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• 261. [Article] Development of Dynamic Thermal Performance Metrics for Eco-roof Systems

  In order to obtain credit for an eco-roof in building energy load calculations the steady state and time-varying thermal properties (thermal mass with evapotranspiration) must be fully understood. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of Dynamic Thermal Performance Metrics for Eco-roof Systems Author: Moody, Seth Sinclair Year: 2013 In order to obtain credit for an eco-roof in building energy load calculations the steady state and time-varying thermal properties (thermal mass with evapotranspiration) must be fully understood. The following study presents results of experimentation and modeling in an effort to develop dynamic thermal mass performance metrics for eco-roof systems. The work is focused on understanding the thermal parameters (foliage & soil) of an eco-roof, further validation of the EnergyPlus Green Roof Module and development of a standardized metric for assessing the time-varying thermal benefits of eco-roof systems that can be applied across building types and climate zones. Eco-roof foliage, soil and weather parameters were continuously collected at the Green Roof Integrated PhotoVoltaic (GRIPV) project from 01/20/2011 to 08/28/2011. The parameters were used to develop an EnergyPlus eco-roof validation model. The validated eco-roof model was then used to estimate the Dynamic Benefit for Massive System (DBMS) in 4 climate-locations: Portland Oregon, Chicago Illinois, Atlanta Georgia and Houston Texas. GRIPV30 (GRIPV soil with 30% soil organic matter) was compared to 12 previously tested eco-roof soils. GRIPV30 reduced dry soil conductivity by 50%, increased field capacity by 21% and reduced dry soil mass per unit volume by 60%. GRIPV30 soil had low conductivity at all moisture contents and high heat capacity at moderate and high moisture content. The characteristics of the GRIPV30 soil make it a good choice for moisture retention and reduction of heat flux, improved thermal mass (heat storage) when integrating an eco-roof with a building. Eco-roof model validation was performed with constant seasonal moisture driven soil properties and resulted in acceptable measured - modeled eco-roof temperature validation. LAI has a large impact on how the Green Roof Module calculates the eco-roof energy balance with a higher impact on daytime (measured - modeled) soil temperature differential and most significant during summer. DBMS modeling found the mild climates of Atlanta Georgia and Houston Texas with eco-roof annual DBMS of 1.03, 3% performance improvement above the standard building, based on cooling, heating and fan energy consumption. The Chicago Illinois climate with severe winter and mild spring/summer/fall has an annual DBMS of 1.01. The moderate Portland Oregon climate has a below standard DBMS of 0.97. Title: Development of Dynamic Thermal Performance Metrics for Eco-roof Systems Author: Moody, Seth Sinclair Year: 2013 In order to obtain credit for an eco-roof in building energy load calculations the steady state and time-varying thermal properties (thermal mass with evapotranspiration) must be fully understood. The following study presents results of experimentation and modeling in an effort to develop dynamic thermal mass performance metrics for eco-roof systems. The work is focused on understanding the thermal parameters (foliage & soil) of an eco-roof, further validation of the EnergyPlus Green Roof Module and development of a standardized metric for assessing the time-varying thermal benefits of eco-roof systems that can be applied across building types and climate zones. Eco-roof foliage, soil and weather parameters were continuously collected at the Green Roof Integrated PhotoVoltaic (GRIPV) project from 01/20/2011 to 08/28/2011. The parameters were used to develop an EnergyPlus eco-roof validation model. The validated eco-roof model was then used to estimate the Dynamic Benefit for Massive System (DBMS) in 4 climate-locations: Portland Oregon, Chicago Illinois, Atlanta Georgia and Houston Texas. GRIPV30 (GRIPV soil with 30% soil organic matter) was compared to 12 previously tested eco-roof soils. GRIPV30 reduced dry soil conductivity by 50%, increased field capacity by 21% and reduced dry soil mass per unit volume by 60%. GRIPV30 soil had low conductivity at all moisture contents and high heat capacity at moderate and high moisture content. The characteristics of the GRIPV30 soil make it a good choice for moisture retention and reduction of heat flux, improved thermal mass (heat storage) when integrating an eco-roof with a building. Eco-roof model validation was performed with constant seasonal moisture driven soil properties and resulted in acceptable measured - modeled eco-roof temperature validation. LAI has a large impact on how the Green Roof Module calculates the eco-roof energy balance with a higher impact on daytime (measured - modeled) soil temperature differential and most significant during summer. DBMS modeling found the mild climates of Atlanta Georgia and Houston Texas with eco-roof annual DBMS of 1.03, 3% performance improvement above the standard building, based on cooling, heating and fan energy consumption. The Chicago Illinois climate with severe winter and mild spring/summer/fall has an annual DBMS of 1.01. The moderate Portland Oregon climate has a below standard DBMS of 0.97. Close

• 262. [Article] Thermal and Electrical Resistance of Metal Contacts

  In engineering practice it is important to know which factors affect the thermal and electrical resistance of metal contacts. This thesis is to investigate some of these factors such as surface roughness ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal and Electrical Resistance of Metal Contacts Author: Ott, Roland E. Year: 1967 In engineering practice it is important to know which factors affect the thermal and electrical resistance of metal contacts. This thesis is to investigate some of these factors such as surface roughness and contact pressure. Thermal electrical contact resistance ratios for metal contacts were calculated from the experimental data. The technical literature was searched, and several papers were found in which either thermal or electrical contact resistance was studied separately. However, none of the papers recorded data for both thermal and electrical resistances for the same samples. The information found in these papers has been used as a background for understanding the nature of thermal and electrical contact resistance. Both of these contact resistances are primarily a function of the load on the contact and the condition of the surfaces. At low pressures only a small fraction of the total gross area of the contacts is in metal-to-metal contact. Increasing the load, flattens the “hills” and reduces both the thermal and electrical contact resistance. This phenomenon is called “spreading resistance” since the flow of heat or electrical current must spread out after they pass through the restricted areas that are actually in contact. Another type of thermal and electrical resistance, which is called “interface resistance", is caused by a film of foreign material such as an oxide, etc. on the surfaces of the contacting “hills”. If the space between the “hills” of a contact is filled with air, there is a heat flow by convection currents. The literature indicates this quantity of heat flow is approximately one thousandth of the total heat flow through metal contacts. Since the only electrical current conduction mechanism acting between areas not in actual metallic contact is that due to thermionic emission, the electrical resistance for these areas will be extremely high at room temperature for which thermionic emission is negligible. The experimental apparatus to measure both the thermal and electrical contact resistances consists mainly of a bellows-actuated press which is operated remotely under a vacuum bell. The press pressure loads the sample metal wafers. A thin film heat meter is used to indicate the quantity of heat flowing through the metal contacts. The temperature drop caused by the contacts is measured with thermocouples. The temperature difference and the quantity of heat flowing is used to calculate the thermal contact resistance. A strain gage on the bellows-press stem measures the loading on the contact surfaces. Electrical probes are used to measure the electrica1 resistance across the contact surfaces. The thermocouples and electrical resistance probes are permanently installed in the outer two smooth copper wafers. This makes it possible to quickly change to other sets of sample wafers of other metals and finishes. In order to use this permanent arrangement, it is necessary to finish two mating surfaces of the particular set of metal wafers to be tested, similar to the permanent smooth copper wafers so that these two extra mating contact resistances can be found and thus be subtracted from the overall contact resistance. The data indicates that the thermal-electrical contact resistance ratio can be changed by changing the load on the contacts. The heat meter had performed very well, and this new method of measuring heat flow will undoubtedly become a standard method of measuring heat flux. Title: Thermal and Electrical Resistance of Metal Contacts Author: Ott, Roland E. Year: 1967 In engineering practice it is important to know which factors affect the thermal and electrical resistance of metal contacts. This thesis is to investigate some of these factors such as surface roughness and contact pressure. Thermal electrical contact resistance ratios for metal contacts were calculated from the experimental data. The technical literature was searched, and several papers were found in which either thermal or electrical contact resistance was studied separately. However, none of the papers recorded data for both thermal and electrical resistances for the same samples. The information found in these papers has been used as a background for understanding the nature of thermal and electrical contact resistance. Both of these contact resistances are primarily a function of the load on the contact and the condition of the surfaces. At low pressures only a small fraction of the total gross area of the contacts is in metal-to-metal contact. Increasing the load, flattens the “hills” and reduces both the thermal and electrical contact resistance. This phenomenon is called “spreading resistance” since the flow of heat or electrical current must spread out after they pass through the restricted areas that are actually in contact. Another type of thermal and electrical resistance, which is called “interface resistance", is caused by a film of foreign material such as an oxide, etc. on the surfaces of the contacting “hills”. If the space between the “hills” of a contact is filled with air, there is a heat flow by convection currents. The literature indicates this quantity of heat flow is approximately one thousandth of the total heat flow through metal contacts. Since the only electrical current conduction mechanism acting between areas not in actual metallic contact is that due to thermionic emission, the electrical resistance for these areas will be extremely high at room temperature for which thermionic emission is negligible. The experimental apparatus to measure both the thermal and electrical contact resistances consists mainly of a bellows-actuated press which is operated remotely under a vacuum bell. The press pressure loads the sample metal wafers. A thin film heat meter is used to indicate the quantity of heat flowing through the metal contacts. The temperature drop caused by the contacts is measured with thermocouples. The temperature difference and the quantity of heat flowing is used to calculate the thermal contact resistance. A strain gage on the bellows-press stem measures the loading on the contact surfaces. Electrical probes are used to measure the electrica1 resistance across the contact surfaces. The thermocouples and electrical resistance probes are permanently installed in the outer two smooth copper wafers. This makes it possible to quickly change to other sets of sample wafers of other metals and finishes. In order to use this permanent arrangement, it is necessary to finish two mating surfaces of the particular set of metal wafers to be tested, similar to the permanent smooth copper wafers so that these two extra mating contact resistances can be found and thus be subtracted from the overall contact resistance. The data indicates that the thermal-electrical contact resistance ratio can be changed by changing the load on the contacts. The heat meter had performed very well, and this new method of measuring heat flow will undoubtedly become a standard method of measuring heat flux. Close

• 263. [Article] Willamette River and Columbia River Waste Load Allocation Model

  A hydrodynamic and water quality model of the Lower Willamette River was developed to evaluate management alternatives designed to improve water quality. The Lower Willamette River is located in Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette River and Columbia River Waste Load Allocation Model Author: Berger, Chris, Annear, Robert Leslie, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 A hydrodynamic and water quality model of the Lower Willamette River was developed to evaluate management alternatives designed to improve water quality. The Lower Willamette River is located in Oregon and drains a watershed covering 11500 square miles consisting of forested, agricultural, and urban lands. Inflows include treated municipal wastes and industrial effluents along with non-point sources from agricultural, silvicultural and urbanized land. The model was designed to address temperature, dissolved oxygen, algae, pH and bacteria concerns. The Corps of Engineers two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model CE-QUAL-W2, Version 3 was applied. CE-QUAL-W2 consists of directly coupled hydrodynamic and water quality transport models and simulates parameters such as temperature, algae concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, nutrient concentrations and residence time. The model domain covers a total of about 126 river miles, including the Lower Willamette River from its intersection with the Columbia River upstream to Canby Ferry (RM 35.0) and the Columbia River from Bonneville Dam (RM 144.5) to Beaver Army Terminal (River Mile 53.8). Modeling of the Columbia River was necessary to simulate tidal fluctuations and influxes of Columbia River water into the Lower Willamette. Major tributaries and major NPDES point sources were point inflows to the system model. The ability to model multiple water bodies was a feature of CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 and allows the simulation of river, reservoir or estuary sections with varying bottom slopes separated by dams and other hydraulic structures. The model was calibrated for the summers of 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, and 1999. Hydrodynamics were calibrated first followed by temperature and water quality. Root mean square error of model water level predictions was generally less than 0.05 m. Because of the short residence time within the model domain, the development of accurate boundary conditions was essential for good model calibration. Title: Willamette River and Columbia River Waste Load Allocation Model Author: Berger, Chris, Annear, Robert Leslie, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 A hydrodynamic and water quality model of the Lower Willamette River was developed to evaluate management alternatives designed to improve water quality. The Lower Willamette River is located in Oregon and drains a watershed covering 11500 square miles consisting of forested, agricultural, and urban lands. Inflows include treated municipal wastes and industrial effluents along with non-point sources from agricultural, silvicultural and urbanized land. The model was designed to address temperature, dissolved oxygen, algae, pH and bacteria concerns. The Corps of Engineers two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model CE-QUAL-W2, Version 3 was applied. CE-QUAL-W2 consists of directly coupled hydrodynamic and water quality transport models and simulates parameters such as temperature, algae concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, nutrient concentrations and residence time. The model domain covers a total of about 126 river miles, including the Lower Willamette River from its intersection with the Columbia River upstream to Canby Ferry (RM 35.0) and the Columbia River from Bonneville Dam (RM 144.5) to Beaver Army Terminal (River Mile 53.8). Modeling of the Columbia River was necessary to simulate tidal fluctuations and influxes of Columbia River water into the Lower Willamette. Major tributaries and major NPDES point sources were point inflows to the system model. The ability to model multiple water bodies was a feature of CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 and allows the simulation of river, reservoir or estuary sections with varying bottom slopes separated by dams and other hydraulic structures. The model was calibrated for the summers of 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, and 1999. Hydrodynamics were calibrated first followed by temperature and water quality. Root mean square error of model water level predictions was generally less than 0.05 m. Because of the short residence time within the model domain, the development of accurate boundary conditions was essential for good model calibration. Close

• 264. [Article] Urbanization and its Relationship to Water Quality within the Bronson Creek Watershed

  Urbanization and its Relationship to Water Quality within the Bronson Creek Watershed A watershed analysis project was undertaken to investigate the impact of urbanization on the water quality with Bronson ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Urbanization and its Relationship to Water Quality within the Bronson Creek Watershed Author: Creech, Jason Cristopher Year: 2003 Urbanization and its Relationship to Water Quality within the Bronson Creek Watershed A watershed analysis project was undertaken to investigate the impact of urbanization on the water quality with Bronson Creek; a small urban stream in the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) have been established for several water quality parameters within the watershed. Water quality data were collected at nine sampling along Bronson Creek by Clean Water Services, a local public utility charged with storm water management and water quality protection duties. Only seven water quality parameters were included in the analysis; they were 1) temperature, 2) total phosphorous, 3) ortho-phosphate, 4) ammonia, 5) total nitrogen, 6) total suspended solids, and 7) E. Coli. Samples were taken approximately twice a month over a 7 year period from 1994 – 2001. Total impervious area (TIA) was used as the indicator of urbanization for the project. Impervious area values (TIA%) were calculated by digitizing aerial photography. Yearly TIA values were calculated for the entire watershed, as well as for its 37 subasins (subcatchement level). Water quality data were analyzed for variations along the stream and for the presence of trends (monotonic changes over time) during seasons of poor water quality. Kendall’s t was also used as the trend test statistic. Data were also analyzed to determine if an association exists between water quality at a sampling site and the upstream imperviousness (TIA%). Kendall’s t was used as the test statistic. Negative trends (improving water quality) were found throughout the watershed with nitrogen exhibiting the largest reduction. Temperature was the only parameter not to exhibit a negative trend at any location within the watershed. Results of the correlation between water quality and TIA% showed similar results, where a parameter experiencing a trend also exhibited a significant Kendall’s correlation with upstream TIA%. As TIA increased, water quality improved at least one site, for all parameters except temperature. One possible cause of the improving water quality within Bronson Creek is the implementation of best management practices within the watershed. Stormwater ponds were located in subcatchments that were adjacent to water quality sampling sites with improving water quality. The Bronson Creek watershed is also part of a pilot program to test the effectiveness of best management practices on improving water quality in the urban environment. Title: Urbanization and its Relationship to Water Quality within the Bronson Creek Watershed Author: Creech, Jason Cristopher Year: 2003 Urbanization and its Relationship to Water Quality within the Bronson Creek Watershed A watershed analysis project was undertaken to investigate the impact of urbanization on the water quality with Bronson Creek; a small urban stream in the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) have been established for several water quality parameters within the watershed. Water quality data were collected at nine sampling along Bronson Creek by Clean Water Services, a local public utility charged with storm water management and water quality protection duties. Only seven water quality parameters were included in the analysis; they were 1) temperature, 2) total phosphorous, 3) ortho-phosphate, 4) ammonia, 5) total nitrogen, 6) total suspended solids, and 7) E. Coli. Samples were taken approximately twice a month over a 7 year period from 1994 – 2001. Total impervious area (TIA) was used as the indicator of urbanization for the project. Impervious area values (TIA%) were calculated by digitizing aerial photography. Yearly TIA values were calculated for the entire watershed, as well as for its 37 subasins (subcatchement level). Water quality data were analyzed for variations along the stream and for the presence of trends (monotonic changes over time) during seasons of poor water quality. Kendall’s t was also used as the trend test statistic. Data were also analyzed to determine if an association exists between water quality at a sampling site and the upstream imperviousness (TIA%). Kendall’s t was used as the test statistic. Negative trends (improving water quality) were found throughout the watershed with nitrogen exhibiting the largest reduction. Temperature was the only parameter not to exhibit a negative trend at any location within the watershed. Results of the correlation between water quality and TIA% showed similar results, where a parameter experiencing a trend also exhibited a significant Kendall’s correlation with upstream TIA%. As TIA increased, water quality improved at least one site, for all parameters except temperature. One possible cause of the improving water quality within Bronson Creek is the implementation of best management practices within the watershed. Stormwater ponds were located in subcatchments that were adjacent to water quality sampling sites with improving water quality. The Bronson Creek watershed is also part of a pilot program to test the effectiveness of best management practices on improving water quality in the urban environment. Close

• 265. [Article] Honeywell Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector

  We are pleased to present the strategic marketing plan for the Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector, manufactured by Honeywell, Inc. Honeywell is a $38.6B global company that provides value-added ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Honeywell Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector Author: Chabuel, Cyrille, Davis, Chris, Penumarti, Anjana, Tripathy, Sudipta, VanDerSchaaf, Hans Year: 2016 We are pleased to present the strategic marketing plan for the Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector, manufactured by Honeywell, Inc. Honeywell is a $38.6B global company that provides value-added products and market changing innovations. Our extensive intellectual property portfolio generates competitive advantages for us and our customers. Our key product groups include Aerospace, Automation & Control Solutions (where the Lyric family resides; ACS) and Performance Materials and Technologies. Honeywell is well positioned for supporting the introduction and growth of the Leak Detector, with $40B in annual company sales, and a 50% increase in earnings per share over the past five years. The Leak Detector is an early warning system that notifies customers on their connected devices when a leak is detected or the temperature drops below a temperature of their choice. By catching a leak early, customers can avoid expensive repairs and disruptions to their lives. We are realistically optimistic about the revenue and profit potential of the Leak Detector. It sits in the Internet of Things (IoT) market, which is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 67% over the next 5 years to a whopping $792.34 billion. In 2016 connected home device sales within this market will be approximately $61 billion. Our target market (Service Obtainable Market) consists of homeowners under the age of 40 who live in houses with WiFI, have hard to reach places in their primary or secondary homes, are motivated to prevent water leaks (largely based on past experiences with leaks), have recently acquired houses or are renovating their existing houses, and have an affinity for relatively new technology. We estimate by the end of year 3, we can capture 50% of this market and sell 4.5M Leak Detector units annually, generating $320M in total annual sales and annual profits of $63M. We are also optimistic because the Leak Detector is a strong competitor, due to the strength of the Lyric and Honeywell brands, and its wifi capabilities. In the next three years, we will cross the chasm from early adopters to the early majority by enhancing the development of our product (e.g. connecting better to an ecosystem), innovating in our manufacturing to reduce the unit price, and by distributing through the right channels (directly to customers, popular online retailers, home improvement retailers, and influencers, such as insurance companies, plumbers and major appliance retailers). Title: Honeywell Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector Author: Chabuel, Cyrille, Davis, Chris, Penumarti, Anjana, Tripathy, Sudipta, VanDerSchaaf, Hans Year: 2016 We are pleased to present the strategic marketing plan for the Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector, manufactured by Honeywell, Inc. Honeywell is a $38.6B global company that provides value-added products and market changing innovations. Our extensive intellectual property portfolio generates competitive advantages for us and our customers. Our key product groups include Aerospace, Automation & Control Solutions (where the Lyric family resides; ACS) and Performance Materials and Technologies. Honeywell is well positioned for supporting the introduction and growth of the Leak Detector, with $40B in annual company sales, and a 50% increase in earnings per share over the past five years. The Leak Detector is an early warning system that notifies customers on their connected devices when a leak is detected or the temperature drops below a temperature of their choice. By catching a leak early, customers can avoid expensive repairs and disruptions to their lives. We are realistically optimistic about the revenue and profit potential of the Leak Detector. It sits in the Internet of Things (IoT) market, which is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 67% over the next 5 years to a whopping $792.34 billion. In 2016 connected home device sales within this market will be approximately $61 billion. Our target market (Service Obtainable Market) consists of homeowners under the age of 40 who live in houses with WiFI, have hard to reach places in their primary or secondary homes, are motivated to prevent water leaks (largely based on past experiences with leaks), have recently acquired houses or are renovating their existing houses, and have an affinity for relatively new technology. We estimate by the end of year 3, we can capture 50% of this market and sell 4.5M Leak Detector units annually, generating $320M in total annual sales and annual profits of $63M. We are also optimistic because the Leak Detector is a strong competitor, due to the strength of the Lyric and Honeywell brands, and its wifi capabilities. In the next three years, we will cross the chasm from early adopters to the early majority by enhancing the development of our product (e.g. connecting better to an ecosystem), innovating in our manufacturing to reduce the unit price, and by distributing through the right channels (directly to customers, popular online retailers, home improvement retailers, and influencers, such as insurance companies, plumbers and major appliance retailers). Close

• 266. [Article] Reversible Logic Synthesis Using a Non-blocking Order Search

  Reversible logic is an emerging area of research. With the rapid growth of markets such as mobile computing, power dissipation has become an increasing concern for designers (temperature range limitations, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reversible Logic Synthesis Using a Non-blocking Order Search Author: Patino, Alberto Year: 2010 Reversible logic is an emerging area of research. With the rapid growth of markets such as mobile computing, power dissipation has become an increasing concern for designers (temperature range limitations, generating smaller transistors) as well as customers (battery life, overheating). The main benefit of utilizing reversible logic is that there exists, theoretically, zero power dissipation. The synthesis of circuits is an important part of any design cycle. The circuit used to realize any specification must meet detailed requirements for both layout and manufacturing. Quantum cost is the main metric used in reversible logic. Many algorithms have been proposed thus far which result in both low gate count and quantum cost. In this thesis the AP algorithm is introduced. The goal of the algorithm is to drive quantum cost down by using multiple non-blocking orders, a breadth first search, and a quantum cost reduction transformation. The results shown by the AP algorithm demonstrate that the resulting quantum cost for well-known benchmarks are improved by at least 9% and up to 49%. Title: Reversible Logic Synthesis Using a Non-blocking Order Search Author: Patino, Alberto Year: 2010 Reversible logic is an emerging area of research. With the rapid growth of markets such as mobile computing, power dissipation has become an increasing concern for designers (temperature range limitations, generating smaller transistors) as well as customers (battery life, overheating). The main benefit of utilizing reversible logic is that there exists, theoretically, zero power dissipation. The synthesis of circuits is an important part of any design cycle. The circuit used to realize any specification must meet detailed requirements for both layout and manufacturing. Quantum cost is the main metric used in reversible logic. Many algorithms have been proposed thus far which result in both low gate count and quantum cost. In this thesis the AP algorithm is introduced. The goal of the algorithm is to drive quantum cost down by using multiple non-blocking orders, a breadth first search, and a quantum cost reduction transformation. The results shown by the AP algorithm demonstrate that the resulting quantum cost for well-known benchmarks are improved by at least 9% and up to 49%. Close

• 267. [Article] Biostratigraphy of the Type Yamhill Formation, Polk County, Oregon

  One hundred and seventy-four species and varieties of fossil Foraminifera are recorded from thirty-eight localities in the Siletz River Volcanics, Yamhill and Nestucca Formations exposed along Mill and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biostratigraphy of the Type Yamhill Formation, Polk County, Oregon Author: Gaston, Larry R. Year: 1974 One hundred and seventy-four species and varieties of fossil Foraminifera are recorded from thirty-eight localities in the Siletz River Volcanics, Yamhill and Nestucca Formations exposed along Mill and Gooseneck Creeks, in the Northern Coast Range of Oregon. Marginulina holmesi is described as new. The Foraminifera indicate that this sequence was deposited during late Ulatisian and Narizian time, in marine waters at bathyal or lower neritic depths, with cool surface temperatures. The Yamhill Formation can be correlated with Moody Shale member of the Toledo Formation and the Coaledo Formation of Oregon; the McIntosh and Aldwell Formations of Washington; and the upper part of the Canoas siltstone member of the Kreyenhagen Formation and the Alhambra Formation of California. It is proposed to modify, in part, the type section of the Yamhill Formation. Approximately 2.2 miles of the section, south of the Yamhill River Fault, are excluded from the original type area. Biostratigraphic studies of foraminiferal faunae from adjacent sides of the Yamhill River Fault suggest only minor vertical displacement. Title: Biostratigraphy of the Type Yamhill Formation, Polk County, Oregon Author: Gaston, Larry R. Year: 1974 One hundred and seventy-four species and varieties of fossil Foraminifera are recorded from thirty-eight localities in the Siletz River Volcanics, Yamhill and Nestucca Formations exposed along Mill and Gooseneck Creeks, in the Northern Coast Range of Oregon. Marginulina holmesi is described as new. The Foraminifera indicate that this sequence was deposited during late Ulatisian and Narizian time, in marine waters at bathyal or lower neritic depths, with cool surface temperatures. The Yamhill Formation can be correlated with Moody Shale member of the Toledo Formation and the Coaledo Formation of Oregon; the McIntosh and Aldwell Formations of Washington; and the upper part of the Canoas siltstone member of the Kreyenhagen Formation and the Alhambra Formation of California. It is proposed to modify, in part, the type section of the Yamhill Formation. Approximately 2.2 miles of the section, south of the Yamhill River Fault, are excluded from the original type area. Biostratigraphic studies of foraminiferal faunae from adjacent sides of the Yamhill River Fault suggest only minor vertical displacement. Close

• 268. [Article] A feasibility analysis of a directly sun-pumped carbon dioxide laser in space

  The possibility of using sunlight to pump a CW carbon dioxide laser has been analyzed. Such a laser could be of interest for such applications as space communication and power transmission. In order to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A feasibility analysis of a directly sun-pumped carbon dioxide laser in space Author: Morimoto, Seiichi Year: 1979 The possibility of using sunlight to pump a CW carbon dioxide laser has been analyzed. Such a laser could be of interest for such applications as space communication and power transmission. In order to optically pump CO2 using sunlight, the intense vibrational-rotational absorption bands of CO2 in the 4.3 micron spectral region would have to be utilized. The total pumping power from sunlight can be calculated from the known data of the solar spectral irradiance outside the atmosphere and the infrared absorption by carbon dioxide at 4.3 microns. The pumping power is proportional to the collector area of the sunlight and is also dependent on the characteristics of the absorbing gas mixture, such as the gas composition, the gas temperature, the total pressure of the mixture, the partial pressure of CO2, and the absorption path length of the sunlight in the gas. To analyze the carbon dioxide laser system, a thermodynamic approach was used with a simplified CO2 chemical kinetic model. The gain and saturation intensity were obtained by solving a set of energy balance equations which describe the processes among the various vibrational modes. From those results, along with the estimated cavity losses, the output power was found. Title: A feasibility analysis of a directly sun-pumped carbon dioxide laser in space Author: Morimoto, Seiichi Year: 1979 The possibility of using sunlight to pump a CW carbon dioxide laser has been analyzed. Such a laser could be of interest for such applications as space communication and power transmission. In order to optically pump CO2 using sunlight, the intense vibrational-rotational absorption bands of CO2 in the 4.3 micron spectral region would have to be utilized. The total pumping power from sunlight can be calculated from the known data of the solar spectral irradiance outside the atmosphere and the infrared absorption by carbon dioxide at 4.3 microns. The pumping power is proportional to the collector area of the sunlight and is also dependent on the characteristics of the absorbing gas mixture, such as the gas composition, the gas temperature, the total pressure of the mixture, the partial pressure of CO2, and the absorption path length of the sunlight in the gas. To analyze the carbon dioxide laser system, a thermodynamic approach was used with a simplified CO2 chemical kinetic model. The gain and saturation intensity were obtained by solving a set of energy balance equations which describe the processes among the various vibrational modes. From those results, along with the estimated cavity losses, the output power was found. Close

• 269. [Article] Pear polyphenolase

  Polyphenolases (O-diphenol: O₂ oxidoreductase E.C. 1.10.3.1) have been isolated from a wide variety of plant and animal sources. This work deals with the isolation and characterization of polyphenolase ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pear polyphenolase Author: Tracy, Mary Ellen Year: 1970 Polyphenolases (O-diphenol: O₂ oxidoreductase E.C. 1.10.3.1) have been isolated from a wide variety of plant and animal sources. This work deals with the isolation and characterization of polyphenolase from a previously unreported source, Pyrus communis, the common pear, horticultural variety D'Anjou. The chronometric method of assay was used, in which the enzymic oxidation of the substrate, usually catechol, is coupled to the oxidation of ascorbic acid and the time required to oxidize a specific amount of substrate is noted as the time required to colorize an external startch-iodide indicator. Various methods of isolation and purification were attempted. After a suitable isolation procedure was established, the enzyme was characterized by its substrate specificity, and its sensitivity to temperature, pH and inhibitors. Pear polyphenolase was characterized in particulate and soluble forms. The enzyme differs from other reported catechol oxidases in that it does not oxidize monophenols. A new spectrophotometric assay is described. Title: Pear polyphenolase Author: Tracy, Mary Ellen Year: 1970 Polyphenolases (O-diphenol: O₂ oxidoreductase E.C. 1.10.3.1) have been isolated from a wide variety of plant and animal sources. This work deals with the isolation and characterization of polyphenolase from a previously unreported source, Pyrus communis, the common pear, horticultural variety D'Anjou. The chronometric method of assay was used, in which the enzymic oxidation of the substrate, usually catechol, is coupled to the oxidation of ascorbic acid and the time required to oxidize a specific amount of substrate is noted as the time required to colorize an external startch-iodide indicator. Various methods of isolation and purification were attempted. After a suitable isolation procedure was established, the enzyme was characterized by its substrate specificity, and its sensitivity to temperature, pH and inhibitors. Pear polyphenolase was characterized in particulate and soluble forms. The enzyme differs from other reported catechol oxidases in that it does not oxidize monophenols. A new spectrophotometric assay is described. Close

• 270. [Article] Study of the numerical modeling of the temperature dependence of the dark current in Charge Coupled Devices

  As it is well known, the classical works of the Dark Current Spectroscopy method allow - using some not too accurate theoretical relations, but huge numbers of dark current values for thousands of pixels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study of the numerical modeling of the temperature dependence of the dark current in Charge Coupled Devices Author: Widenhorn, Ralf, Tunaru, Ionel, Bodegom, Erik, Iordache, Dan A. Year: 2010 As it is well known, the classical works of the Dark Current Spectroscopy method allow - using some not too accurate theoretical relations, but huge numbers of dark current values for thousands of pixels - the evaluation of a reduced number of basic impurities parameters. Unlike these works, this paper tries to obtain--by means of some better approximations of the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) model--more information about the studied impurities, as well as the study of the compatibility of the used theoretical model SRH relative to the experimental data. In this manner, both the compatibility SRH model with the studied experimental data was checked up, as well as the values of some additional physical parameters of the impurified semiconductor (the logarithms of the pre-exponential factors lnDiff, lnDep, the effective value of the energy gap Eg) and of the separate capture cross-sections of the free electrons, and holes, respectively, by the studied deep-level contaminants, were evaluated. Title: Study of the numerical modeling of the temperature dependence of the dark current in Charge Coupled Devices Author: Widenhorn, Ralf, Tunaru, Ionel, Bodegom, Erik, Iordache, Dan A. Year: 2010 As it is well known, the classical works of the Dark Current Spectroscopy method allow - using some not too accurate theoretical relations, but huge numbers of dark current values for thousands of pixels - the evaluation of a reduced number of basic impurities parameters. Unlike these works, this paper tries to obtain--by means of some better approximations of the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) model--more information about the studied impurities, as well as the study of the compatibility of the used theoretical model SRH relative to the experimental data. In this manner, both the compatibility SRH model with the studied experimental data was checked up, as well as the values of some additional physical parameters of the impurified semiconductor (the logarithms of the pre-exponential factors lnDiff, lnDep, the effective value of the energy gap Eg) and of the separate capture cross-sections of the free electrons, and holes, respectively, by the studied deep-level contaminants, were evaluated. Close