sampled between June 21st and September 21st in 2011. Streams potentially providing adequate habitat for stream-obligate amphibians were randomly selected. Amphibians were surveyed along 30-meter stream transects using an active-cover search (ACS). Environmental variables associated with development in surrounding landscapes were measured in situ. GIS delineation was conducted to define landscape-scale variables at stratified distances from riparian networks up-stream of each site via the utilization of the 2006 NLCD dataset and a finer-scale, regional dataset compiled by the Institute for Natural Resources (INR). Amphibians were detected at seventeen of the thirty-seven sampled streams. The most commonly detected species were Dicamptadon tenebrosus, Plethadon vehiculum and Plethadon dunni. Streams where amphibians were observed had lower average water temperature and conductivity, coarser stream substrate and were located on public property more often than streams where no amphibians were detected. Landscape variables were most significant to amphibians within 100 and 200 meters of the upstream stream network. Occupancy of a site by facultative species was best explained by the proportion of mixed forest in the surrounding watershed (R2=0.343, p<0.001). Occupancy of a stream by obligate species was best predicted by measurements of water quality and in-stream cover (Water Temperature: R2=0.275, p<0.001; Water Conductivity: R2=0.248, p<0.001; Cover: R2=0.323, p<0.001). Occupancy of stream refugia by all observed amphibians was positively influenced by higher percentages of forest cover and lower percentages of urban development and herbaceous vegetation in the surrounding watershed. Results of this study indicate that urban refugia must contain adequate riparian forest area, coarse stream substrate and clean, cool water to sustain stream-amphibian communities. Protection of remnant forested headwater stream networks is essential to the conservation of lotic amphibians in this urbanized region. Title: Stream-Associated Amphibian Habitat Assessment in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Region Author: Dietrich, Andrew Evans Year: 2012 This study assessed the influence of landscape development on stream-associated amphibians in forested riparian areas within the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region. Human alteration of landscapes may dramatically affect the ecology of neighboring aquatic systems. It was hypothesized that lotic amphibians would be negatively associated with greater amounts of landscape development and positively associated with forested area within the surrounding watershed. Thirty-seven 1st-3rd order streams were sampled between June 21st and September 21st in 2011. Streams potentially providing adequate habitat for stream-obligate amphibians were randomly selected. Amphibians were surveyed along 30-meter stream transects using an active-cover search (ACS). Environmental variables associated with development in surrounding landscapes were measured in situ. GIS delineation was conducted to define landscape-scale variables at stratified distances from riparian networks up-stream of each site via the utilization of the 2006 NLCD dataset and a finer-scale, regional dataset compiled by the Institute for Natural Resources (INR). Amphibians were detected at seventeen of the thirty-seven sampled streams. The most commonly detected species were Dicamptadon tenebrosus, Plethadon vehiculum and Plethadon dunni. Streams where amphibians were observed had lower average water temperature and conductivity, coarser stream substrate and were located on public property more often than streams where no amphibians were detected. Landscape variables were most significant to amphibians within 100 and 200 meters of the upstream stream network. Occupancy of a site by facultative species was best explained by the proportion of mixed forest in the surrounding watershed (R2=0.343, p<0.001). Occupancy of a stream by obligate species was best predicted by measurements of water quality and in-stream cover (Water Temperature: R2=0.275, p<0.001; Water Conductivity: R2=0.248, p<0.001; Cover: R2=0.323, p<0.001). Occupancy of stream refugia by all observed amphibians was positively influenced by higher percentages of forest cover and lower percentages of urban development and herbaceous vegetation in the surrounding watershed. Results of this study indicate that urban refugia must contain adequate riparian forest area, coarse stream substrate and clean, cool water to sustain stream-amphibian communities. Protection of remnant forested headwater stream networks is essential to the conservation of lotic amphibians in this urbanized region. Close