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• 161. [Image] Industry Participation in DOE-Sponsored Geopressured Geothermal Resource Development

  	The Salt Water Disposal Study reviewed subsurface salt water disposal experience on the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. This preliminary study concluded that subsurface brine disposal should be possible ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Industry Participation in DOE-Sponsored Geopressured Geothermal Resource Development Author: Coffer, H. F Year: 1979 The Salt Water Disposal Study reviewed subsurface salt water disposal experience on the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. This preliminary study concluded that subsurface brine disposal should be possible in the areas of interest with adequate evaluation of the geology of each area and a well designed and constructed surface and subsurface facility. The industry survey indicated general satisfactory with the technical design of the resource evaluation program but felt the program should be moving faster. Excellent communication with industry had been maintained through the forum meetings and the status reports Title: Industry Participation in DOE-Sponsored Geopressured Geothermal Resource Development Author: Coffer, H. F Year: 1979 The Salt Water Disposal Study reviewed subsurface salt water disposal experience on the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. This preliminary study concluded that subsurface brine disposal should be possible in the areas of interest with adequate evaluation of the geology of each area and a well designed and constructed surface and subsurface facility. The industry survey indicated general satisfactory with the technical design of the resource evaluation program but felt the program should be moving faster. Excellent communication with industry had been maintained through the forum meetings and the status reports Close

• 162. [Image] Sweet Lake Geopressured-Geothermal Project, Magma Gulf-Technadril/DOE Amoco FEE Volume II: Surface Installations Reservoir Testing; Annual Report for the Period February 28, 1981-February 10, 1982

  	The Magma Gulf-Technadril/Department of Energy Amoco Fee # 1 (production) and salt water disposal wells were drilled in the period from August, 1980 to February 1981. Surface facilities were designed and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sweet Lake Geopressured-Geothermal Project, Magma Gulf-Technadril/DOE Amoco FEE Volume II: Surface Installations Reservoir Testing; Annual Report for the Period February 28, 1981-February 10, 1982 Author: Hoffman, K. S. (ed.) Year: 1982 The Magma Gulf-Technadril/Department of Energy Amoco Fee # 1 (production) and salt water disposal wells were drilled in the period from August, 1980 to February 1981. Surface facilities were designed and constructed during March-June 1981. Flow testing began in June 1981 and continued until February, 1982 Title: Sweet Lake Geopressured-Geothermal Project, Magma Gulf-Technadril/DOE Amoco FEE Volume II: Surface Installations Reservoir Testing; Annual Report for the Period February 28, 1981-February 10, 1982 Author: Hoffman, K. S. (ed.) Year: 1982 The Magma Gulf-Technadril/Department of Energy Amoco Fee # 1 (production) and salt water disposal wells were drilled in the period from August, 1980 to February 1981. Surface facilities were designed and constructed during March-June 1981. Flow testing began in June 1981 and continued until February, 1982 Close

• 163. [Image] Environmental Monitoring for the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project, Annual Report for the Period July 1975-June 1976

  	For the last four years, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has been investigating the feasibility demonstration of a technique for extracting geothermal energy from hot dry rock existing at moderate ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental Monitoring for the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project, Annual Report for the Period July 1975-June 1976 Author: Pettitt, Roland A. Year: 1976 For the last four years, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has been investigating the feasibility demonstration of a technique for extracting geothermal energy from hot dry rock existing at moderate depths beneath the surface of the earth. In the hot dry rock (HDR) concept, a manmade geothermal reservoir would be formed by drilling an initial borehole into a region of hot rock, creating a large fracture at the bottom of the hole, then intersecting the fractured area with a second borehole. The heat contained in this underground reservoir would then be brought to the surface by the circulation of water through the system. The objectives of this environmental monitoring report are to provide a brief conceptual and historical summary of the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Project, a brief overview of the environmental monitoring responsibilities and activities of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and descriptions of the studies, problems, and results obtained from the various monitoring programs. Included are descriptions of the work that has been done in three major monitoring areas: (1) water quality, both surface and subsurface; (2) seismicity, with a discussion of the monitoring strategy of regional, local, and close-in detection networks; and (3) climatology. The purpose of these programs is to record baseline data, define potential effects from the project activities, and determine and record any impacts that may occur. The development of the hot dry rock geothermal energy resource and associated energy extraction technology is a new field of endeavor, with no established environmental guidelines. It is doubtful if the problems encountered and solutions devised in traditional geothermal systems will apply directly to hot dry rock development. Therefore, the impacts that are encountered in this project will be of particular value in making future environmental Assessments for this type of energy resource development in other locations in different geologic settings. By the end of the reporting period, there had been no unacceptable impacts on the environment in any of the three monitoring areas Title: Environmental Monitoring for the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project, Annual Report for the Period July 1975-June 1976 Author: Pettitt, Roland A. Year: 1976 For the last four years, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has been investigating the feasibility demonstration of a technique for extracting geothermal energy from hot dry rock existing at moderate depths beneath the surface of the earth. In the hot dry rock (HDR) concept, a manmade geothermal reservoir would be formed by drilling an initial borehole into a region of hot rock, creating a large fracture at the bottom of the hole, then intersecting the fractured area with a second borehole. The heat contained in this underground reservoir would then be brought to the surface by the circulation of water through the system. The objectives of this environmental monitoring report are to provide a brief conceptual and historical summary of the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Project, a brief overview of the environmental monitoring responsibilities and activities of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and descriptions of the studies, problems, and results obtained from the various monitoring programs. Included are descriptions of the work that has been done in three major monitoring areas: (1) water quality, both surface and subsurface; (2) seismicity, with a discussion of the monitoring strategy of regional, local, and close-in detection networks; and (3) climatology. The purpose of these programs is to record baseline data, define potential effects from the project activities, and determine and record any impacts that may occur. The development of the hot dry rock geothermal energy resource and associated energy extraction technology is a new field of endeavor, with no established environmental guidelines. It is doubtful if the problems encountered and solutions devised in traditional geothermal systems will apply directly to hot dry rock development. Therefore, the impacts that are encountered in this project will be of particular value in making future environmental Assessments for this type of energy resource development in other locations in different geologic settings. By the end of the reporting period, there had been no unacceptable impacts on the environment in any of the three monitoring areas Close

• 164. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Potential of the Ojo Caliente Warm Springs Area, Northern New Mexico

  	A detailed geochemical investigation of 17 waters (thermal and cold, mineralized and dilute) was performed in the Ojo Caliente-La Madera area. Two types of thermomineral waters have separate and distinctive ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Potential of the Ojo Caliente Warm Springs Area, Northern New Mexico Author: Vuataz, F.D. Year: 1984 A detailed geochemical investigation of 17 waters (thermal and cold, mineralized and dilute) was performed in the Ojo Caliente-La Madera area. Two types of thermomineral waters have separate and distinctive geologic, geochemical, and geothermal characteristics. The water from Ojo Caliente Resort emerges with temperatures less than or equal to 54/sup 0/C from a Precambrian metarhyolite. Its chemistry, typically Na-HCO/sub 3/, has a total mineralization of 3600 mg/l. Isotopic studies have shown that the thermal water emerges from the springs and a hot well without significant mixing with the cold shallow aquifer of the valley alluvium. However, the cold aquifer adjacent to the resort does contain varying amounts of thermal water that originates from the warm spring system. Geothermometry calculations indicate that the thermal water may be as hot as 85/sup 0/C at depth before its ascent toward surface. Thermodynamic computations on the reaction states of numerous mineral phases suggest that the thermal water will not cause major scaling problems if the hot water is utilized for direct-use geothermal applications. By means of a network of very shallow holes, temperature and electrical conductivity anomalies have been found elsewhere in the valley around Ojo Caliente, and resistivity soundings have confirmed the presence of a plume of thermal water entering the shallow aquifer. The group of lukewarm springs around La Madera, with temperatures less than or equal to 29/sup 0/C, chemical type of NaCaMg-HCO/sub 3/Cl and with a total mineralization less than or equal to 1500 mg/l behaves as a different system without any Apparent relation to the Ojo Caliente system. Its temperature at depth is not believed to exceed 35 to 40/sup 0/C Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Potential of the Ojo Caliente Warm Springs Area, Northern New Mexico Author: Vuataz, F.D. Year: 1984 A detailed geochemical investigation of 17 waters (thermal and cold, mineralized and dilute) was performed in the Ojo Caliente-La Madera area. Two types of thermomineral waters have separate and distinctive geologic, geochemical, and geothermal characteristics. The water from Ojo Caliente Resort emerges with temperatures less than or equal to 54/sup 0/C from a Precambrian metarhyolite. Its chemistry, typically Na-HCO/sub 3/, has a total mineralization of 3600 mg/l. Isotopic studies have shown that the thermal water emerges from the springs and a hot well without significant mixing with the cold shallow aquifer of the valley alluvium. However, the cold aquifer adjacent to the resort does contain varying amounts of thermal water that originates from the warm spring system. Geothermometry calculations indicate that the thermal water may be as hot as 85/sup 0/C at depth before its ascent toward surface. Thermodynamic computations on the reaction states of numerous mineral phases suggest that the thermal water will not cause major scaling problems if the hot water is utilized for direct-use geothermal applications. By means of a network of very shallow holes, temperature and electrical conductivity anomalies have been found elsewhere in the valley around Ojo Caliente, and resistivity soundings have confirmed the presence of a plume of thermal water entering the shallow aquifer. The group of lukewarm springs around La Madera, with temperatures less than or equal to 29/sup 0/C, chemical type of NaCaMg-HCO/sub 3/Cl and with a total mineralization less than or equal to 1500 mg/l behaves as a different system without any Apparent relation to the Ojo Caliente system. Its temperature at depth is not believed to exceed 35 to 40/sup 0/C Close

• 165. [Image] CLEAR LAKE GROUND FRACTURE, Southwest shore, Section 16, T.46 N., R 7 E.

  	KP-2559-R2-Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE GROUND FRACTURE, Southwest shore, Section 16, T.46 N., R 7 E. View showing washout place in fracture approximately 15 feet below surface. Fracture narrows down in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CLEAR LAKE GROUND FRACTURE, Southwest shore, Section 16, T.46 N., R 7 E. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, MacAnulty, L. Year: 1960, 2008, 2006 KP-2559-R2-Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE GROUND FRACTURE, Southwest shore, Section 16, T.46 N., R 7 E. View showing washout place in fracture approximately 15 feet below surface. Fracture narrows down in places, then widens out, possibly due to soft spot in soil where water eroded it away; October 4, 1960; Photo by L. MacAnulty Title: CLEAR LAKE GROUND FRACTURE, Southwest shore, Section 16, T.46 N., R 7 E. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, MacAnulty, L. Year: 1960, 2008, 2006 KP-2559-R2-Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE GROUND FRACTURE, Southwest shore, Section 16, T.46 N., R 7 E. View showing washout place in fracture approximately 15 feet below surface. Fracture narrows down in places, then widens out, possibly due to soft spot in soil where water eroded it away; October 4, 1960; Photo by L. MacAnulty Close

• 166. [Image] Clear Lake Spillway Rehabilitation - Specs. 200C-889 - Roy D. Garren Corporation, Contractor

  	P-12-200-2981NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View showing contractor dozing up surface rock along edge of water to be used as riprap on small dike; May 1974; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clear Lake Spillway Rehabilitation - Specs. 200C-889 - Roy D. Garren Corporation, Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1974, 2008, 2006 P-12-200-2981NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View showing contractor dozing up surface rock along edge of water to be used as riprap on small dike; May 1974; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. Stein Title: Clear Lake Spillway Rehabilitation - Specs. 200C-889 - Roy D. Garren Corporation, Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1974, 2008, 2006 P-12-200-2981NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View showing contractor dozing up surface rock along edge of water to be used as riprap on small dike; May 1974; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. Stein Close

• 167. [Image] Clear Lake Spillway Rehabilitation - Specs. 200C-889 - Roy D. Garren Corporation, Contractor

  	P-12-200-2982NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View shoing [sic] tractor dozing up surface rock along edge of water to be used as riprap on dike; May 1974; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clear Lake Spillway Rehabilitation - Specs. 200C-889 - Roy D. Garren Corporation, Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1974, 2008, 2006 P-12-200-2982NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View shoing [sic] tractor dozing up surface rock along edge of water to be used as riprap on dike; May 1974; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. Stein Title: Clear Lake Spillway Rehabilitation - Specs. 200C-889 - Roy D. Garren Corporation, Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1974, 2008, 2006 P-12-200-2982NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View shoing [sic] tractor dozing up surface rock along edge of water to be used as riprap on dike; May 1974; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. Stein Close

• 168. [Image] Kl. Str. Drain Enlargement, Phase II, Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor

  	P12-201-4355 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Water curing of level portion of Plant EE slab. Inlet section on a 1:4 slope was membrane cured. Note smudge pot heaters used to keep surface temperature above ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kl. Str. Drain Enlargement, Phase II, Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1977, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4355 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Water curing of level portion of Plant EE slab. Inlet section on a 1:4 slope was membrane cured. Note smudge pot heaters used to keep surface temperature above 50ºF; March 22, 1977; USBR photo by D. J. Kline Title: Kl. Str. Drain Enlargement, Phase II, Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1977, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4355 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Water curing of level portion of Plant EE slab. Inlet section on a 1:4 slope was membrane cured. Note smudge pot heaters used to keep surface temperature above 50ºF; March 22, 1977; USBR photo by D. J. Kline Close

• 169. [Image] DHE (Downhole Heat Exchangers)

  	The use of downhole heat exchangers (DHE) for residential or commercial space and domestic water heating and other applications has several desirable features. Systems are nearly or completely passive ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: DHE (Downhole Heat Exchangers) Author: Culver, G. Year: 1990 The use of downhole heat exchangers (DHE) for residential or commercial space and domestic water heating and other applications has several desirable features. Systems are nearly or completely passive -- that is, no or very little geothermal water or steam is produced from the well either reducing or completely eliminating surface environmental concerns and the need for disposal systems or injection wells. Initial cost of pumps and installation are eliminated or reduced along with pumping power costs and maintenance costs associated with pumping often corrosive geothermal fluids. Many residential and small commercial systems do not require circulating pumps because the density difference in the incoming and outgoing sides of the loop are sufficient to overcome circulating friction losses in the entire system. The major disadvantage of DHEs is their dependence on natural heat flow. In areas where geological conditions provide high permeability and a natural hydraulic gradient, DHEs can provide a substantial quantity of heat. A single 500-ft (152 m) well in Klamath Falls, Oregon, supplies over one megawatt thermal and output is apparently limited by the surface area of pipe that can be installed in the well bore. In contrast, DHEs used in conjunction with heat pumps may supply less than 8 KW from a well of similar depth. Here output is limited by conductive heat flow with perhaps a small contribution from convection near the well bore. The highest capacity DHE reported to date, in Turkey, supplies 6 MW thermal from an 820-ft (250 m) well. There were two main goals for this project. The first was to gather, disseminate and exchange internationally information on DHEs. The second was to perform experiments that would provide insight into well bore/aquifer interaction and thereby provide more information on which to base DHE designs. 27 refs., 31 figs., 3 tabs. Title: DHE (Downhole Heat Exchangers) Author: Culver, G. Year: 1990 The use of downhole heat exchangers (DHE) for residential or commercial space and domestic water heating and other applications has several desirable features. Systems are nearly or completely passive -- that is, no or very little geothermal water or steam is produced from the well either reducing or completely eliminating surface environmental concerns and the need for disposal systems or injection wells. Initial cost of pumps and installation are eliminated or reduced along with pumping power costs and maintenance costs associated with pumping often corrosive geothermal fluids. Many residential and small commercial systems do not require circulating pumps because the density difference in the incoming and outgoing sides of the loop are sufficient to overcome circulating friction losses in the entire system. The major disadvantage of DHEs is their dependence on natural heat flow. In areas where geological conditions provide high permeability and a natural hydraulic gradient, DHEs can provide a substantial quantity of heat. A single 500-ft (152 m) well in Klamath Falls, Oregon, supplies over one megawatt thermal and output is apparently limited by the surface area of pipe that can be installed in the well bore. In contrast, DHEs used in conjunction with heat pumps may supply less than 8 KW from a well of similar depth. Here output is limited by conductive heat flow with perhaps a small contribution from convection near the well bore. The highest capacity DHE reported to date, in Turkey, supplies 6 MW thermal from an 820-ft (250 m) well. There were two main goals for this project. The first was to gather, disseminate and exchange internationally information on DHEs. The second was to perform experiments that would provide insight into well bore/aquifer interaction and thereby provide more information on which to base DHE designs. 27 refs., 31 figs., 3 tabs. Close

• 170. [Image] Gerber Dam - Region 2's underwater inspection team going through last-minute preparation before under-ice diving at Gerber Dam

  	P12-200-2846NA Gerber Dam, Klamath Project, Oregon-California. Team members from left to right: G. W. Fuller, civil engineer; J. L. Andrews, structural engineer; B. H. Carter, geologist; T. J. Spicher, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam - Region 2's underwater inspection team going through last-minute preparation before under-ice diving at Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wes W. Year: 1966, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2846NA Gerber Dam, Klamath Project, Oregon-California. Team members from left to right: G. W. Fuller, civil engineer; J. L. Andrews, structural engineer; B. H. Carter, geologist; T. J. Spicher, mechanical engineer; and T. E. Morris, underwater diving specialist and team leader. A portion of the upstream side of Gerber Dam is shown on the left. Fourteen inches of ice had to be cut through to gain access to the water. The purpose of this winter dive was to examine the interior and exterior of the trashrack structure located some 35 to 51 inches below the ice, at a time when water visibility was the best. As it was, visibility was limited to less than six inches. Note ropes on divers. Tether lines and surface tenders were used for safety precaution; February 15, 1966; Bureau of Reclamation photo by Wes W. Nell Title: Gerber Dam - Region 2's underwater inspection team going through last-minute preparation before under-ice diving at Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wes W. Year: 1966, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2846NA Gerber Dam, Klamath Project, Oregon-California. Team members from left to right: G. W. Fuller, civil engineer; J. L. Andrews, structural engineer; B. H. Carter, geologist; T. J. Spicher, mechanical engineer; and T. E. Morris, underwater diving specialist and team leader. A portion of the upstream side of Gerber Dam is shown on the left. Fourteen inches of ice had to be cut through to gain access to the water. The purpose of this winter dive was to examine the interior and exterior of the trashrack structure located some 35 to 51 inches below the ice, at a time when water visibility was the best. As it was, visibility was limited to less than six inches. Note ropes on divers. Tether lines and surface tenders were used for safety precaution; February 15, 1966; Bureau of Reclamation photo by Wes W. Nell Close