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• 171. [Article] The Fortress of School

  Editorial. Our world is not what it was, or what it might have appeared to be, 50 years ago. The forces of transformation, not always for the better, have been particularly active since the start of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Fortress of School Author: Gharabaghi, Kiaras, Anderson-Nathe, Ben Year: 2016 Editorial. Our world is not what it was, or what it might have appeared to be, 50 years ago. The forces of transformation, not always for the better, have been particularly active since the start of the 21st century. Aside from global issues such as our muchenhanced awareness of climate change, including our capacity to measure the effects of climate change, we have encountered a great deal of violence between states, within states, in regional spaces that cross borders, and in families, neighborhoods, and communities. Some might argue that we are encountering a new kind of violence, more brazen and less modest, in political rhetoric as well, where articulations of racism, exclusion, and rejection have become commonplace even in national contexts we have come to rely on for their stability, respect for human rights, and general tolerance for diversity. Economic security has been threatened repeatedly, and this time affecting not merely the least empowered social locations but almost everyone. Massive industries are collapsing or at least struggling to survive (including the oil industry, auto industry, and energy industry), while higher levels of unemployment have become commonplace nearly everywhere. Global migration, often in the form of refugee flows, have proliferated and in some regions of the globe are challenging the receiving nations to the limit. ......... ...... We think that this is a good time to look more closely at the Fortress School. We think that when a world is transforming, we owe it to the next generation to critically evaluate our long held assumptions about how to live in the newly emerging world, especially when we know full well that we, who were educated in schools, have contributed substantially to the challenges facing the planet, and all social relations within it. We therefore welcome submissions that seek to critically engage with Fortress School, defending its value or proposing its demise. Title: The Fortress of School Author: Gharabaghi, Kiaras, Anderson-Nathe, Ben Year: 2016 Editorial. Our world is not what it was, or what it might have appeared to be, 50 years ago. The forces of transformation, not always for the better, have been particularly active since the start of the 21st century. Aside from global issues such as our muchenhanced awareness of climate change, including our capacity to measure the effects of climate change, we have encountered a great deal of violence between states, within states, in regional spaces that cross borders, and in families, neighborhoods, and communities. Some might argue that we are encountering a new kind of violence, more brazen and less modest, in political rhetoric as well, where articulations of racism, exclusion, and rejection have become commonplace even in national contexts we have come to rely on for their stability, respect for human rights, and general tolerance for diversity. Economic security has been threatened repeatedly, and this time affecting not merely the least empowered social locations but almost everyone. Massive industries are collapsing or at least struggling to survive (including the oil industry, auto industry, and energy industry), while higher levels of unemployment have become commonplace nearly everywhere. Global migration, often in the form of refugee flows, have proliferated and in some regions of the globe are challenging the receiving nations to the limit. ......... ...... We think that this is a good time to look more closely at the Fortress School. We think that when a world is transforming, we owe it to the next generation to critically evaluate our long held assumptions about how to live in the newly emerging world, especially when we know full well that we, who were educated in schools, have contributed substantially to the challenges facing the planet, and all social relations within it. We therefore welcome submissions that seek to critically engage with Fortress School, defending its value or proposing its demise. Close

• 172. [Article] Tsunami and Salvage: The Archaeological Landscape of the Beeswax Wreck, Oregon, USA

  Unidentified shipwrecks were a relatively common sight on the beaches of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America in the nineteenth century, as recorded in accounts written in newspapers and journals ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tsunami and Salvage: The Archaeological Landscape of the Beeswax Wreck, Oregon, USA Author: Williams, Scott S., Marken, Mitch, Peterson, Curt Year: 2017 Unidentified shipwrecks were a relatively common sight on the beaches of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America in the nineteenth century, as recorded in accounts written in newspapers and journals of the period. Such wrecks were common enough that they typically warranted only brief mention, and the vessels were usually assumed to be Asian junks or early traders or whalers who wrecked on the coast before the settlers moved in. One wreck, however, drew much more attention due to its unusual cargo and a set of unique circumstances that led to the concentration and later visibility of that cargo: the Beeswax Wreck of Nehalem, Oregon. The Beeswax Wreck was a large vessel constructed of Asian hardwoods, carrying a very large cargo of beeswax in the form of candles and blocks marked with Spanish shipping symbols. Both the beeswax and ships timbers, along with porcelain vessels and other items of flotsam, were concentrated on the barren, Aeolian sandspit separating the Nehalem River from the ocean. This wreckage was deposited above the reach of tides and storm waves, and on a spit of unvegetated sand which alternately covered and exposed wreck materials as Aeolian dunes migrated across the spit. The mechanism of this deposition was a large tsunami that deposited buoyant wreck material on tsunami strandlines of the spit and river valley, creating an archaeological landscape formed first by the wreck processes, then reshaped by the tsunami, and then reshaped again as first local Indians and then later Euro-American settlers mined the wreckage for valued goods and a rumored treasure. Changing environmental conditions, including tectonic uplift, sand accretion, and stabilization of the spit dunes by non-native vegetation have altered the landscape even more since the vessel wrecked. This unique set of events and environmental conditions that preserved wreckage for archaeological investigation allows us to say with some certainty that the vessel was the Manila galleon Santo Cristo de Burgos, which left the Philippines in 1693 and was never seen again. Title: Tsunami and Salvage: The Archaeological Landscape of the Beeswax Wreck, Oregon, USA Author: Williams, Scott S., Marken, Mitch, Peterson, Curt Year: 2017 Unidentified shipwrecks were a relatively common sight on the beaches of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America in the nineteenth century, as recorded in accounts written in newspapers and journals of the period. Such wrecks were common enough that they typically warranted only brief mention, and the vessels were usually assumed to be Asian junks or early traders or whalers who wrecked on the coast before the settlers moved in. One wreck, however, drew much more attention due to its unusual cargo and a set of unique circumstances that led to the concentration and later visibility of that cargo: the Beeswax Wreck of Nehalem, Oregon. The Beeswax Wreck was a large vessel constructed of Asian hardwoods, carrying a very large cargo of beeswax in the form of candles and blocks marked with Spanish shipping symbols. Both the beeswax and ships timbers, along with porcelain vessels and other items of flotsam, were concentrated on the barren, Aeolian sandspit separating the Nehalem River from the ocean. This wreckage was deposited above the reach of tides and storm waves, and on a spit of unvegetated sand which alternately covered and exposed wreck materials as Aeolian dunes migrated across the spit. The mechanism of this deposition was a large tsunami that deposited buoyant wreck material on tsunami strandlines of the spit and river valley, creating an archaeological landscape formed first by the wreck processes, then reshaped by the tsunami, and then reshaped again as first local Indians and then later Euro-American settlers mined the wreckage for valued goods and a rumored treasure. Changing environmental conditions, including tectonic uplift, sand accretion, and stabilization of the spit dunes by non-native vegetation have altered the landscape even more since the vessel wrecked. This unique set of events and environmental conditions that preserved wreckage for archaeological investigation allows us to say with some certainty that the vessel was the Manila galleon Santo Cristo de Burgos, which left the Philippines in 1693 and was never seen again. Close

• 173. [Article] Tigard-Tualatin School District Enrollment Forecast Update, 2007-08 to 2011-12

  The Tigard-Tualatin School District (TTSD) enrolled 12,300 students in Fall 2006, an increase of 167 students (1.4 percent) from Fall 2005. Growth was concentrated in the elementary grades (K-5), which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tigard-Tualatin School District Enrollment Forecast Update, 2007-08 to 2011-12 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian Year: 2006 The Tigard-Tualatin School District (TTSD) enrolled 12,300 students in Fall 2006, an increase of 167 students (1.4 percent) from Fall 2005. Growth was concentrated in the elementary grades (K-5), which grew by 195 students (3.6 percent) between Fall 2005 and Fall 2006. This report presents the results of a demographic study conducted by the Portland State University Population Research Center (PRC). The study includes analysis of population, housing and enrollment trends affecting the District in recent years, estimates of the impacts of new housing development on TTSD enrollment, and forecasts of district-wide and individual school enrollments for the 2007-08 to 2011-12 school years. The forecasts indicate that overall TTSD enrollment will continue to increase during the next five years, due largely to net in-migration of families with children. Recent subdivision approvals will allow single family home construction to continue at its current pace for the next two to three years, but no new multiple family rental developments have been approved in the past two years. In some parts of the District, a dwindling supply of available residential land has already caused housing growth to slow, but growth in other areas has the potential to generate enrollment growth throughout the next five years. Also, the growing Hispanic population in the District compensates for the graduation of the "echo boom" enrollment bulge currently enrolled in high school grades. Title: Tigard-Tualatin School District Enrollment Forecast Update, 2007-08 to 2011-12 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian Year: 2006 The Tigard-Tualatin School District (TTSD) enrolled 12,300 students in Fall 2006, an increase of 167 students (1.4 percent) from Fall 2005. Growth was concentrated in the elementary grades (K-5), which grew by 195 students (3.6 percent) between Fall 2005 and Fall 2006. This report presents the results of a demographic study conducted by the Portland State University Population Research Center (PRC). The study includes analysis of population, housing and enrollment trends affecting the District in recent years, estimates of the impacts of new housing development on TTSD enrollment, and forecasts of district-wide and individual school enrollments for the 2007-08 to 2011-12 school years. The forecasts indicate that overall TTSD enrollment will continue to increase during the next five years, due largely to net in-migration of families with children. Recent subdivision approvals will allow single family home construction to continue at its current pace for the next two to three years, but no new multiple family rental developments have been approved in the past two years. In some parts of the District, a dwindling supply of available residential land has already caused housing growth to slow, but growth in other areas has the potential to generate enrollment growth throughout the next five years. Also, the growing Hispanic population in the District compensates for the graduation of the "echo boom" enrollment bulge currently enrolled in high school grades. Close

• 174. [Article] Evaluation of strain rates on Ice Stream B, Antarctica, obtained using differential GPS

  The "stop-and-go" kinematic Global Positioning System (CPS) technique was used to survey 270 stations twice within a 25 km by 10 km strain grid on the surface of Ice Stream B. One or two geodetic quality ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of strain rates on Ice Stream B, Antarctica, obtained using differential GPS Author: Hulbe, Christina L., Whillans, I. M. Year: 1994 The "stop-and-go" kinematic Global Positioning System (CPS) technique was used to survey 270 stations twice within a 25 km by 10 km strain grid on the surface of Ice Stream B. One or two geodetic quality receivers operated as reference pivots, while two similar receivers traveled to grid stations. Each station was occupied for 25 s. The method is rapid and reliable. Each survey was completed within 2 weeks. Calculated horizontal strain rates are accurate to 1%. Relative vertical velocities are accurate to 20 mm kmI a-1. Maps of the four horizontal velocity gradients, relative vertical velocity and surface elevation are presented. The vertical velocity pattern is used to identify the part of the topography that forms stationary waves and that which is migrating. No strong quantitative link is found between the pattern in horizontal strain rate and surface topography. In particular, there is no evidence that the topography is relaxing toward isostasy. None of the "weir-type" sticky spots, which are commonly observed with other glaciers, is found but there could be two of the "submerged-boulder type", which cause lateral flow diversion. Evidence for "hot stripes" and zones of preferred crystal orientation is not found. Title: Evaluation of strain rates on Ice Stream B, Antarctica, obtained using differential GPS Author: Hulbe, Christina L., Whillans, I. M. Year: 1994 The "stop-and-go" kinematic Global Positioning System (CPS) technique was used to survey 270 stations twice within a 25 km by 10 km strain grid on the surface of Ice Stream B. One or two geodetic quality receivers operated as reference pivots, while two similar receivers traveled to grid stations. Each station was occupied for 25 s. The method is rapid and reliable. Each survey was completed within 2 weeks. Calculated horizontal strain rates are accurate to 1%. Relative vertical velocities are accurate to 20 mm kmI a-1. Maps of the four horizontal velocity gradients, relative vertical velocity and surface elevation are presented. The vertical velocity pattern is used to identify the part of the topography that forms stationary waves and that which is migrating. No strong quantitative link is found between the pattern in horizontal strain rate and surface topography. In particular, there is no evidence that the topography is relaxing toward isostasy. None of the "weir-type" sticky spots, which are commonly observed with other glaciers, is found but there could be two of the "submerged-boulder type", which cause lateral flow diversion. Evidence for "hot stripes" and zones of preferred crystal orientation is not found. Close

• 175. [Article] Toward a Culture of Healing: Why Alternative Therapies and a Feminist Framework are Needed in the Care of Pregnant Women and Treatment of Postpartum Mood Disorders

  Pregnancy, birth, and early motherhood are areas of human development that have systematically migrated away from their roots as a series of natural life events to a highly, and perhaps unnecessarily, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward a Culture of Healing: Why Alternative Therapies and a Feminist Framework are Needed in the Care of Pregnant Women and Treatment of Postpartum Mood Disorders Author: Leonardo, Angela Year: 2012 Pregnancy, birth, and early motherhood are areas of human development that have systematically migrated away from their roots as a series of natural life events to a highly, and perhaps unnecessarily, medicalized arena. This shift has been detrimental for women, especially for poor, socially isolated, single, and/or ethnic minority women. In this paper, I outline my concerns with the increased medicalization of birth and postpartum care, as well as with the status of mothers in the United States, and critically examine the patriarchal context in which this shift has occurred. My focus is on maternal health and mortality, including depression and other associated mood disorders during the pre, peri, and postpartum periods. The intent of this paper is not to vilify hospitals or allopathic medicine practitioners, but rather to increase awareness and knowledge of the childbirth process and postpartum period, including procedures and outcomes involved in traditional medical and midwifery care both in and out of the hospital setting. I hope to provide an argument for the use of complementary and alternative therapies and integrative medicine, specifically acupuncture, nutritional supplementation, meditation, and support groups to treat mental health conditions and support overall well-being in pregnant and postpartum women. Title: Toward a Culture of Healing: Why Alternative Therapies and a Feminist Framework are Needed in the Care of Pregnant Women and Treatment of Postpartum Mood Disorders Author: Leonardo, Angela Year: 2012 Pregnancy, birth, and early motherhood are areas of human development that have systematically migrated away from their roots as a series of natural life events to a highly, and perhaps unnecessarily, medicalized arena. This shift has been detrimental for women, especially for poor, socially isolated, single, and/or ethnic minority women. In this paper, I outline my concerns with the increased medicalization of birth and postpartum care, as well as with the status of mothers in the United States, and critically examine the patriarchal context in which this shift has occurred. My focus is on maternal health and mortality, including depression and other associated mood disorders during the pre, peri, and postpartum periods. The intent of this paper is not to vilify hospitals or allopathic medicine practitioners, but rather to increase awareness and knowledge of the childbirth process and postpartum period, including procedures and outcomes involved in traditional medical and midwifery care both in and out of the hospital setting. I hope to provide an argument for the use of complementary and alternative therapies and integrative medicine, specifically acupuncture, nutritional supplementation, meditation, and support groups to treat mental health conditions and support overall well-being in pregnant and postpartum women. Close

• 176. [Article] Advocating for Sri Lankan Migrant Workers: Obstacles and Challenges

  Nearly a million Sri Lankan women labor as migrant workers, the vast majority in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in West Asia. They are poorly paid and vulnerable to a wide variety of exploitative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Advocating for Sri Lankan Migrant Workers: Obstacles and Challenges Author: Gamburd, Michele Ruth Year: 2009 Nearly a million Sri Lankan women labor as migrant workers, the vast majority in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in West Asia. They are poorly paid and vulnerable to a wide variety of exploitative labor practices at home and abroad. Despite the importance of worker remittances to the national economy, and in spite of Sri Lanka’s history of organized labor and active political participation, migrants have received only anemic support from the state, labor unions, feminist organizations, and migrant-oriented nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The article contextualizes Sri Lankan migration within larger-scale economic dynamics (such as global capitalist policies and processes) and local-level ideological formations (such as local political histories and culturally shaped gender norms). The author argues that political freedoms in destination countries have a significant effect on organizing activities in both host and sending nations. Comparing the Sri Lankan and Philippine situations, the author contends that the vibrant activism in the Philippines correlates with the liberal organizing climates in the EU and in East and Southeast Asia, while the paucity of organizing in Sri Lanka correlate with the strict repression of guest workers in the GCC. Compared to other destinations, the GCC countries give workers (particularly women) less chance for autonomous activities, are less open to labor organizing, and are less responsive to political protest. Title: Advocating for Sri Lankan Migrant Workers: Obstacles and Challenges Author: Gamburd, Michele Ruth Year: 2009 Nearly a million Sri Lankan women labor as migrant workers, the vast majority in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in West Asia. They are poorly paid and vulnerable to a wide variety of exploitative labor practices at home and abroad. Despite the importance of worker remittances to the national economy, and in spite of Sri Lanka’s history of organized labor and active political participation, migrants have received only anemic support from the state, labor unions, feminist organizations, and migrant-oriented nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The article contextualizes Sri Lankan migration within larger-scale economic dynamics (such as global capitalist policies and processes) and local-level ideological formations (such as local political histories and culturally shaped gender norms). The author argues that political freedoms in destination countries have a significant effect on organizing activities in both host and sending nations. Comparing the Sri Lankan and Philippine situations, the author contends that the vibrant activism in the Philippines correlates with the liberal organizing climates in the EU and in East and Southeast Asia, while the paucity of organizing in Sri Lanka correlate with the strict repression of guest workers in the GCC. Compared to other destinations, the GCC countries give workers (particularly women) less chance for autonomous activities, are less open to labor organizing, and are less responsive to political protest. Close

• 177. [Article] Class Identity and the International Division of Labor: Sri Lanka's Migrant Housemaids

  In 1996, 408,000 Sri Lankan women, nearly 10% of the country’s working-age women, worked abroad, many of them in the oil producing countries of the Persian Gulf. In this paper I compare the influence of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Class Identity and the International Division of Labor: Sri Lanka's Migrant Housemaids Author: Gamburd, Michele Ruth Year: 1998 In 1996, 408,000 Sri Lankan women, nearly 10% of the country’s working-age women, worked abroad, many of them in the oil producing countries of the Persian Gulf. In this paper I compare the influence of international migration on local hierarchies of class and gender in two villages in southern Sri Lanka: a Sinhala-speaking Buddhist village where I did my doctoral dissertation research in 1992-4, and a Tamil-speaking Muslim village where I spent some time during the summer of 1997. I discuss the challenges of using ‘class’ as a unit of analysis in a non-Western setting where gender identities, family ties, caste solidarity, religious allegiance, and ethnic affiliation also shape economic relations. Bringing female domestic servants into the global economy revolutionizes local understandings of both class and gender. Although it receives recognition as ‘work’, housework and childcare remain ‘women’s work’, and women’s internationally accepted gender status as unskilled, ‘supplemental’ family wage earners justifies meager salaries for housemaids. High Sri Lankan demand for scarce jobs in West Asia drives wages down and agency fees up, keeping housemaids ‘working class’ in the global economy. Isolated in the homes of their individual employers, migrant housemaids nevertheless are evolving a nascent class consciousness through their struggles with local Sri Lankan middlepeople and through retold stories of conflicts with abusive employers. Religious and ethnic differences between the Sinhala and Muslim villages affect the extent of class solidarity. The paper investigates how patterns social stratification, such as religious and ethnic practices, caste statuses, and gender roles affect the emergence of class identity in two villages in Sri Lanka. Title: Class Identity and the International Division of Labor: Sri Lanka's Migrant Housemaids Author: Gamburd, Michele Ruth Year: 1998 In 1996, 408,000 Sri Lankan women, nearly 10% of the country’s working-age women, worked abroad, many of them in the oil producing countries of the Persian Gulf. In this paper I compare the influence of international migration on local hierarchies of class and gender in two villages in southern Sri Lanka: a Sinhala-speaking Buddhist village where I did my doctoral dissertation research in 1992-4, and a Tamil-speaking Muslim village where I spent some time during the summer of 1997. I discuss the challenges of using ‘class’ as a unit of analysis in a non-Western setting where gender identities, family ties, caste solidarity, religious allegiance, and ethnic affiliation also shape economic relations. Bringing female domestic servants into the global economy revolutionizes local understandings of both class and gender. Although it receives recognition as ‘work’, housework and childcare remain ‘women’s work’, and women’s internationally accepted gender status as unskilled, ‘supplemental’ family wage earners justifies meager salaries for housemaids. High Sri Lankan demand for scarce jobs in West Asia drives wages down and agency fees up, keeping housemaids ‘working class’ in the global economy. Isolated in the homes of their individual employers, migrant housemaids nevertheless are evolving a nascent class consciousness through their struggles with local Sri Lankan middlepeople and through retold stories of conflicts with abusive employers. Religious and ethnic differences between the Sinhala and Muslim villages affect the extent of class solidarity. The paper investigates how patterns social stratification, such as religious and ethnic practices, caste statuses, and gender roles affect the emergence of class identity in two villages in Sri Lanka. Close

• 178. [Article] Forest Grove School District: Enrollment Forecasts 2007-08 to 2011-12

  The Forest Grove School District (FGSD) enrolled 6,102 students in Fall 2006, an increase of 175 students (3.0 percent) from Fall 2005. Growth was concentrated in the high school grades (9-12), which grew ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest Grove School District: Enrollment Forecasts 2007-08 to 2011-12 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center Year: 2007 The Forest Grove School District (FGSD) enrolled 6,102 students in Fall 2006, an increase of 175 students (3.0 percent) from Fall 2005. Growth was concentrated in the high school grades (9-12), which grew by 101 students (5.5 percent), and elementary grades, which gained 66 students (2.9 percent) between Fall 2005 and Fall 2006. This report presents the results of a demographic study conducted by the Portland State University Population Research Center (PRC). The study includes analysis of population, housing and enrollment trends affecting the District in recent years, estimates of the impacts of new housing development on FGSD enrollment, and forecasts of district-wide and individual school enrollments for the 2007-08 to 2011-12 school years. The forecasts indicate that overall FGSD enrollment will continue to increase during the next five years, due largely to net in-migration of families with children and increases in the number of births within the District. Recent subdivision approvals will allow single family home construction to continue at its current pace for the entire five year period if market conditions remain favorable, but the mix of homes may shift somewhat to accommodate more older “move up” buyers and fewer young families. No new multiple family rental developments have been approved in the past two years; the few attached units being built are market rate townhouses and condos. Title: Forest Grove School District: Enrollment Forecasts 2007-08 to 2011-12 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center Year: 2007 The Forest Grove School District (FGSD) enrolled 6,102 students in Fall 2006, an increase of 175 students (3.0 percent) from Fall 2005. Growth was concentrated in the high school grades (9-12), which grew by 101 students (5.5 percent), and elementary grades, which gained 66 students (2.9 percent) between Fall 2005 and Fall 2006. This report presents the results of a demographic study conducted by the Portland State University Population Research Center (PRC). The study includes analysis of population, housing and enrollment trends affecting the District in recent years, estimates of the impacts of new housing development on FGSD enrollment, and forecasts of district-wide and individual school enrollments for the 2007-08 to 2011-12 school years. The forecasts indicate that overall FGSD enrollment will continue to increase during the next five years, due largely to net in-migration of families with children and increases in the number of births within the District. Recent subdivision approvals will allow single family home construction to continue at its current pace for the entire five year period if market conditions remain favorable, but the mix of homes may shift somewhat to accommodate more older “move up” buyers and fewer young families. No new multiple family rental developments have been approved in the past two years; the few attached units being built are market rate townhouses and condos. Close

• 179. [Article] Linking Resilience and Good Governance: A Literature Review

  Natural or manmade shocks and stresses affect communities in a variety of ways. One way that researchers have tried to isolate the conditions that lead to a thriving community in the face of disaster is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Linking Resilience and Good Governance: A Literature Review Author: Bedi, Nikki, Bishop, Madilynn, Hawkins, Ukiah, Miller, Olivia, Pedraza, Rodrigo, Preble, Anna, Rico-Rairan, Angela Year: 2014 Natural or manmade shocks and stresses affect communities in a variety of ways. One way that researchers have tried to isolate the conditions that lead to a thriving community in the face of disaster is the study of resilience. Resilience is the capacity of communities in complex socio-ecological systems to learn, cope, adapt, and transform in the face of shocks and stresses. A key part of resilience is the existence of good governance, which Mercy Corps has identified as a process of decision-making that is accountable, transparent, just, responsive and participatory. The pursuit of good governance can be a beneficial strategy, involving the building of both formal and informal institutions and relationships that are implemented at the state, community and individual levels. The purpose of this literature review is to identify the research that exists in a variety of fields that addresses good governance and resilience at these levels. This literature review specifically focuses on the Sahel region of Africa. As such, particular attention has been paid to literature that either engages the Sahel region directly, or presents case studies and evidence that applies to similar circumstances. Thus, the reviewed literature also includes research that concerns a variety of developing, low-income countries that experience environmental stressors and shocks and which, in most cases, are also experiencing political transitions towards more liberalized and pluralistic politics. The Sahel is a semi-arid biological and geographical multinational climatic transitional region, which demarcates the area between the Sudanian Savanna and the Sahara Desert. Among the nation states, which are partially contained within the Sahel region, are Mauritania, Sudan, South Sudan, Algeria, Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Senegal, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Mali and Niger. Issues of pastoralist and nomadic migration are often in the forefront of discussion relating to the Sahel because of the nature of this region’s climate. Due to the potential negative impacts of global climate change in relation to certain aspects of interaction in the Sahel, analyses of socioeconomic and political stability in the region, are of importance to those in the field of international nongovernmental assistance and aid provision. Title: Linking Resilience and Good Governance: A Literature Review Author: Bedi, Nikki, Bishop, Madilynn, Hawkins, Ukiah, Miller, Olivia, Pedraza, Rodrigo, Preble, Anna, Rico-Rairan, Angela Year: 2014 Natural or manmade shocks and stresses affect communities in a variety of ways. One way that researchers have tried to isolate the conditions that lead to a thriving community in the face of disaster is the study of resilience. Resilience is the capacity of communities in complex socio-ecological systems to learn, cope, adapt, and transform in the face of shocks and stresses. A key part of resilience is the existence of good governance, which Mercy Corps has identified as a process of decision-making that is accountable, transparent, just, responsive and participatory. The pursuit of good governance can be a beneficial strategy, involving the building of both formal and informal institutions and relationships that are implemented at the state, community and individual levels. The purpose of this literature review is to identify the research that exists in a variety of fields that addresses good governance and resilience at these levels. This literature review specifically focuses on the Sahel region of Africa. As such, particular attention has been paid to literature that either engages the Sahel region directly, or presents case studies and evidence that applies to similar circumstances. Thus, the reviewed literature also includes research that concerns a variety of developing, low-income countries that experience environmental stressors and shocks and which, in most cases, are also experiencing political transitions towards more liberalized and pluralistic politics. The Sahel is a semi-arid biological and geographical multinational climatic transitional region, which demarcates the area between the Sudanian Savanna and the Sahara Desert. Among the nation states, which are partially contained within the Sahel region, are Mauritania, Sudan, South Sudan, Algeria, Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Senegal, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Mali and Niger. Issues of pastoralist and nomadic migration are often in the forefront of discussion relating to the Sahel because of the nature of this region’s climate. Due to the potential negative impacts of global climate change in relation to certain aspects of interaction in the Sahel, analyses of socioeconomic and political stability in the region, are of importance to those in the field of international nongovernmental assistance and aid provision. Close

• 180. [Article] Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2012-13 to 2025-26, Based on October 2011 Enrollments

  The Portland Public School District (PPS) enrolled 46,206 K‐12 students in Fall 2011, an increase of 465 students (1.0 percent) from Fall 2010. This was the third consecutive year of K‐12 growth, a reversal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2012-13 to 2025-26, Based on October 2011 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, Dann, Ryan, Jurjevich, Jason R. Year: 2012 The Portland Public School District (PPS) enrolled 46,206 K‐12 students in Fall 2011, an increase of 465 students (1.0 percent) from Fall 2010. This was the third consecutive year of K‐12 growth, a reversal from the 12 consecutive years of enrollment losses between 1997 and 2008. For the three year period since 2008‐09, the District has grown by 1,182 K‐12 students (2.6 percent). This report includes analysis of population, housing and enrollment trends affecting the District in recent years, forecasts of district‐wide enrollment, and Enrollment Forecasts by area of residence (high school clusters, school attendance areas) and by individual school of attendance for the 2012‐13 to 2025‐26 school years. For the district‐wide forecast, three scenarios of population and enrollment changes were developed: a most‐likely, or medium, growth scenario; a scenario for lower growth; and a higher growth scenario. All three of the growth scenarios for the PPS district‐wide Enrollment Forecasts use similar mortality, fertility, and capture rates during the 14 year horizon. The differences between the three scenarios are primarily due to different assumptions about the levels of net migration (the net movement into and out of the District) among families with children. Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2012-13 to 2025-26, Based on October 2011 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, Dann, Ryan, Jurjevich, Jason R. Year: 2012 The Portland Public School District (PPS) enrolled 46,206 K‐12 students in Fall 2011, an increase of 465 students (1.0 percent) from Fall 2010. This was the third consecutive year of K‐12 growth, a reversal from the 12 consecutive years of enrollment losses between 1997 and 2008. For the three year period since 2008‐09, the District has grown by 1,182 K‐12 students (2.6 percent). This report includes analysis of population, housing and enrollment trends affecting the District in recent years, forecasts of district‐wide enrollment, and Enrollment Forecasts by area of residence (high school clusters, school attendance areas) and by individual school of attendance for the 2012‐13 to 2025‐26 school years. For the district‐wide forecast, three scenarios of population and enrollment changes were developed: a most‐likely, or medium, growth scenario; a scenario for lower growth; and a higher growth scenario. All three of the growth scenarios for the PPS district‐wide Enrollment Forecasts use similar mortality, fertility, and capture rates during the 14 year horizon. The differences between the three scenarios are primarily due to different assumptions about the levels of net migration (the net movement into and out of the District) among families with children. Close