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• 981. [Article] Livestock Nutrient and Sediment Monitoring for Total Maximum Daily Load Development on Pedee Creek

  Abstract -- A water quality monitoring program was implemented for Pedee Creek, a tributary of the Luckiamute River, to assess bacteria levels above and below agricultural land. Six sites were monitored ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Livestock Nutrient and Sediment Monitoring for Total Maximum Daily Load Development on Pedee Creek Abstract -- A water quality monitoring program was implemented for Pedee Creek, a tributary of the Luckiamute River, to assess bacteria levels above and below agricultural land. Six sites were monitored from November 2001 to March 2002 for stream temperature, turbidity, pH, conductivity, and bacteria. Title: Livestock Nutrient and Sediment Monitoring for Total Maximum Daily Load Development on Pedee Creek Abstract -- A water quality monitoring program was implemented for Pedee Creek, a tributary of the Luckiamute River, to assess bacteria levels above and below agricultural land. Six sites were monitored from November 2001 to March 2002 for stream temperature, turbidity, pH, conductivity, and bacteria. Close

• 982. [Article] Remote Sensing Survey of the Walla Walla River Basin, Thermal Infrared and Color Videography

  Abstract -- In August 2000, Oregon DEQ contracted with Watershed Sciences, LLC to use Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) techniques to map and assess stream temperatures in portions of the Walla Walla River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Remote Sensing Survey of the Walla Walla River Basin, Thermal Infrared and Color Videography Abstract -- In August 2000, Oregon DEQ contracted with Watershed Sciences, LLC to use Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) techniques to map and assess stream temperatures in portions of the Walla Walla River basin. This report contains images and analysis of that effort. Title: Remote Sensing Survey of the Walla Walla River Basin, Thermal Infrared and Color Videography Abstract -- In August 2000, Oregon DEQ contracted with Watershed Sciences, LLC to use Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) techniques to map and assess stream temperatures in portions of the Walla Walla River basin. This report contains images and analysis of that effort. Close

• 983. [Article] The Geography of Glaciers and Perennial Snowfields in the American West

  A comprehensive mid-20th century inventory of glaciers and perennial snowfields (G&PS) was compiled for the American West, west of the 100° meridian. The inventory was derived from U.S. Geological Survey ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Geography of Glaciers and Perennial Snowfields in the American West Author: Fountain, Andrew G., Glenn, Bryce, Basagic, Hassan J. Year: 2017 A comprehensive mid-20th century inventory of glaciers and perennial snowfields (G&PS) was compiled for the American West, west of the 100° meridian. The inventory was derived from U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000 topographic maps based on aerial photographs acquired during 35 years, 1955–1990, of which the first 20 years or more was a cool period with little glacier change. The mapped features were filtered for those greater than 0.01 km2. Results show that 5036 G&PS (672 km2, 14 km3) populate eight states, of which about 1276 (554 km2, 12 km3) are glaciers. Uncertainty is estimated at ±9% for area and ±20% for volume. Two populations of G&PS were identified based on air temperature and precipitation. The larger is found in a maritime climate of the Pacific Northwest, characterized by warm winter air temperatures and high winter precipitation (~2100 mm). The other population is continental in climate, characterized by cold winter air temperatures, relatively low winter precipitation (~880 mm), and located at higher elevations elsewhere. The G&PS in the Pacific Northwest, especially in the Olympic Mountains, are particularly vulnerable to warming winter air temperatures that will change the phase of winter precipitation from snow to rain, further accelerating glacier shrinkage in the future. Comparison with a recent inventory suggests that the total G&PS area in the American West may have decreased by as much as 39% since the mid-20th century. Title: The Geography of Glaciers and Perennial Snowfields in the American West Author: Fountain, Andrew G., Glenn, Bryce, Basagic, Hassan J. Year: 2017 A comprehensive mid-20th century inventory of glaciers and perennial snowfields (G&PS) was compiled for the American West, west of the 100° meridian. The inventory was derived from U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000 topographic maps based on aerial photographs acquired during 35 years, 1955–1990, of which the first 20 years or more was a cool period with little glacier change. The mapped features were filtered for those greater than 0.01 km2. Results show that 5036 G&PS (672 km2, 14 km3) populate eight states, of which about 1276 (554 km2, 12 km3) are glaciers. Uncertainty is estimated at ±9% for area and ±20% for volume. Two populations of G&PS were identified based on air temperature and precipitation. The larger is found in a maritime climate of the Pacific Northwest, characterized by warm winter air temperatures and high winter precipitation (~2100 mm). The other population is continental in climate, characterized by cold winter air temperatures, relatively low winter precipitation (~880 mm), and located at higher elevations elsewhere. The G&PS in the Pacific Northwest, especially in the Olympic Mountains, are particularly vulnerable to warming winter air temperatures that will change the phase of winter precipitation from snow to rain, further accelerating glacier shrinkage in the future. Comparison with a recent inventory suggests that the total G&PS area in the American West may have decreased by as much as 39% since the mid-20th century. Close

• 984. [Article] The Impact of Weather on Kingbird Foraging Behavior

  Foraging data on Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) were collected during the early breeding season in eastern Kansas to test the hypothesis that foraging rate and other aspects of foraging behavior ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Impact of Weather on Kingbird Foraging Behavior Author: Murphy, Michael T. Year: 1987 Foraging data on Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) were collected during the early breeding season in eastern Kansas to test the hypothesis that foraging rate and other aspects of foraging behavior vary with weather. Foraging characteristics of five additional kingbird species were also examined to assess Fitzpatrick's (1980) generalization that kingbirds (Tyrannus spp.) are aerial hawking specialists. In Eastern Kingbirds, total foraging rate was independent of air temperature, cloud cover, wind speed, and time of day, but the rate of aerial hawking varied directly with air temperature and inversely with cloud cover (both P < 0.05). Effects of the two variables were additive. The percentage of foraging movements that were aerial hawks also increased with temperature and declined with cloud cover, and, hover-gleaning and perch-to-ground sallying were observed mainly during cloudy weather. Sally (i.e., foraging flight) distance correlated directly with perch height and air temperature, and large insects were captured almost exclusively in long upward or horizontal flights. I interpret these data to indicate that foraging behavior and the capture of large, flying insects depends on weather because of how it affects the activity of insect prey. Foraging data on kingbirds support Fitzpatrick's generalization, but the relative use of aerial hawking varies considerably among species. Resident Tropical Kingbirds( T. melancholicus) are the most specialized foragers, whereas the migrant and widely distributed Eastern Kingbird appears to be the most generalized. Certain habitats also appear to favor the use of particular foraging methods (e.g., outward striking in grasslands and perch-to-ground sallying in drier, open habitats). Title: The Impact of Weather on Kingbird Foraging Behavior Author: Murphy, Michael T. Year: 1987 Foraging data on Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) were collected during the early breeding season in eastern Kansas to test the hypothesis that foraging rate and other aspects of foraging behavior vary with weather. Foraging characteristics of five additional kingbird species were also examined to assess Fitzpatrick's (1980) generalization that kingbirds (Tyrannus spp.) are aerial hawking specialists. In Eastern Kingbirds, total foraging rate was independent of air temperature, cloud cover, wind speed, and time of day, but the rate of aerial hawking varied directly with air temperature and inversely with cloud cover (both P < 0.05). Effects of the two variables were additive. The percentage of foraging movements that were aerial hawks also increased with temperature and declined with cloud cover, and, hover-gleaning and perch-to-ground sallying were observed mainly during cloudy weather. Sally (i.e., foraging flight) distance correlated directly with perch height and air temperature, and large insects were captured almost exclusively in long upward or horizontal flights. I interpret these data to indicate that foraging behavior and the capture of large, flying insects depends on weather because of how it affects the activity of insect prey. Foraging data on kingbirds support Fitzpatrick's generalization, but the relative use of aerial hawking varies considerably among species. Resident Tropical Kingbirds( T. melancholicus) are the most specialized foragers, whereas the migrant and widely distributed Eastern Kingbird appears to be the most generalized. Certain habitats also appear to favor the use of particular foraging methods (e.g., outward striking in grasslands and perch-to-ground sallying in drier, open habitats). Close

• 985. [Article] A Comparison of Five Models for Estimating Clear-Sky Solar Radiation

  Many agencies in the USA are developing management approaches to address water quality concerns and threatened and endangered species habitat requirements in water bodies. Many of these water bodies are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Comparison of Five Models for Estimating Clear-Sky Solar Radiation Author: Annear, Robert Leslie, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2007 Many agencies in the USA are developing management approaches to address water quality concerns and threatened and endangered species habitat requirements in water bodies. Many of these water bodies are water quality limited for temperature. Factors influencing stream temperature include: streamside vegetation, topographic shading, inflows and outflows, stream width, stream depth, light extinction and solar radiation. One of the key driving factors in estimating a water body heat budget is calculating the amount of solar radiation incident on the water surface. Even though it is preferable to measure clear-sky solar radiation, many temperature models rely on theoretical estimates of clear-sky solar radiation. The literature on estimating short-wave solar radiation by calculating the position of the sun and attenuating the radiation through the atmosphere was reviewed. As a first step in relating water temperature to solar radiation, several empirical solar radiation models were calibrated to data at seventeen sites around the United States for clear-sky days. Sensitivity analyses were conducted and differences between the models were examined. Results indicated that the more complex models for calculating solar radiation resulted in better estimates of clear-sky solar radiation once they were calibrated to data. When no data were available, models with one or no calibration parameters did reasonably well at estimating clear-sky solar radiation. Title: A Comparison of Five Models for Estimating Clear-Sky Solar Radiation Author: Annear, Robert Leslie, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2007 Many agencies in the USA are developing management approaches to address water quality concerns and threatened and endangered species habitat requirements in water bodies. Many of these water bodies are water quality limited for temperature. Factors influencing stream temperature include: streamside vegetation, topographic shading, inflows and outflows, stream width, stream depth, light extinction and solar radiation. One of the key driving factors in estimating a water body heat budget is calculating the amount of solar radiation incident on the water surface. Even though it is preferable to measure clear-sky solar radiation, many temperature models rely on theoretical estimates of clear-sky solar radiation. The literature on estimating short-wave solar radiation by calculating the position of the sun and attenuating the radiation through the atmosphere was reviewed. As a first step in relating water temperature to solar radiation, several empirical solar radiation models were calibrated to data at seventeen sites around the United States for clear-sky days. Sensitivity analyses were conducted and differences between the models were examined. Results indicated that the more complex models for calculating solar radiation resulted in better estimates of clear-sky solar radiation once they were calibrated to data. When no data were available, models with one or no calibration parameters did reasonably well at estimating clear-sky solar radiation. Close

• 986. [Article] Mössbauer studies of stable interstitial and substitutional sites of cobalt in gold

  Precision measurements of the Debye-Waller factor of Fe57 in Au using the wide black absorber technique have been made in the temperature range from room temperature to 830 K. The major source of error ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mössbauer studies of stable interstitial and substitutional sites of cobalt in gold Author: Steen, Charles Freeland Year: 1971 Precision measurements of the Debye-Waller factor of Fe57 in Au using the wide black absorber technique have been made in the temperature range from room temperature to 830 K. The major source of error arises from Au Ly x-rays which are unresolved by the radiation detection system from the 14.4 KeV gamma ray. The K absorption edge of Br has been used to correct for the presence of x-rays. These measurements have revealed the existence of two nonequivalent lattice sites which the Co57 impurity (parent of Fe57) may occupy. One of the sites has been populated by quenching the source from temperatures greater than 1150 K and has been identified as a substitutional lattice site. From an analysis of the Mössbauer spectrum it is concluded that some of the substitutional sites may be in the vicinity of dislocations. It has been determined that the impurity-host force constant for Fe57 atoms in the substitutional site is about the same as the host-host force constant; the experimental value of the anharmonicity parameter ɛ (-2) for Fe57 in the Au is nearly the same as calculated values of ɛ (-2) for pure Au. The second site forms very slowly upon annealing the source at intermediate temperatures and has been identified as being interstitial in character. The slow rate of formation of the interstitial site indicates that diffusion is a primary mechanism in its formation. The second site must therefore be more complicated than an ordinary interstitial. It is proposed that this site is a split, or dumbbell, interstitial formed by substituting two impurity atoms for one of the Au atoms. Title: Mössbauer studies of stable interstitial and substitutional sites of cobalt in gold Author: Steen, Charles Freeland Year: 1971 Precision measurements of the Debye-Waller factor of Fe57 in Au using the wide black absorber technique have been made in the temperature range from room temperature to 830 K. The major source of error arises from Au Ly x-rays which are unresolved by the radiation detection system from the 14.4 KeV gamma ray. The K absorption edge of Br has been used to correct for the presence of x-rays. These measurements have revealed the existence of two nonequivalent lattice sites which the Co57 impurity (parent of Fe57) may occupy. One of the sites has been populated by quenching the source from temperatures greater than 1150 K and has been identified as a substitutional lattice site. From an analysis of the Mössbauer spectrum it is concluded that some of the substitutional sites may be in the vicinity of dislocations. It has been determined that the impurity-host force constant for Fe57 atoms in the substitutional site is about the same as the host-host force constant; the experimental value of the anharmonicity parameter ɛ (-2) for Fe57 in the Au is nearly the same as calculated values of ɛ (-2) for pure Au. The second site forms very slowly upon annealing the source at intermediate temperatures and has been identified as being interstitial in character. The slow rate of formation of the interstitial site indicates that diffusion is a primary mechanism in its formation. The second site must therefore be more complicated than an ordinary interstitial. It is proposed that this site is a split, or dumbbell, interstitial formed by substituting two impurity atoms for one of the Au atoms. Close

• 987. [Article] A Study of Microwave curing of Underfill using Open and Closed microwave ovens

  As the demand for microprocessors is increasing with more and more consumers using integrated circuits in their daily life, the demand on the industry is increasing to ramp up production. In order to speed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Study of Microwave curing of Underfill using Open and Closed microwave ovens Author: Thakare, Aditya Year: 2015 As the demand for microprocessors is increasing with more and more consumers using integrated circuits in their daily life, the demand on the industry is increasing to ramp up production. In order to speed up the manufacturing processes, new and novel approaches are trying to change certain aspects of it. Microwaves have been tried as an alternative to conventional ovens in the curing of the polymers used as underfills and encapsulants in integrated circuits packages. Microwaves however being electromagnetic waves have non uniform energy distribution in different settings, causing burning or incomplete cure of polymers. In this study, we compare the two main types of microwaves proposed to perform the task of curing the polymers. To limit the study and obtain comparable results, both microwaves were limited to propagate in a single mode, TE10. The first is a closed microwave cavity using air as the propagation medium, and the second is an open microwave oven with a PTFE cavity that uses an evanescent field to provide energy. The open air cavity was studied with different orientations of a substrate placed inside it so as to find the best case scenario in the curing process. This scenario was then compared with the best case scenario found for a sample cured in an evanescent field. This comparison yielded results showing an advantage of the open microwave in maximum field present, thus leading to higher localized energy absorption and temperatures in the substrate, however this case also lead to a higher temperature gradient. The substrate cured in the closed microwave has a lower temperature gradient, but also a lower maximum field which leads to slower cure. In the TE10 mode therefore, a closed microwave has an overall advantage as the heating process is only slightly slower than that of an open cavity, but the temperature gradient in this case is significantly lower. Title: A Study of Microwave curing of Underfill using Open and Closed microwave ovens Author: Thakare, Aditya Year: 2015 As the demand for microprocessors is increasing with more and more consumers using integrated circuits in their daily life, the demand on the industry is increasing to ramp up production. In order to speed up the manufacturing processes, new and novel approaches are trying to change certain aspects of it. Microwaves have been tried as an alternative to conventional ovens in the curing of the polymers used as underfills and encapsulants in integrated circuits packages. Microwaves however being electromagnetic waves have non uniform energy distribution in different settings, causing burning or incomplete cure of polymers. In this study, we compare the two main types of microwaves proposed to perform the task of curing the polymers. To limit the study and obtain comparable results, both microwaves were limited to propagate in a single mode, TE10. The first is a closed microwave cavity using air as the propagation medium, and the second is an open microwave oven with a PTFE cavity that uses an evanescent field to provide energy. The open air cavity was studied with different orientations of a substrate placed inside it so as to find the best case scenario in the curing process. This scenario was then compared with the best case scenario found for a sample cured in an evanescent field. This comparison yielded results showing an advantage of the open microwave in maximum field present, thus leading to higher localized energy absorption and temperatures in the substrate, however this case also lead to a higher temperature gradient. The substrate cured in the closed microwave has a lower temperature gradient, but also a lower maximum field which leads to slower cure. In the TE10 mode therefore, a closed microwave has an overall advantage as the heating process is only slightly slower than that of an open cavity, but the temperature gradient in this case is significantly lower. Close

• 988. [Article] Studies of nucleation and heat transfer in liquid helium isotopes 3 and 4

  We report the results of a series of experiments in three interrelated areas: light induced nucleation of vapor bubbles in superheated liquid helium 4, transient heat transfer in liquid helium isotopes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies of nucleation and heat transfer in liquid helium isotopes 3 and 4 Author: Lezak, David Year: 1985 We report the results of a series of experiments in three interrelated areas: light induced nucleation of vapor bubbles in superheated liquid helium 4, transient heat transfer in liquid helium isotopes 3 and 4, and homogeneous nucleation of vapor bubbles in superheated liquid helium 3. This work has resulted in significant contributions in each of these particular areas. Our transient heat transfer work has resulted in extremely high temperature measurements of the Kapitza thermal boundary conductance limits in helium 3 and 4, in measurements of the delay time to the onset of film boiling over a wide range of bath temperatures in helium 4, and in a determination of bubble growth rates in helium 4. These measurements have been compared with theory and have in some cases allowed the extension or elucidation of that theory. We have characterized the so called "light effect" and established photographically that small amounts of visible light will cause the formation of vapor bubbles at the interface of a solid and superheated liquid helium 4 and that this vapor can influence the quasi-steady-state heat flux vs temperature hysteresis curve. Finally, we have measured the homogeneous nucleation temperature of liquid helium 3 and found good agreement with the predictions of the Becker-Doring-Volmer-Zel'dovich Frenkel nucleation theory. This work is shown to have applications to practical cryogenic engineering, to further understanding of basic heat transfer and nucleation theory, and to practical and theoretical environmental and resource considerations. Title: Studies of nucleation and heat transfer in liquid helium isotopes 3 and 4 Author: Lezak, David Year: 1985 We report the results of a series of experiments in three interrelated areas: light induced nucleation of vapor bubbles in superheated liquid helium 4, transient heat transfer in liquid helium isotopes 3 and 4, and homogeneous nucleation of vapor bubbles in superheated liquid helium 3. This work has resulted in significant contributions in each of these particular areas. Our transient heat transfer work has resulted in extremely high temperature measurements of the Kapitza thermal boundary conductance limits in helium 3 and 4, in measurements of the delay time to the onset of film boiling over a wide range of bath temperatures in helium 4, and in a determination of bubble growth rates in helium 4. These measurements have been compared with theory and have in some cases allowed the extension or elucidation of that theory. We have characterized the so called "light effect" and established photographically that small amounts of visible light will cause the formation of vapor bubbles at the interface of a solid and superheated liquid helium 4 and that this vapor can influence the quasi-steady-state heat flux vs temperature hysteresis curve. Finally, we have measured the homogeneous nucleation temperature of liquid helium 3 and found good agreement with the predictions of the Becker-Doring-Volmer-Zel'dovich Frenkel nucleation theory. This work is shown to have applications to practical cryogenic engineering, to further understanding of basic heat transfer and nucleation theory, and to practical and theoretical environmental and resource considerations. Close

• 989. [Article] Nanosilver Rainbow: A Rapid and Facile Method to Tune Different Colours of Nanosilver Through the Controlled Synthesis of Stable Spherical Silver Nanoparticles

  A rapid and simple one-pot reaction to synthesize stable, spherically shaped silver nanoparticles (AgNps) of different sizes producing distinct optical properties in aqueous solution at ambient temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nanosilver Rainbow: A Rapid and Facile Method to Tune Different Colours of Nanosilver Through the Controlled Synthesis of Stable Spherical Silver Nanoparticles Author: Mendis, Pramujitha, de Silva, Rohini M., Nalin de Silva, K. M., Wijenayaka, Lahiru A., Jayawardana, Kalana, Yan, Mingdi Year: 2016 A rapid and simple one-pot reaction to synthesize stable, spherically shaped silver nanoparticles (AgNps) of different sizes producing distinct optical properties in aqueous solution at ambient temperature has been developed. Each system contains various sizes of silver nanoparticles showing rainbow colours with the peak wavelength of the absorption spectra ranging from 400 to 750 nm. Seven different colours of nano silver were developed through the controlled synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles using silver nitrate as the metal precursor. Sodium borohydride was used as the main reducing agent and trisodium citrate and hydrazine sulphate were used as the stabilizing and auxiliary reducing agents respectively. The colour of the solution was controlled by varying the concentrations of reagents and the optimum conditions for all the colours are reported. Characterization of silver nanoparticles was carried out using UV-visible spectrophotometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Factors affecting the formation of different sizes of silver nanoparticles, such as silver nitrate concentration, reducing agent concentrations, reaction temperature and reaction pH are also reported. The stability of these coloured silver colloidal solutions was also investigated at different temperatures and the most stable temperature was found to be 4 °C, while the optimum pH to synthesize distinctively coloured silver nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 7–8. The outlined procedure provides a rapid, facile and reproducible synthetic route to spherical AgNps of varying size and ensuing optical properties. Thus, this method is certain to find value in the many applications where size tunability of AgNps is desired. Title: Nanosilver Rainbow: A Rapid and Facile Method to Tune Different Colours of Nanosilver Through the Controlled Synthesis of Stable Spherical Silver Nanoparticles Author: Mendis, Pramujitha, de Silva, Rohini M., Nalin de Silva, K. M., Wijenayaka, Lahiru A., Jayawardana, Kalana, Yan, Mingdi Year: 2016 A rapid and simple one-pot reaction to synthesize stable, spherically shaped silver nanoparticles (AgNps) of different sizes producing distinct optical properties in aqueous solution at ambient temperature has been developed. Each system contains various sizes of silver nanoparticles showing rainbow colours with the peak wavelength of the absorption spectra ranging from 400 to 750 nm. Seven different colours of nano silver were developed through the controlled synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles using silver nitrate as the metal precursor. Sodium borohydride was used as the main reducing agent and trisodium citrate and hydrazine sulphate were used as the stabilizing and auxiliary reducing agents respectively. The colour of the solution was controlled by varying the concentrations of reagents and the optimum conditions for all the colours are reported. Characterization of silver nanoparticles was carried out using UV-visible spectrophotometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Factors affecting the formation of different sizes of silver nanoparticles, such as silver nitrate concentration, reducing agent concentrations, reaction temperature and reaction pH are also reported. The stability of these coloured silver colloidal solutions was also investigated at different temperatures and the most stable temperature was found to be 4 °C, while the optimum pH to synthesize distinctively coloured silver nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 7–8. The outlined procedure provides a rapid, facile and reproducible synthetic route to spherical AgNps of varying size and ensuing optical properties. Thus, this method is certain to find value in the many applications where size tunability of AgNps is desired. Close

• 990. [Article] CE-QUAL-W2 Water Quality and Fish-bioenergetics Model of Chester Morse Lake and the Cedar River

  Many communities are currently seeking to balance urban water needs with preservation of sensitive fish habitat. As part of that effort, CE-QUAL-W2, a hydrodynamic and temperature model, was developed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CE-QUAL-W2 Water Quality and Fish-bioenergetics Model of Chester Morse Lake and the Cedar River Author: Wells, Vanessa I. Year: 2011 Many communities are currently seeking to balance urban water needs with preservation of sensitive fish habitat. As part of that effort, CE-QUAL-W2, a hydrodynamic and temperature model, was developed for Chester Morse Lake and the lower Cedar River, WA. Chester Morse Lake is approximately 10 km long with a maximum depth at full pool of 40 m. The Cedar River model started immediately downstream of the Chester Morse dam and ended 21 km downstream at Landsburg, where drinking water is diverted for the City of Seattle. This water quality model was coupled with a fish habitat and bioenergetics model for bull trout and was calibrated to temperature data between 2005 and 2008. Bull trout fish bioenergetics parameters were provided by the USGS. The CE-QUAL-W2 model was found to be highly accurate in modeling temperature variation in the lake - at most locations having an average absolute mean error of between 0.5 and 0.8 oC. The Cedar River model had an average absolute mean error of 0.7oC. This tool is designed to allow managers and operators to estimate the impact to fish habitat and growth potential from various management decisions including extent of drawdown, timing/volume of flows, and various pumping operations. Future studies could include incorporating further water quality parameters such as nutrients, algae, and zooplankton as they relate to fish productivity. Title: CE-QUAL-W2 Water Quality and Fish-bioenergetics Model of Chester Morse Lake and the Cedar River Author: Wells, Vanessa I. Year: 2011 Many communities are currently seeking to balance urban water needs with preservation of sensitive fish habitat. As part of that effort, CE-QUAL-W2, a hydrodynamic and temperature model, was developed for Chester Morse Lake and the lower Cedar River, WA. Chester Morse Lake is approximately 10 km long with a maximum depth at full pool of 40 m. The Cedar River model started immediately downstream of the Chester Morse dam and ended 21 km downstream at Landsburg, where drinking water is diverted for the City of Seattle. This water quality model was coupled with a fish habitat and bioenergetics model for bull trout and was calibrated to temperature data between 2005 and 2008. Bull trout fish bioenergetics parameters were provided by the USGS. The CE-QUAL-W2 model was found to be highly accurate in modeling temperature variation in the lake - at most locations having an average absolute mean error of between 0.5 and 0.8 oC. The Cedar River model had an average absolute mean error of 0.7oC. This tool is designed to allow managers and operators to estimate the impact to fish habitat and growth potential from various management decisions including extent of drawdown, timing/volume of flows, and various pumping operations. Future studies could include incorporating further water quality parameters such as nutrients, algae, and zooplankton as they relate to fish productivity. Close