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• 11. [Article] Lower Pony Creek Watershed Assessment and Potential Action Plan

  Abstract -- The Lower Pony Creek Watershed has been undergoing significant change in recent decades, as the area has transitioned from a forested coastal valley to urban and suburban in character. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Pony Creek Watershed Assessment and Potential Action Plan Abstract -- The Lower Pony Creek Watershed has been undergoing significant change in recent decades, as the area has transitioned from a forested coastal valley to urban and suburban in character. This transition has . ~I presented significant issues for the Cities of North Bend and Coos Bay and these issues are the focus of this project. Flooding in the Creek system has become an increasingly regular occurrence in specific areas. Water quality has deteriorated to the point that, in 1998, the Oregon Department of Water Quality listed Pony Creek and Pony Slough as being water quality limited for high bacterial counts. The Creek system supports or has supported salmon runs (now protected under the Endangered Species Act) and is o designated Essential Salmonid Habitat by the Oregon Department of State Lands and the Oregon Department ofFish and Wildlife. Citizens and agency staff have come together to better understand the current condition of the Lower Pony Creek, and to chart a course toward an ecologically healthier future for the watershed. Title: Lower Pony Creek Watershed Assessment and Potential Action Plan Abstract -- The Lower Pony Creek Watershed has been undergoing significant change in recent decades, as the area has transitioned from a forested coastal valley to urban and suburban in character. This transition has . ~I presented significant issues for the Cities of North Bend and Coos Bay and these issues are the focus of this project. Flooding in the Creek system has become an increasingly regular occurrence in specific areas. Water quality has deteriorated to the point that, in 1998, the Oregon Department of Water Quality listed Pony Creek and Pony Slough as being water quality limited for high bacterial counts. The Creek system supports or has supported salmon runs (now protected under the Endangered Species Act) and is o designated Essential Salmonid Habitat by the Oregon Department of State Lands and the Oregon Department ofFish and Wildlife. Citizens and agency staff have come together to better understand the current condition of the Lower Pony Creek, and to chart a course toward an ecologically healthier future for the watershed. Close

• 12. [Article] A Blueprint for Developing a Pacific Northwest Coastal Salmonid Restoration Plan and Interim Actions in Oregon

  Abstract -- Numerous populations of salmon, steelhead, and trout in coastal rivers of California, Oregon, and Washington are at depressed levels and could possibly be listed under the federal Endangered ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Blueprint for Developing a Pacific Northwest Coastal Salmonid Restoration Plan and Interim Actions in Oregon Abstract -- Numerous populations of salmon, steelhead, and trout in coastal rivers of California, Oregon, and Washington are at depressed levels and could possibly be listed under the federal Endangered Species Act, adding to the salmon already listed in the Columbia and Sacramento rivers. West coast states need federal support to restore and sustain coastal salmonids. A change in national policy guidance to federal agencies is needed so that they will elevate the priority of protection and restoration of these fish, and federal funding is needed for restoration activities. In addition, the individual states need to develop and implement a program of restoration activities specific to the needs of their salmonid populations. The following document, built on ideas discussed at the Governor's Coastal Salmonid Restoration Initiative, describes a restoration planning and implementation process that incorporates both multi-state and Federal cooperation, individual state initiative, and public involvement (Fig. 1). This document proposes both technical and political approaches necessary to begin the process of restoring coastal salmonid populations to more desirable levels. This process should be incorporated into the upcoming Timber Summit. Title: A Blueprint for Developing a Pacific Northwest Coastal Salmonid Restoration Plan and Interim Actions in Oregon Abstract -- Numerous populations of salmon, steelhead, and trout in coastal rivers of California, Oregon, and Washington are at depressed levels and could possibly be listed under the federal Endangered Species Act, adding to the salmon already listed in the Columbia and Sacramento rivers. West coast states need federal support to restore and sustain coastal salmonids. A change in national policy guidance to federal agencies is needed so that they will elevate the priority of protection and restoration of these fish, and federal funding is needed for restoration activities. In addition, the individual states need to develop and implement a program of restoration activities specific to the needs of their salmonid populations. The following document, built on ideas discussed at the Governor's Coastal Salmonid Restoration Initiative, describes a restoration planning and implementation process that incorporates both multi-state and Federal cooperation, individual state initiative, and public involvement (Fig. 1). This document proposes both technical and political approaches necessary to begin the process of restoring coastal salmonid populations to more desirable levels. This process should be incorporated into the upcoming Timber Summit. Close

• 13. [Article] Viable Salmonid Populations and the Recovery of Evolutionarily Significant Units

  Abstract -- NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-42 This document introduces the viable salmonid population (VSP) concept, identifies VSP attributes, and provides guidance for determining the conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Viable Salmonid Populations and the Recovery of Evolutionarily Significant Units Abstract -- NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-42 This document introduces the viable salmonid population (VSP) concept, identifies VSP attributes, and provides guidance for determining the conservation status of populations and larger-scale groupings of Pacific salmonids. The concepts outlined here are intended to serve as the basis for a general approach to performing salmonid conservation assessments. As a specific application, the VSP approach is intended help in the establishment of Endangered Species Act (ESA) delisting goals. This will aid in the formulation of recovery plans and can serve as interim guidance until such plans are completed. The approach of the VSP concept and this document is to define a viable population, describe techniques for determining population boundaries, identify parameters useful in evaluating population viability and then set guidelines for assessing population viability status with regard to each of the parameters. Finally guidelines are provided on how to relate individual population viability to the viability of the Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) as whole. The document is based primarily on a review and synthesis of the conservation biology and salmonid literature. A large portion of the document is an appendix devoted to describing the technical rationale behind the population definition and viability guidelines. Title: Viable Salmonid Populations and the Recovery of Evolutionarily Significant Units Abstract -- NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-42 This document introduces the viable salmonid population (VSP) concept, identifies VSP attributes, and provides guidance for determining the conservation status of populations and larger-scale groupings of Pacific salmonids. The concepts outlined here are intended to serve as the basis for a general approach to performing salmonid conservation assessments. As a specific application, the VSP approach is intended help in the establishment of Endangered Species Act (ESA) delisting goals. This will aid in the formulation of recovery plans and can serve as interim guidance until such plans are completed. The approach of the VSP concept and this document is to define a viable population, describe techniques for determining population boundaries, identify parameters useful in evaluating population viability and then set guidelines for assessing population viability status with regard to each of the parameters. Finally guidelines are provided on how to relate individual population viability to the viability of the Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) as whole. The document is based primarily on a review and synthesis of the conservation biology and salmonid literature. A large portion of the document is an appendix devoted to describing the technical rationale behind the population definition and viability guidelines. Close

• 14. [Article] Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2012

  Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2012 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18,1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek watersheds support two of the four Major Population Groups (MPG) in the Grande Ronde River basin. These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River Basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide the data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA contract IGC 51891 Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2012 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18,1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek watersheds support two of the four Major Population Groups (MPG) in the Grande Ronde River basin. These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River Basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide the data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA contract IGC 51891 Close

• 15. [Article] Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2013

  Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2013 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18, 1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek watersheds support two of the four Major Population Groups (MPG) in the Grande Ronde River basin. These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River Basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide the data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA Contract 60987 Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2013 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18, 1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek watersheds support two of the four Major Population Groups (MPG) in the Grande Ronde River basin. These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River Basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide the data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA Contract 60987 Close

• 16. [Article] Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2014

  Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2014 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18, 1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek basins support two of the four populations in the Grande Ronde Major Population Group (MPG). These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide those data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA Contract 60987 Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2014 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18, 1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek basins support two of the four populations in the Grande Ronde Major Population Group (MPG). These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide those data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA Contract 60987 Close

• 17. [Article] Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2015

  Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2015 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18, 1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek basins support two of the four populations in the Grande Ronde Major Population Group (MPG). These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide those data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA Contract 60987 Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2015 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18, 1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek basins support two of the four populations in the Grande Ronde Major Population Group (MPG). These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide those data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA Contract 60987 Close

• 18. [Article] Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2016

  Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2016 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18, 1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek basins support two of the four populations in the Grande Ronde Major Population Group (MPG). These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide those data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA Contract 60987 Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2016 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18, 1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek basins support two of the four populations in the Grande Ronde Major Population Group (MPG). These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide those data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA Contract 60987 Close

• 19. [Article] Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2017

  Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2017 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18, 1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek basins support two of the four populations in the Grande Ronde Major Population Group (MPG). These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide those data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA Contract 60987 Title: Steelhead Escapement Monitoring in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Joseph Creek Basins - Annual Technical Report 2017 Abstract -- Summer steelhead in the Grande Ronde River basin fall within the Snake River Distinct Population Segment (DPS) and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (62 FR 43937; August 18, 1997). The Upper Grande Ronde River (UGRR) and Joseph Creek basins support two of the four populations in the Grande Ronde Major Population Group (MPG). These populations are segregated based on topographic, genetic, and behavioral evidence of interactions. Historically, the Grande Ronde River was one of the more significant anadromous fish producing rivers in the Columbia River basin. Despite recovery efforts, these populations remain depressed relative to historic levels. The goal of this project is to annually evaluate summer steelhead population abundance for the UGRR, and recently Joseph Creek, by conducting surveys of redds and spawning activity. These surveys provide those data needed to estimate adult steelhead escapement, improve our understanding of habitat utilization, and contribute to productivity and survival estimates for these populations. ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) BPA Contract 60987 Close

• 20. [Article] OWEB Project Number 216-5042-12451 Phase IV - Wallowa Mountains Bull Trout Monitoring, Final Report

  Abstract -- Bull trout were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1998 due to declining populations. Spawning survey data is important for determining relative abundance and distribution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OWEB Project Number 216-5042-12451 Phase IV - Wallowa Mountains Bull Trout Monitoring, Final Report Abstract -- Bull trout were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1998 due to declining populations. Spawning survey data is important for determining relative abundance and distribution trends in bull trout populations. Without adequate funding, it has been difficult to find sufficient numbers of experienced bull trout surveyors and packers for surveys in the back-country, and to obtain adequate supplies to get the work accomplished. OWEB funding supported the continued survey of bull trout spawning areas in years 2016 through 2018 in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha drainages of northeast Oregon. Surveys were conducted by fisheries consultants, the Service, Nez Perce Tribe, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S. Forest Service, Freshwater Trust, Wallowa Resources, Anderson Perry, Inc., Grande Ronde Model Watershed, and volunteers. Timing of spawning, total redds, redd sizes, and redd locations are documented in the attached report. In 2016-2018, surveys were located on the Lostine and Imnaha Rivers, and Big Sheep and Bear Creeks. In addition, the Upper Minam and Wenaha were surveyed in 2018. OWEB funding helped to accomplish a total of 43.3, 41.1, and 71.7 stream miles surveyed in 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively. Title: OWEB Project Number 216-5042-12451 Phase IV - Wallowa Mountains Bull Trout Monitoring, Final Report Abstract -- Bull trout were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1998 due to declining populations. Spawning survey data is important for determining relative abundance and distribution trends in bull trout populations. Without adequate funding, it has been difficult to find sufficient numbers of experienced bull trout surveyors and packers for surveys in the back-country, and to obtain adequate supplies to get the work accomplished. OWEB funding supported the continued survey of bull trout spawning areas in years 2016 through 2018 in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha drainages of northeast Oregon. Surveys were conducted by fisheries consultants, the Service, Nez Perce Tribe, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S. Forest Service, Freshwater Trust, Wallowa Resources, Anderson Perry, Inc., Grande Ronde Model Watershed, and volunteers. Timing of spawning, total redds, redd sizes, and redd locations are documented in the attached report. In 2016-2018, surveys were located on the Lostine and Imnaha Rivers, and Big Sheep and Bear Creeks. In addition, the Upper Minam and Wenaha were surveyed in 2018. OWEB funding helped to accomplish a total of 43.3, 41.1, and 71.7 stream miles surveyed in 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively. Close