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• 231. [Image] Oregon lampreys : natural history, status, and analysis of management issues

  	Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon lampreys : natural history, status, and analysis of management issues Author: Kostow, Kathryn Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure because different species tend to look very similar through most of their life cycle, and they have not been well-studied in Oregon. Lampreys occur in the Columbia Basin, including the lower Snake River, along the Oregon coast, in the upper Klamath Basin, and in Goose Lake Basin in southeastern Oregon. They all begin life in fresh water where juveniles burrow into silt and filter feed on algae. As some species approach adulthood they migrate to the ocean or to lakes where they briefly become ecto-parasites, feeding on other live fishes by attaching to them with sucker disc mouths. Other species remain non-parasitic. In addition to some enigmatic species identities, we generally have very little information about the detailed distributions, life histories and basic biology of lampreys. Lampreys became a conservation concern in the early 1990s when tribal co-managers and some Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) staff noted that populations of Pacific Lampreys, Lampetra tridentata, were apparently declining to perilously low numbers. Pacific Lampreys were listed as an Oregon State sensitive species in 1993 and were given further legal protected status by the state in 1997 (OAR 635-044-0130). Lamprey status is difficult to assess for several reasons: 1) Most observations of lampreys in fresh water are of juveniles and it is difficult to tell the various species apart, even to the extent that the various species are currently clearly designated; 2) Data on lamprey is only collected incidental to monitoring of salmonids. The design and efficiency of the data collection effort is not always adequate for lampreys; and 3) We have very few historic data sets for lampreys. Therefore we often cannot determine how the abundances and distributions we see now compare with those in the past. The limited data that we have suggests that lampreys have declined through many parts of their ranges. The most precipitous declines appear to be in the upper Columbia and Snake basins where we have some historic data from mainstem dam counts. Pacific Lampreys have declined to only about 200 adults annually passing the Snake River dams. We also have evidence of declines of Pacific Lampreys in the lower Columbia and on the Oregon coast, although our data is quite limited. We have little to no information about any of the other species of lampreys. We are not even sure whether some of the recognized species, like the River Lamprey (L. ayresi), is still present in Oregon. This paper concludes with a Problem Analysis for Oregon lampreys. Our biggest problem is poor information, ranging from not knowing basic species identity to having inefficient or no systematic monitoring of lamprey abundance and distribution. ODFW continued an annual harvest on Pacific Lamprey in the Willamette Basin in 2001, but we lack the necessary information to assess the affects of the harvest on the population. Major habitat problems that affect lampreys include upstream passage over artificial barriers, a need for lamprey-friendly screening of water diversions, and urban and agricultural development of low-gradient flood plain habitats. Title: Oregon lampreys : natural history, status, and analysis of management issues Author: Kostow, Kathryn Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure because different species tend to look very similar through most of their life cycle, and they have not been well-studied in Oregon. Lampreys occur in the Columbia Basin, including the lower Snake River, along the Oregon coast, in the upper Klamath Basin, and in Goose Lake Basin in southeastern Oregon. They all begin life in fresh water where juveniles burrow into silt and filter feed on algae. As some species approach adulthood they migrate to the ocean or to lakes where they briefly become ecto-parasites, feeding on other live fishes by attaching to them with sucker disc mouths. Other species remain non-parasitic. In addition to some enigmatic species identities, we generally have very little information about the detailed distributions, life histories and basic biology of lampreys. Lampreys became a conservation concern in the early 1990s when tribal co-managers and some Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) staff noted that populations of Pacific Lampreys, Lampetra tridentata, were apparently declining to perilously low numbers. Pacific Lampreys were listed as an Oregon State sensitive species in 1993 and were given further legal protected status by the state in 1997 (OAR 635-044-0130). Lamprey status is difficult to assess for several reasons: 1) Most observations of lampreys in fresh water are of juveniles and it is difficult to tell the various species apart, even to the extent that the various species are currently clearly designated; 2) Data on lamprey is only collected incidental to monitoring of salmonids. The design and efficiency of the data collection effort is not always adequate for lampreys; and 3) We have very few historic data sets for lampreys. Therefore we often cannot determine how the abundances and distributions we see now compare with those in the past. The limited data that we have suggests that lampreys have declined through many parts of their ranges. The most precipitous declines appear to be in the upper Columbia and Snake basins where we have some historic data from mainstem dam counts. Pacific Lampreys have declined to only about 200 adults annually passing the Snake River dams. We also have evidence of declines of Pacific Lampreys in the lower Columbia and on the Oregon coast, although our data is quite limited. We have little to no information about any of the other species of lampreys. We are not even sure whether some of the recognized species, like the River Lamprey (L. ayresi), is still present in Oregon. This paper concludes with a Problem Analysis for Oregon lampreys. Our biggest problem is poor information, ranging from not knowing basic species identity to having inefficient or no systematic monitoring of lamprey abundance and distribution. ODFW continued an annual harvest on Pacific Lamprey in the Willamette Basin in 2001, but we lack the necessary information to assess the affects of the harvest on the population. Major habitat problems that affect lampreys include upstream passage over artificial barriers, a need for lamprey-friendly screening of water diversions, and urban and agricultural development of low-gradient flood plain habitats. Close

• 232. [Image] Geothermal Potential of the West Boise Area

  	With increased use being placed on natural gas, electricity, petroleum, and coal, alternative forms of energy have been sought to help release the pressures being placed on these resources. Geothermal ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Potential of the West Boise Area Author: Mink, L.L. Year: 1977 With increased use being placed on natural gas, electricity, petroleum, and coal, alternative forms of energy have been sought to help release the pressures being placed on these resources. Geothermal energy is one of the major alternative forms. In portions of Boise, geothermal resources have been utilized for many years for heating of homes and several state office buildings. Recent investigations in the Boise area have shown that hot water is abundant all along the Boise Foothills. This report discusses two areas showing good potential for future geothermal development. These areas are the Dry Creek Valley and the area between Pierce Gulch and Polecat Gulch. Both areas have water temperatures exceeding 37.8°C. In the Boise area it is found that zones of hot water are associated with some type of structural control. The hot water zones associated with the Dry Creek Valley and the Pierce-Polecat area were found to be located at or near the intersection of major linears mapped along the Boise Foothills. These linears reflect a zone of weakness at depth in the rock allowing warm water to migrate upward from the granitic rock of the Idaho batholith below. By mapping all known fault and linear patterns in the area, it is possible to correlate these zones of weakness with areas of hot water. At the intersection of two or more linears, where fracturing is greatest, the majority of geothermal water has been located Title: Geothermal Potential of the West Boise Area Author: Mink, L.L. Year: 1977 With increased use being placed on natural gas, electricity, petroleum, and coal, alternative forms of energy have been sought to help release the pressures being placed on these resources. Geothermal energy is one of the major alternative forms. In portions of Boise, geothermal resources have been utilized for many years for heating of homes and several state office buildings. Recent investigations in the Boise area have shown that hot water is abundant all along the Boise Foothills. This report discusses two areas showing good potential for future geothermal development. These areas are the Dry Creek Valley and the area between Pierce Gulch and Polecat Gulch. Both areas have water temperatures exceeding 37.8°C. In the Boise area it is found that zones of hot water are associated with some type of structural control. The hot water zones associated with the Dry Creek Valley and the Pierce-Polecat area were found to be located at or near the intersection of major linears mapped along the Boise Foothills. These linears reflect a zone of weakness at depth in the rock allowing warm water to migrate upward from the granitic rock of the Idaho batholith below. By mapping all known fault and linear patterns in the area, it is possible to correlate these zones of weakness with areas of hot water. At the intersection of two or more linears, where fracturing is greatest, the majority of geothermal water has been located Close

• 233. [Image] Geology of the Cove Fort-Sulphurdale KGRA

  	The Cove Fort-Sulphurdale Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) is located on the northwestern margin of the Marysvale volcanic field in southwestern Utah. The geology of the KGRA is dominated by lava ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Cove Fort-Sulphurdale KGRA Author: Moore, J.N. Year: 1979 The Cove Fort-Sulphurdale Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) is located on the northwestern margin of the Marysvale volcanic field in southwestern Utah. The geology of the KGRA is dominated by lava flows and ash-flow tuffs of late Oligocene to mid-Miocene age that were deposited on faulted sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic to Mesozoic age. The geothermal system of the Cove Fort-Sulphurdale KGRA is structurally controlled by normal faults. High-angle faults control fluid flow within the geothermal reservoir, while the gravitational glide blocks provide an impermeable cap for the geothermal system in the central part of the field. Surficial activity occurring to the north and south of the glide blocks is characterized by the evolution of hydrogen sulfide and deposition of native sulphur. Intense acid alteration of the aluvium, resulting from downward migration of sulphuric acid, has left porous siliceous residues that retain many of the original sedimentary structures. Detailed logs of Union Oil Company drill holes Forminco No. 1, Utah State 42-7, and Utah State 31-33 are included Title: Geology of the Cove Fort-Sulphurdale KGRA Author: Moore, J.N. Year: 1979 The Cove Fort-Sulphurdale Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) is located on the northwestern margin of the Marysvale volcanic field in southwestern Utah. The geology of the KGRA is dominated by lava flows and ash-flow tuffs of late Oligocene to mid-Miocene age that were deposited on faulted sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic to Mesozoic age. The geothermal system of the Cove Fort-Sulphurdale KGRA is structurally controlled by normal faults. High-angle faults control fluid flow within the geothermal reservoir, while the gravitational glide blocks provide an impermeable cap for the geothermal system in the central part of the field. Surficial activity occurring to the north and south of the glide blocks is characterized by the evolution of hydrogen sulfide and deposition of native sulphur. Intense acid alteration of the aluvium, resulting from downward migration of sulphuric acid, has left porous siliceous residues that retain many of the original sedimentary structures. Detailed logs of Union Oil Company drill holes Forminco No. 1, Utah State 42-7, and Utah State 31-33 are included Close

• 234. [Image] Camas

  	Camassia Leichtlinii. Large Camas. The Indian name quamash or camass persists in this 1-2' tall perennial arising from deep-seated bulb. Flowers vary anywhere from white to deep blue or violet. Camassia ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Camas Author: Hall, Bonnie Year: 1975 Camassia Leichtlinii. Large Camas. The Indian name quamash or camass persists in this 1-2' tall perennial arising from deep-seated bulb. Flowers vary anywhere from white to deep blue or violet. Camassia Leichlinii, the larger of our two common species, is distinguished by the withering petals twisting together above the seed capsule rather than falling separately. It ranges west of the Cascades from southern British Columbia to southern Oregon and into Sierran California. The starchy bulb of the camas was a prized staple for the native tribes in the Northwest. Care was required to avoid poisonous bulbs of another lily, the so-called death camas. Gathering camas root was the incentive for annual festivities, migrations to harvest ground where women dug and prepared bulbs (while the men engaged in sport and games). Handles of their digging sticks, fashioned from bone or antler, can be seen in museum collections. The sticks themselves, made of fire-hardened wood crooked and fattened at the end, have not survived so well. To prepare the root it was first cooked, either roasted elaborately in covered pits lined with hot stones, or boiled. It was then crushed in mortars and the gummy mass pressed into slabs for keeping. Hungry fur trapper Alexander Henry, in the Willamette Valley in 1814, tells in is diary of trading blue beads with the Kalapuyans for slabs of the nutritious food. As if to remind us of more meager times, each April and May the stately camas colors moist meadows and prairies, roadside ditches, or the vacant lot behind a supermarket, with handsome blue-violet blossoms. (provided by Oregon Arts Commission) Title: Camas Author: Hall, Bonnie Year: 1975 Camassia Leichtlinii. Large Camas. The Indian name quamash or camass persists in this 1-2' tall perennial arising from deep-seated bulb. Flowers vary anywhere from white to deep blue or violet. Camassia Leichlinii, the larger of our two common species, is distinguished by the withering petals twisting together above the seed capsule rather than falling separately. It ranges west of the Cascades from southern British Columbia to southern Oregon and into Sierran California. The starchy bulb of the camas was a prized staple for the native tribes in the Northwest. Care was required to avoid poisonous bulbs of another lily, the so-called death camas. Gathering camas root was the incentive for annual festivities, migrations to harvest ground where women dug and prepared bulbs (while the men engaged in sport and games). Handles of their digging sticks, fashioned from bone or antler, can be seen in museum collections. The sticks themselves, made of fire-hardened wood crooked and fattened at the end, have not survived so well. To prepare the root it was first cooked, either roasted elaborately in covered pits lined with hot stones, or boiled. It was then crushed in mortars and the gummy mass pressed into slabs for keeping. Hungry fur trapper Alexander Henry, in the Willamette Valley in 1814, tells in is diary of trading blue beads with the Kalapuyans for slabs of the nutritious food. As if to remind us of more meager times, each April and May the stately camas colors moist meadows and prairies, roadside ditches, or the vacant lot behind a supermarket, with handsome blue-violet blossoms. (provided by Oregon Arts Commission) Close

• 235. [Image] Pencil Box, Writing Box (Suzuribako) with Design of Cranes and Pines by the Shore and Wagon Wheels and Poem Slips in the Water, Incense Tray with Design of Cranes, Pine, Bamboo, Peony, and Rock by the Water, Incense Tray, Scroll Box (Fubako) with Design of Rolled Blinds (Sudare), Peonies, and Clouds, Letter Box (Fubako) with Design of Pine, Plum and Rocks, Paper Box, Box [and four unidentified pieces]

  	Japanese artworks from the Murray Warner Collection of Oriental Art. Pencil Box (MWJ8:54) is dated ca. 1728. Writing Box (Suzuribako) with Design of Cranes and Pines by the Shore and Wagon Wheels and Poem ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pencil Box, Writing Box (Suzuribako) with Design of Cranes and Pines by the Shore and Wagon Wheels and Poem Slips in the Water, Incense Tray with Design of Cranes, Pine, Bamboo, Peony, and Rock by the Water, Incense Tray, Scroll Box (Fubako) with Design of Rolled Blinds (Sudare), Peonies, and Clouds, Letter Box (Fubako) with Design of Pine, Plum and Rocks, Paper Box, Box [and four unidentified pieces] Author: unknown Japanese Year: 1501 Japanese artworks from the Murray Warner Collection of Oriental Art. Pencil Box (MWJ8:54) is dated ca. 1728. Writing Box (Suzuribako) with Design of Cranes and Pines by the Shore and Wagon Wheels and Poem Slips in the Water (MWJ8:55) is dated to the early 17th century. Incense Tray with Design of Cranes, Pine, Bamboo, Peony, and Rock by the Water (MWJ8:56) isa dated to the early 16th century. Incense Tray (MWJ8:57), Paper Box (MWJ8:60) and Box (MWJ8:64) are from the Edo period. Scroll Box (Fubako) with Design of Rolled Blinds (Sudare), Peonies, and Clouds (MWJ8:58) is dated to the late 19th century. Letter Box (Fubako) with Design of Pine, Plum and Rocks (MWJ8:59) is dated to the late 17th century.; default; Edo (Japanese Migration style or period) Title: Pencil Box, Writing Box (Suzuribako) with Design of Cranes and Pines by the Shore and Wagon Wheels and Poem Slips in the Water, Incense Tray with Design of Cranes, Pine, Bamboo, Peony, and Rock by the Water, Incense Tray, Scroll Box (Fubako) with Design of Rolled Blinds (Sudare), Peonies, and Clouds, Letter Box (Fubako) with Design of Pine, Plum and Rocks, Paper Box, Box [and four unidentified pieces] Author: unknown Japanese Year: 1501 Japanese artworks from the Murray Warner Collection of Oriental Art. Pencil Box (MWJ8:54) is dated ca. 1728. Writing Box (Suzuribako) with Design of Cranes and Pines by the Shore and Wagon Wheels and Poem Slips in the Water (MWJ8:55) is dated to the early 17th century. Incense Tray with Design of Cranes, Pine, Bamboo, Peony, and Rock by the Water (MWJ8:56) isa dated to the early 16th century. Incense Tray (MWJ8:57), Paper Box (MWJ8:60) and Box (MWJ8:64) are from the Edo period. Scroll Box (Fubako) with Design of Rolled Blinds (Sudare), Peonies, and Clouds (MWJ8:58) is dated to the late 19th century. Letter Box (Fubako) with Design of Pine, Plum and Rocks (MWJ8:59) is dated to the late 17th century.; default; Edo (Japanese Migration style or period) Close

• 236. [Image] Typical salmon stream

  	This slide represents a typical salmon stream in which a few salmon may be observed ascending the river. A very interesting controversy has arisen over what is known as the "parent stream" theory. In years ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Typical salmon stream Year: 1925 This slide represents a typical salmon stream in which a few salmon may be observed ascending the river. A very interesting controversy has arisen over what is known as the "parent stream" theory. In years past it has been debated pro and con in a lively fashion. There are those who have contended that adult salmon ascend the stream in which they were hatched and which their parents ascended. According to this idea, some instinct is supposed to have a directive influence upon the fish as they approach maturity, drawing them into the river which they descended a few years before. For support of this contention it is pointed out that marked fish released as fry in a certain river have been taken in the same stream when adult. There is no denial on the part of those who oppose the "parent stream" theory that salmon are often taken as adults in the same stream in which they were hatched. In fact, this is only to be expected. Our knowledge concerning the salmon during their existence in the ocean is necessarily very limited. It is believed, however, that salmon do not go very far distant from the mouths of rivers which they descended, or that they confine their migrations during the period of growth to near-shore waters up and down the coast. When the period of maturity nears after a few years in the ocean, the salmon being near the mouths of rivers come in contact with the fresh waters of the streams that flow into the ocean with considerable force. The salmon are attracted by this current and make their way into the mouths of the rivers and begin the ascent of the streams. It is only natural that some may find their way into the same rivers which they descended three or four years before. It is believed by the better authorities that the "parent stream" phenomenon is explained as a natural result of the habits of the fish while in the sea. Salmon are taken for commercial purposes in many ways. It is only to be expected that in the case of fish so valuable as the salmon many devices would be employed for their capture. One of the methods of taking the salmon is by the fish wheel, as is illustrated by slides. Title: Typical salmon stream Year: 1925 This slide represents a typical salmon stream in which a few salmon may be observed ascending the river. A very interesting controversy has arisen over what is known as the "parent stream" theory. In years past it has been debated pro and con in a lively fashion. There are those who have contended that adult salmon ascend the stream in which they were hatched and which their parents ascended. According to this idea, some instinct is supposed to have a directive influence upon the fish as they approach maturity, drawing them into the river which they descended a few years before. For support of this contention it is pointed out that marked fish released as fry in a certain river have been taken in the same stream when adult. There is no denial on the part of those who oppose the "parent stream" theory that salmon are often taken as adults in the same stream in which they were hatched. In fact, this is only to be expected. Our knowledge concerning the salmon during their existence in the ocean is necessarily very limited. It is believed, however, that salmon do not go very far distant from the mouths of rivers which they descended, or that they confine their migrations during the period of growth to near-shore waters up and down the coast. When the period of maturity nears after a few years in the ocean, the salmon being near the mouths of rivers come in contact with the fresh waters of the streams that flow into the ocean with considerable force. The salmon are attracted by this current and make their way into the mouths of the rivers and begin the ascent of the streams. It is only natural that some may find their way into the same rivers which they descended three or four years before. It is believed by the better authorities that the "parent stream" phenomenon is explained as a natural result of the habits of the fish while in the sea. Salmon are taken for commercial purposes in many ways. It is only to be expected that in the case of fish so valuable as the salmon many devices would be employed for their capture. One of the methods of taking the salmon is by the fish wheel, as is illustrated by slides. Close

• 237. [Image] Ecology of kokanee salmon and rainbow trout in Crater Lake, a deep ultraoligotrophic caldera lake (Oregon)

  	ill.; Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1988; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-80)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology of kokanee salmon and rainbow trout in Crater Lake, a deep ultraoligotrophic caldera lake (Oregon) Author: Buktenica, M. W., (Mark W.) Year: 1988, 2009 ill.; Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1988; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-80) Title: Ecology of kokanee salmon and rainbow trout in Crater Lake, a deep ultraoligotrophic caldera lake (Oregon) Author: Buktenica, M. W., (Mark W.) Year: 1988, 2009 ill.; Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1988; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-80) Close

• 238. [Image] Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Definition of "Harm"

  	This final rule defines the term "harm", which is contained in the definition of "take" in the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The purpose of this rulemaking is to clarify the type of actions that may result ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Definition of "Harm" Year: 1999, 2008, 2005 This final rule defines the term "harm", which is contained in the definition of "take" in the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The purpose of this rulemaking is to clarify the type of actions that may result in a take of a listed species under the ESA. This final rule is not a change in existing law. It provides clear notification to the public that habitat modification or degradation may harm listed species and, therefore, constitutes a take under the ESA as well as ensuring consistency between NMFS and the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). This final rule defines the term "harm" to include any act which actually kills or injures fish or wildlife, and emphasizes that such acts may include significant habitat modification or degradation that significantly impairs essential behavioral patterns of fish or wildlife Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Definition of "Harm" Year: 1999, 2008, 2005 This final rule defines the term "harm", which is contained in the definition of "take" in the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The purpose of this rulemaking is to clarify the type of actions that may result in a take of a listed species under the ESA. This final rule is not a change in existing law. It provides clear notification to the public that habitat modification or degradation may harm listed species and, therefore, constitutes a take under the ESA as well as ensuring consistency between NMFS and the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). This final rule defines the term "harm" to include any act which actually kills or injures fish or wildlife, and emphasizes that such acts may include significant habitat modification or degradation that significantly impairs essential behavioral patterns of fish or wildlife Close

• 239. [Image] Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement

  	The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Close

• 240. [Image] Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Perkins, David L.; Scoppettone, Gary; Buettner, Mark Year: 2000, 2005 We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, from 1984-1997. Lost River suckers had distinct river and lake shoreline spawning stocks, and individuals of both species commonly spawned in consecutive years. In the Williamson River and lower Sprague River, spawning migration by both species occurred mainly during a 5-week period that started within the first three weeks of April and peaked between mid April and early May, although a separate, earlier (mid March) run of Lost River suckers may also spawn in the upper Sprague River. Migration of both species was several times higher at dawn (0500-0730 h) and evening (1800-2200 h) than other times of the day. Peak migrations almost always corresponded to peaks in water temperature, usually at 10-15°C. Lost River suckers were captured at springs along the east shore of the lake from late February through mid May, with peak spawning usually in mid March to mid April. Shortnose suckers were generally captured at the springs from late March through late May, but the time of peak spawning was not determined. Size and age at maturity was determined by recruitment from a strong year class (1991). Male Lost River suckers began recruitment into the adult population at age 4+ (375-475 mm). Substantial recruitment of females did not begin until age 7+ (510-560 mm). Male and female shortnose suckers began recruitment at age 4+, with the majority offish recruited by age 5+. Males recruited at 270-370 mm; females recruited at 325-425 mm. Fecundity estimates were quite variable ranging from 44,000-236,000 eggs per female Lost River sucker and 18,000-72,000 eggs per female shortnose sucker. In 1984 and 1985, the spawning populations of both species were dominated by large, old individuals, with little indication of recent adult recruitment. In the next 13 years, only one strong year class (1991) recruited into the spawning populations of both species. This year class temporarily boosted population numbers, but annual fish kills from 1995 to 1997 eliminated most adults of both species. Associated with poor water quality caused by the proliferation and decay of blue-green algae Aphanizomenonflos-aquae, these fish kills raise concern that alterations to the lake ecosystem over the past several decades have Perkins et al. Lost River and shortnose suckers 5 increased the magnitude and frequency of poor water quality. As a result, mortality rates of all life stages may have increased, thereby disrupting the species' life history pattern and potentially decreasing long-term population viability. Introduction The Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris are large, long-lived suckers endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California. Both species are typically lake dwelling but migrate to tributaries or shoreline springs to spawn (Moyle 1976, Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991). Once extremely abundant (Cope 1884, Gilbert 1898), both species have experienced severe population declines and were federally listed as endangered in 1988 (USFWS 1988). Much of the original habitat of these suckers has been destroyed or altered by conversion of lake areas to agriculture, dams, instream flow diversions, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, loss of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices (USFWS 1988). Knowledge of the life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers is fundamental to recovery of these species. The objective of this report was to present the results of studies conducted from 1987-1998 on the reproductive biology and demographics of Lost River and shortnose suckers, and to compare these results with earlier unpublished data. Study Sites Studies were conducted on Upper Klamath Lake and the lower Williamson-Sprague river system (Figure 1). These waters form the upper portion of the Klamath River Basin in south-central Oregon and represent most remaining native habitat of Lost River and shortnose suckers. Upper Klamath Lake is a remnant of pluvial Lake Modoc that included eight major basins and encompassed 2,839 km2 (Dicken 1980). Today, Upper Klamath Lake serves as a storage reservoir that provides water for agricultural irrigation, waterfowl refuges, instream flow requirements of anadromous fish, and hydroelectric power generation. At full capacity, the lake covers approximately 360 km2 and has an average depth of 2.4 m. Most deeper water (3-12 m) is restricted to narrow trenches along the western shore. Lake elevation is controlled at the outlet by Link River Title: Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Perkins, David L.; Scoppettone, Gary; Buettner, Mark Year: 2000, 2005 We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, from 1984-1997. Lost River suckers had distinct river and lake shoreline spawning stocks, and individuals of both species commonly spawned in consecutive years. In the Williamson River and lower Sprague River, spawning migration by both species occurred mainly during a 5-week period that started within the first three weeks of April and peaked between mid April and early May, although a separate, earlier (mid March) run of Lost River suckers may also spawn in the upper Sprague River. Migration of both species was several times higher at dawn (0500-0730 h) and evening (1800-2200 h) than other times of the day. Peak migrations almost always corresponded to peaks in water temperature, usually at 10-15°C. Lost River suckers were captured at springs along the east shore of the lake from late February through mid May, with peak spawning usually in mid March to mid April. Shortnose suckers were generally captured at the springs from late March through late May, but the time of peak spawning was not determined. Size and age at maturity was determined by recruitment from a strong year class (1991). Male Lost River suckers began recruitment into the adult population at age 4+ (375-475 mm). Substantial recruitment of females did not begin until age 7+ (510-560 mm). Male and female shortnose suckers began recruitment at age 4+, with the majority offish recruited by age 5+. Males recruited at 270-370 mm; females recruited at 325-425 mm. Fecundity estimates were quite variable ranging from 44,000-236,000 eggs per female Lost River sucker and 18,000-72,000 eggs per female shortnose sucker. In 1984 and 1985, the spawning populations of both species were dominated by large, old individuals, with little indication of recent adult recruitment. In the next 13 years, only one strong year class (1991) recruited into the spawning populations of both species. This year class temporarily boosted population numbers, but annual fish kills from 1995 to 1997 eliminated most adults of both species. Associated with poor water quality caused by the proliferation and decay of blue-green algae Aphanizomenonflos-aquae, these fish kills raise concern that alterations to the lake ecosystem over the past several decades have Perkins et al. Lost River and shortnose suckers 5 increased the magnitude and frequency of poor water quality. As a result, mortality rates of all life stages may have increased, thereby disrupting the species' life history pattern and potentially decreasing long-term population viability. Introduction The Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris are large, long-lived suckers endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California. Both species are typically lake dwelling but migrate to tributaries or shoreline springs to spawn (Moyle 1976, Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991). Once extremely abundant (Cope 1884, Gilbert 1898), both species have experienced severe population declines and were federally listed as endangered in 1988 (USFWS 1988). Much of the original habitat of these suckers has been destroyed or altered by conversion of lake areas to agriculture, dams, instream flow diversions, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, loss of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices (USFWS 1988). Knowledge of the life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers is fundamental to recovery of these species. The objective of this report was to present the results of studies conducted from 1987-1998 on the reproductive biology and demographics of Lost River and shortnose suckers, and to compare these results with earlier unpublished data. Study Sites Studies were conducted on Upper Klamath Lake and the lower Williamson-Sprague river system (Figure 1). These waters form the upper portion of the Klamath River Basin in south-central Oregon and represent most remaining native habitat of Lost River and shortnose suckers. Upper Klamath Lake is a remnant of pluvial Lake Modoc that included eight major basins and encompassed 2,839 km2 (Dicken 1980). Today, Upper Klamath Lake serves as a storage reservoir that provides water for agricultural irrigation, waterfowl refuges, instream flow requirements of anadromous fish, and hydroelectric power generation. At full capacity, the lake covers approximately 360 km2 and has an average depth of 2.4 m. Most deeper water (3-12 m) is restricted to narrow trenches along the western shore. Lake elevation is controlled at the outlet by Link River Close