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• 61. [Article] Feasibility study for a Tillamook County dairy waste treatment and methane generation facility

  With the expansion of the Tillamook Creamery, in Tillamook Oregon, to double or more its cheese production, the demand for milk presents an economic opportunity for the member dairies of the Tillamook ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feasibility study for a Tillamook County dairy waste treatment and methane generation facility Author: Edgar, Thom G. With the expansion of the Tillamook Creamery, in Tillamook Oregon, to double or more its cheese production, the demand for milk presents an economic opportunity for the member dairies of the Tillamook County Creamery Association. Before area dairies can expand their herd size to increase milk production for the creamery, the problem of manure waste management and pollution control must be solved. This study considers the technical and economic feasibility of developing a centralized waste treatment and methane generation facility to treat manure generated by Tillamook County dairies. A computer program modeling animal waste anaerobic digester design served as the basis for generating cost and production estimates for several hypothetical scenarios assuming input data specific to the Tillamook situation. A follow up study was also made to determine the variability of the potential ultimate methane yield of manures from Tillamook dairies. This study indicates that the proposed system is technically feasible. The study estimates that a comprehensive treatment system could cost dairymen from $70 to $100 per cow per year to start, but the economic feasibility improves as more manure is treated and more dairies participate. A full scale system has the potential to break even economically from the sale of electricity produced by a 5 megawatt methane powered generator. With the marketing of treated solids as a high grade fertilizer the system could gross a return of $1 to $75 per cow per year, depending on the scenario. Title: Feasibility study for a Tillamook County dairy waste treatment and methane generation facility Author: Edgar, Thom G. With the expansion of the Tillamook Creamery, in Tillamook Oregon, to double or more its cheese production, the demand for milk presents an economic opportunity for the member dairies of the Tillamook County Creamery Association. Before area dairies can expand their herd size to increase milk production for the creamery, the problem of manure waste management and pollution control must be solved. This study considers the technical and economic feasibility of developing a centralized waste treatment and methane generation facility to treat manure generated by Tillamook County dairies. A computer program modeling animal waste anaerobic digester design served as the basis for generating cost and production estimates for several hypothetical scenarios assuming input data specific to the Tillamook situation. A follow up study was also made to determine the variability of the potential ultimate methane yield of manures from Tillamook dairies. This study indicates that the proposed system is technically feasible. The study estimates that a comprehensive treatment system could cost dairymen from $70 to $100 per cow per year to start, but the economic feasibility improves as more manure is treated and more dairies participate. A full scale system has the potential to break even economically from the sale of electricity produced by a 5 megawatt methane powered generator. With the marketing of treated solids as a high grade fertilizer the system could gross a return of $1 to $75 per cow per year, depending on the scenario. Close

• 62. [Article] Prospects for Improving value Chain of aquaculture fish (Tilapia and African Catfish) in Central Uganda

  Abstract Only. This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prospects for Improving value Chain of aquaculture fish (Tilapia and African Catfish) in Central Uganda Author: Hyuha, Theodora, Atukunda, Gertrude Abstract Only. This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Title: Prospects for Improving value Chain of aquaculture fish (Tilapia and African Catfish) in Central Uganda Author: Hyuha, Theodora, Atukunda, Gertrude Abstract Only. This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Close

• 63. [Article] Characterization of the Shallow Subsurface Geohydrology of the Ni-les'tun Unit on the Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge

  The Bandon Marsh is a large marsh restoration project located in southwest Oregon. The land has been previously used for dairy farms and much of the marsh was used for cattle grazing. The goal of the restoration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of the Shallow Subsurface Geohydrology of the Ni-les'tun Unit on the Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge Author: Beard, Christopher Madison Year: 2013 The Bandon Marsh is a large marsh restoration project located in southwest Oregon. The land has been previously used for dairy farms and much of the marsh was used for cattle grazing. The goal of the restoration is to recreate a natural habitat for shorebirds and fish. The purpose of this thesis is to gather and analyze data on the geology of the marsh and both ground and surface water quality to evaluate its ability to support biology. The US Fish and Wildlife Service began restoration on the Bandon marsh in 2005. Research on the Ni-les'tun Unit began in that same year with Geoprobe coring, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), piezometer well installation, and surface water analysis. Twelve cores were taken with the Geoprobe in 2006 and later analyzed for this thesis. A total of 50 GPR lines were run across the marsh ranging from ~25 m to 1,200 m in length for a total of about 9,700 meters (9.7 km). The ten piezometer wells were sampled to collect groundwater pH, oxidation-reduction potential, salinity, temperature, and well water elevation. Twelve channel sampling sites were chosen to be sampled in three field runs taking place in winter 2011, summer 2011, and winter 2012. The summer 2011 and winter 2012 sampling runs were done after tide gates had been removed from the marsh. The Geoprobe core samples were retrieved for extensive lab analysis. Analyses included; bulk density, porosity, permeability, and grain size studies. Lab results revealed a low permeability fine grained upper sedimentary unit ranging from ~0.5 to ~2.5 meters depth with a coarser grained higher permeability lower unit. GPR lines were analyzed for groundwater surface depths and buried channel cut and fill features (Peterson et. al., 2004). GPR results showed a fairly shallow groundwater surface around 0.5 meters in the north down to 2.0 meters in the south. The piezometer wells showed a seasonal variation in well water elevation with higher elevations in the winter and lower in the summer. Well water chemistry showed both seasonal and spatial variations. Values for pH and dissolved oxygen were lower in the north side of the marsh and higher in the south side, and pH was higher in the summer than in the winter. Wells that were more proximal (within ~400 m) to the Coquille River Estuary showed higher conductivity (salinity) values than those that were more distal (greater than ~400 m). Channel sampling results showed similar trends as the groundwater results. The lower pH values tended to be in the north side of the marsh as well as lower dissolved oxygen values. Again, there was a spatial variability in conductivity with the higher values found closer to the Coquille River. Conductivity in the channel water showed a great seasonal variability with the highest values occurring in the summer time and much lower values in the winter. As expected, channel water increased about 10 °C on average from winter to summer. The results of all of these observations and analyses are combined to put together a generalized flow model showing the different water inputs into the channel waters on the Ni-les'tun Unit. Once these inputs were derived, conclusions can be made on the quality of the water and its ability to support small aquatic life. Title: Characterization of the Shallow Subsurface Geohydrology of the Ni-les'tun Unit on the Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge Author: Beard, Christopher Madison Year: 2013 The Bandon Marsh is a large marsh restoration project located in southwest Oregon. The land has been previously used for dairy farms and much of the marsh was used for cattle grazing. The goal of the restoration is to recreate a natural habitat for shorebirds and fish. The purpose of this thesis is to gather and analyze data on the geology of the marsh and both ground and surface water quality to evaluate its ability to support biology. The US Fish and Wildlife Service began restoration on the Bandon marsh in 2005. Research on the Ni-les'tun Unit began in that same year with Geoprobe coring, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), piezometer well installation, and surface water analysis. Twelve cores were taken with the Geoprobe in 2006 and later analyzed for this thesis. A total of 50 GPR lines were run across the marsh ranging from ~25 m to 1,200 m in length for a total of about 9,700 meters (9.7 km). The ten piezometer wells were sampled to collect groundwater pH, oxidation-reduction potential, salinity, temperature, and well water elevation. Twelve channel sampling sites were chosen to be sampled in three field runs taking place in winter 2011, summer 2011, and winter 2012. The summer 2011 and winter 2012 sampling runs were done after tide gates had been removed from the marsh. The Geoprobe core samples were retrieved for extensive lab analysis. Analyses included; bulk density, porosity, permeability, and grain size studies. Lab results revealed a low permeability fine grained upper sedimentary unit ranging from ~0.5 to ~2.5 meters depth with a coarser grained higher permeability lower unit. GPR lines were analyzed for groundwater surface depths and buried channel cut and fill features (Peterson et. al., 2004). GPR results showed a fairly shallow groundwater surface around 0.5 meters in the north down to 2.0 meters in the south. The piezometer wells showed a seasonal variation in well water elevation with higher elevations in the winter and lower in the summer. Well water chemistry showed both seasonal and spatial variations. Values for pH and dissolved oxygen were lower in the north side of the marsh and higher in the south side, and pH was higher in the summer than in the winter. Wells that were more proximal (within ~400 m) to the Coquille River Estuary showed higher conductivity (salinity) values than those that were more distal (greater than ~400 m). Channel sampling results showed similar trends as the groundwater results. The lower pH values tended to be in the north side of the marsh as well as lower dissolved oxygen values. Again, there was a spatial variability in conductivity with the higher values found closer to the Coquille River. Conductivity in the channel water showed a great seasonal variability with the highest values occurring in the summer time and much lower values in the winter. As expected, channel water increased about 10 °C on average from winter to summer. The results of all of these observations and analyses are combined to put together a generalized flow model showing the different water inputs into the channel waters on the Ni-les'tun Unit. Once these inputs were derived, conclusions can be made on the quality of the water and its ability to support small aquatic life. Close

• 64. [Article] Innovativeness in clothing and textiles as related to adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing competence, and selected demographic factors

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between innovativeness in clothing and textiles and; self rating of innovativeness, adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Innovativeness in clothing and textiles as related to adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing competence, and selected demographic factors Author: Lauritsen, Chrisanne Clark The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between innovativeness in clothing and textiles and; self rating of innovativeness, adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing competence, age, education, social status characteristics, social participation, sources of information, and continuation of learning. The sample consisted of 67 women who sew who are listed in the telephone directory of a university town in Western Oregon. The women were randomly selected and contacted by phone. Women who did not sew were excluded from the study. Questionnaires were mailed to 77 subjects and were collected one week later in person by the investigator. A 100 percent return of questionnaires was achieved; 67 were complete and were analyzed. Scales were developed, adopted, or adapted to measure each of the variables, which were then related to innovativeness by the correlation coefficient or analysis of variance. Correlation coefficients significant at the . 05 level were found between innovativeness and: self rating of innovativeness +. 3694, adoption leadership +.2623, venturesomeness +. 3431, perceived sewing competence +. 4856, social status characteristics -.2448 (a lower score indicates higher social status), and sources of information +.5852 ( |r| = .2360, p . 05). The relationship between innovativeness and social participation was not significant at the . 05 level ( r = +. 0761). Innovativeness was not significantly related to age (F = +.9236, |F| = 2.76), nor to continuation of learning ( F = +. 9855, Id = 4. 00), nor directionally related to education (F = +3. 3016, |F| = 3. 15) as determined by analysis of variance. Innovativeness is a characteristic relevant to the area of clothing and textiles. Hypotheses and measures from many different fields were found to apply. The variables of self rating of innovativeness, adoption leadership, venturesomeness, social status characteristics, and sources of information, reported to be related to innovativeness in the adoption of farm practices, consumer products, and research in many other fields, were also found to be related to innovativeness in clothing and textiles in this study. Perceived sewing competence was a new dimension also related to innovativeness. When women felt confident about their sewing ability, they were free to explore new products and practices.Innovativeness in clothing and textiles offers a fruitful area for further research. Studies might be made with different populations to extend the knowledge and understanding of innovativeness. Scales of innovativeness might be improved and revised to include dates of adoption for more reliable and valid measures of innovativeness. Title: Innovativeness in clothing and textiles as related to adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing competence, and selected demographic factors Author: Lauritsen, Chrisanne Clark The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between innovativeness in clothing and textiles and; self rating of innovativeness, adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing competence, age, education, social status characteristics, social participation, sources of information, and continuation of learning. The sample consisted of 67 women who sew who are listed in the telephone directory of a university town in Western Oregon. The women were randomly selected and contacted by phone. Women who did not sew were excluded from the study. Questionnaires were mailed to 77 subjects and were collected one week later in person by the investigator. A 100 percent return of questionnaires was achieved; 67 were complete and were analyzed. Scales were developed, adopted, or adapted to measure each of the variables, which were then related to innovativeness by the correlation coefficient or analysis of variance. Correlation coefficients significant at the . 05 level were found between innovativeness and: self rating of innovativeness +. 3694, adoption leadership +.2623, venturesomeness +. 3431, perceived sewing competence +. 4856, social status characteristics -.2448 (a lower score indicates higher social status), and sources of information +.5852 ( |r| = .2360, p . 05). The relationship between innovativeness and social participation was not significant at the . 05 level ( r = +. 0761). Innovativeness was not significantly related to age (F = +.9236, |F| = 2.76), nor to continuation of learning ( F = +. 9855, Id = 4. 00), nor directionally related to education (F = +3. 3016, |F| = 3. 15) as determined by analysis of variance. Innovativeness is a characteristic relevant to the area of clothing and textiles. Hypotheses and measures from many different fields were found to apply. The variables of self rating of innovativeness, adoption leadership, venturesomeness, social status characteristics, and sources of information, reported to be related to innovativeness in the adoption of farm practices, consumer products, and research in many other fields, were also found to be related to innovativeness in clothing and textiles in this study. Perceived sewing competence was a new dimension also related to innovativeness. When women felt confident about their sewing ability, they were free to explore new products and practices.Innovativeness in clothing and textiles offers a fruitful area for further research. Studies might be made with different populations to extend the knowledge and understanding of innovativeness. Scales of innovativeness might be improved and revised to include dates of adoption for more reliable and valid measures of innovativeness. Close

• 65. [Article] Feedlot manure processing and disposal -- an economic analysis of a Los Angeles County, California operation

  A feedlot cannot retain its manure byproduct indefinitely. Eventually some method of disposal must be used. A case study approach to this problem confronting a cattle feeding operation representative of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feedlot manure processing and disposal -- an economic analysis of a Los Angeles County, California operation Author: Van Dam, John Anthony A feedlot cannot retain its manure byproduct indefinitely. Eventually some method of disposal must be used. A case study approach to this problem confronting a cattle feeding operation representative of those in the area was used to determine volume relationship among different product forms in order to maximize net revenue or minimize costs. The study feedlot of 14,000 capacity, occupied 40 acres of which 3.5 acres were used for manure storage and processing. Geographically it was in the western half of the high desert region of Antelope Valley, Los Angeles County, California. The area had an abundance of sunshine, generally dry weather conditions; warm in summer and moderate in winter. The processing plant personnel handled 32,782 cubic yards of the stockpiled manure. Of this amount 46 percent was sold in the unprocessed product form, 35 percent sold in the processed bulk form and 19 percent as the processed package form. Some of the original 60,000 cubic yards stockpiled were removed by out-of-area buyers using their own equipment and doing their own processing. Allocating costs by product form and volume revealed that the per cubic yard costs were 11 cents for the unprocessed product, 65 cents for the processed bulk form and $1.89 for the processed packaged form, Additional costs were incurred when loading and delivery were made. Net revenue per cubic yard, based on an average weighted price for each product form, averaged $1.29 for the unprocessed product, $1.75 for the processed bulk, and $1.91 for the processed packaged form. The total net revenue by volume was greatest for the processed bulk product. Through increased efficiencies the volume processed could be increased and the per cubic yard costs reduced. Application of plant operational harmony could increase plant capacity from 14 to 21 cubic yards per hour. This would eliminate 416 hours of operation and reduce processing costs by seven cents per cubic yard. While no firm expressions were ascertained as to the future demand potential of the manure product a general agreement prevailed that the addition of adequate storage facilities, an inventory and better loading facilities should be considered by the management to increase sales of the processed products. Additional observations will be required to validate generalization as to scale of operations. However, those made during the course of this study would suffice for any generalization as to operational costs for a manure handling enterprise equivalent to that in the study. Title: Feedlot manure processing and disposal -- an economic analysis of a Los Angeles County, California operation Author: Van Dam, John Anthony A feedlot cannot retain its manure byproduct indefinitely. Eventually some method of disposal must be used. A case study approach to this problem confronting a cattle feeding operation representative of those in the area was used to determine volume relationship among different product forms in order to maximize net revenue or minimize costs. The study feedlot of 14,000 capacity, occupied 40 acres of which 3.5 acres were used for manure storage and processing. Geographically it was in the western half of the high desert region of Antelope Valley, Los Angeles County, California. The area had an abundance of sunshine, generally dry weather conditions; warm in summer and moderate in winter. The processing plant personnel handled 32,782 cubic yards of the stockpiled manure. Of this amount 46 percent was sold in the unprocessed product form, 35 percent sold in the processed bulk form and 19 percent as the processed package form. Some of the original 60,000 cubic yards stockpiled were removed by out-of-area buyers using their own equipment and doing their own processing. Allocating costs by product form and volume revealed that the per cubic yard costs were 11 cents for the unprocessed product, 65 cents for the processed bulk form and $1.89 for the processed packaged form, Additional costs were incurred when loading and delivery were made. Net revenue per cubic yard, based on an average weighted price for each product form, averaged $1.29 for the unprocessed product, $1.75 for the processed bulk, and $1.91 for the processed packaged form. The total net revenue by volume was greatest for the processed bulk product. Through increased efficiencies the volume processed could be increased and the per cubic yard costs reduced. Application of plant operational harmony could increase plant capacity from 14 to 21 cubic yards per hour. This would eliminate 416 hours of operation and reduce processing costs by seven cents per cubic yard. While no firm expressions were ascertained as to the future demand potential of the manure product a general agreement prevailed that the addition of adequate storage facilities, an inventory and better loading facilities should be considered by the management to increase sales of the processed products. Additional observations will be required to validate generalization as to scale of operations. However, those made during the course of this study would suffice for any generalization as to operational costs for a manure handling enterprise equivalent to that in the study. Close

• 66. [Article] Market water transfers as a water quality policy : a case study of the Malheur River Basin, Oregon

  Agronomic research documents a strong correlation between the level of irrigation water applied and the level of farm chemicals leached into water bodies. Consequently, policies that cause farmers to alter ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Market water transfers as a water quality policy : a case study of the Malheur River Basin, Oregon Author: Connor, Jeffery D Agronomic research documents a strong correlation between the level of irrigation water applied and the level of farm chemicals leached into water bodies. Consequently, policies that cause farmers to alter irrigation water management practices are likely to influence water quality. Water markets are a potentially attractive method of addressing agriculturally induced water quality concerns because they provide an economic incentive to reduce agricultural effluent which is less costly to farmers and society than command and control or tax policies. This research focuses on quantifying key economic and environmental implications of changes in institutional rules defining terms of water trade. At the heart of this dissertation is an empirical hydrologic-economic simulation model of the Treasure Valley area of eastern Oregon. The economic component of the model consists of 8 subregional mathematical programming models. The models vary across subregions with differences in soil productivity, production technology and irrigation cost specification. The hydrologic component of the model consist of two parts. A nitrate leaching model describes how changes in crop choice, irrigation and nitrogen input influence the level of nitrate leaving the root zone. A finite difference model describes the process of nitrate dilution in the aquifer. Five impacts of water trade are predicted: 1) water supplied to water markets, 2) profits from water market participation, 3) local groundwater quality effects, 4) local economic effects of water markets, and 5) effects of water markets on third party water rights holders. Significant conclusions drawn from the study include: 1) in large portions of the study area, the annual returns to selling water rights exceeds returns to continued irrigated crop production, even at very moderate water prices ($20 an acre foot); 2) at current water prices, the parts of the study area most likely to supply water to markets are areas used for extensive cultivation of hay, pasture and grain which contribute little to the loading of the underlying aquifer with nitrates; 3) a well developed water market in the area would not likely lead to full compliance with EPA groundwater quality standards; 4) the Oregon Statute allowing sale of conserved water is unlikely to induce much trade in conserved water in the Treasure Valley. Title: Market water transfers as a water quality policy : a case study of the Malheur River Basin, Oregon Author: Connor, Jeffery D Agronomic research documents a strong correlation between the level of irrigation water applied and the level of farm chemicals leached into water bodies. Consequently, policies that cause farmers to alter irrigation water management practices are likely to influence water quality. Water markets are a potentially attractive method of addressing agriculturally induced water quality concerns because they provide an economic incentive to reduce agricultural effluent which is less costly to farmers and society than command and control or tax policies. This research focuses on quantifying key economic and environmental implications of changes in institutional rules defining terms of water trade. At the heart of this dissertation is an empirical hydrologic-economic simulation model of the Treasure Valley area of eastern Oregon. The economic component of the model consists of 8 subregional mathematical programming models. The models vary across subregions with differences in soil productivity, production technology and irrigation cost specification. The hydrologic component of the model consist of two parts. A nitrate leaching model describes how changes in crop choice, irrigation and nitrogen input influence the level of nitrate leaving the root zone. A finite difference model describes the process of nitrate dilution in the aquifer. Five impacts of water trade are predicted: 1) water supplied to water markets, 2) profits from water market participation, 3) local groundwater quality effects, 4) local economic effects of water markets, and 5) effects of water markets on third party water rights holders. Significant conclusions drawn from the study include: 1) in large portions of the study area, the annual returns to selling water rights exceeds returns to continued irrigated crop production, even at very moderate water prices ($20 an acre foot); 2) at current water prices, the parts of the study area most likely to supply water to markets are areas used for extensive cultivation of hay, pasture and grain which contribute little to the loading of the underlying aquifer with nitrates; 3) a well developed water market in the area would not likely lead to full compliance with EPA groundwater quality standards; 4) the Oregon Statute allowing sale of conserved water is unlikely to induce much trade in conserved water in the Treasure Valley. Close

• 67. [Article] Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls

  The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls Author: Cook, Nancy Louise The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby Union High School senior girls to discover information about their families, to find what they believed was important to learn in their instruction in a unit on family clothing, and to find how they would like to be taught family clothing. Sixty-three out of 82, or 77 percent, of the Canby Union High School senior girls answered the interview-questionnaire. From the results of the family clothing interview, a composite of a Canby Union High School senior girl was formulated. Her father's occupation was that of an operative and kindred worker. Her mother was a full-time homemaker. No one but the immediate family lived in her home. Two children lived at home. The family lived on a farm. The senior high school girl did no work other than her school or home responsibilities. She made five garments a year. The father was more likely to purchase all of his clothing than any other member of the family. At least 50 percent of the respondents said it was most important to them to know about the following areas of family clothing: types of stores and their services, sales, attitudes about family clothing, the clothing needs of the individual; the effects of income of the family on clothing, climate, costs, and fashion trends; and suitable or adequate clothing for infants, children, teen-agers, young women, young men, expectant mothers, and people in middle adulthood. Teen-agers, young women, and young men were the age levels of family members chosen most frequently in which the respondents believed topics of family clothing should be studied. The composite girl regarded the following teaching methods very valuable when she was learning about family clothing: 1. The students and the teacher should plan cooperatively what they need to learn. 2. The class should interview clothing authorities. 3. The class should make observations of clothing for different ages. 4. The students should plan and carry out a family clothing project, such as comparing homemade children's clothing, comparing men's shirts of different qualities, or planning a wardrobe for a boy. 5. The class should examine articles of clothing. 6. The class needs to take field trips to clothing stores. The concepts developed in the family clothing resource unit were concerned with: 1. The influences which the history of clothing, the clothing industry, and the legislation related to clothing have on the clothing available to the family today. 2. The characteristics of families, family activities, and family locations which influence clothing decisions. 3. The factors which affect clothing selection. 4. The factors which affect the clothing needs of individual family members. A variety of learning experiences and references were provided to help the high school seniors understand the needs and problems of clothing the family today. Twenty-one high school and university home economics teachers and home economics education graduate students criticized the behavioral goals, behavioral objectives, concepts, generalizations, and learning experiences in order to perfect the family clothing resource unit. Title: Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls Author: Cook, Nancy Louise The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby Union High School senior girls to discover information about their families, to find what they believed was important to learn in their instruction in a unit on family clothing, and to find how they would like to be taught family clothing. Sixty-three out of 82, or 77 percent, of the Canby Union High School senior girls answered the interview-questionnaire. From the results of the family clothing interview, a composite of a Canby Union High School senior girl was formulated. Her father's occupation was that of an operative and kindred worker. Her mother was a full-time homemaker. No one but the immediate family lived in her home. Two children lived at home. The family lived on a farm. The senior high school girl did no work other than her school or home responsibilities. She made five garments a year. The father was more likely to purchase all of his clothing than any other member of the family. At least 50 percent of the respondents said it was most important to them to know about the following areas of family clothing: types of stores and their services, sales, attitudes about family clothing, the clothing needs of the individual; the effects of income of the family on clothing, climate, costs, and fashion trends; and suitable or adequate clothing for infants, children, teen-agers, young women, young men, expectant mothers, and people in middle adulthood. Teen-agers, young women, and young men were the age levels of family members chosen most frequently in which the respondents believed topics of family clothing should be studied. The composite girl regarded the following teaching methods very valuable when she was learning about family clothing: 1. The students and the teacher should plan cooperatively what they need to learn. 2. The class should interview clothing authorities. 3. The class should make observations of clothing for different ages. 4. The students should plan and carry out a family clothing project, such as comparing homemade children's clothing, comparing men's shirts of different qualities, or planning a wardrobe for a boy. 5. The class should examine articles of clothing. 6. The class needs to take field trips to clothing stores. The concepts developed in the family clothing resource unit were concerned with: 1. The influences which the history of clothing, the clothing industry, and the legislation related to clothing have on the clothing available to the family today. 2. The characteristics of families, family activities, and family locations which influence clothing decisions. 3. The factors which affect clothing selection. 4. The factors which affect the clothing needs of individual family members. A variety of learning experiences and references were provided to help the high school seniors understand the needs and problems of clothing the family today. Twenty-one high school and university home economics teachers and home economics education graduate students criticized the behavioral goals, behavioral objectives, concepts, generalizations, and learning experiences in order to perfect the family clothing resource unit. Close

• 68. [Article] Water Reclamation Facility Biosolids Market Analysis

  The University of Oregon Master of Business Administra on and Master of Accoun ng students collaborated in Joshua Skov’s graduate-level course in Industrial Ecology (MGMT 641), inves ga ng the possibili ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Reclamation Facility Biosolids Market Analysis Author: Skov, Joshua Year: 2017, 2016 The University of Oregon Master of Business Administra on and Master of Accoun ng students collaborated in Joshua Skov’s graduate-level course in Industrial Ecology (MGMT 641), inves ga ng the possibili es for the marke ng and sale of outputs from the treatment of wastewater (sewage) at the Albany Water Reclama on Facility. In the city’s previous wastewater treatment facility, sludge was processed into Class B Biosolids and given to grass seed farmers in the area. In the city's current wastewater treatment facility, the city conducted a compos ng pilot project. The goal of this project was to iden fy markets for the composted biosolids as well as poten al local partners, and make recommenda ons for the structure and details of poten al projects. In addi on to considering the exis ng grass seed market, the class researched the poten al markets by conduc ng surveys of farmers around Albany, Oregon. The farms include hops, pears, dryland wheat, blueberries, and christmas trees. Students selected these markets based on the environmental bene ts of biosolids to agriculture, forestry, and land reclama on. Students researched best prac ces from around the country and summarized successful implementa ons. They selected and researched treatment facili es with similar loca ons, community size served, an existence of public- private partnerships, and/or classi ca on of biosolids and their subsequent applica ons. They then explored the types of poten al bulking material. The addi on of bulking material is a cri cal component to the compos ng process for crea ng higher class biosolids. Students examined bulking materials in use across a wide range of biosolids and other organic waste compos ng processes. Research revealed three primary types of compost opera ons: Aerated Windrows, In Vessel, and Anaerobic Biodiges on. Lastly, the class assessed the possibility of a public-private partnership. Students met with several private corpora ons that partner with public ins tu ons to create value for all stakeholders in a solid waste management system. The research revealed the chemical and environmental value of biosolids, but that given public percep on, biosolid-derived fer lizer cannot compete against plen ful, cheap synthe c fer lizers derived from natural gas. The class suggests a series of considera ons for Albany. They also suggest immediate explora on of a partnership deal under a Design-Build-Operate (DBO) model. The City of Albany can seek reduced cost funding under the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF). Title: Water Reclamation Facility Biosolids Market Analysis Author: Skov, Joshua Year: 2017, 2016 The University of Oregon Master of Business Administra on and Master of Accoun ng students collaborated in Joshua Skov’s graduate-level course in Industrial Ecology (MGMT 641), inves ga ng the possibili es for the marke ng and sale of outputs from the treatment of wastewater (sewage) at the Albany Water Reclama on Facility. In the city’s previous wastewater treatment facility, sludge was processed into Class B Biosolids and given to grass seed farmers in the area. In the city's current wastewater treatment facility, the city conducted a compos ng pilot project. The goal of this project was to iden fy markets for the composted biosolids as well as poten al local partners, and make recommenda ons for the structure and details of poten al projects. In addi on to considering the exis ng grass seed market, the class researched the poten al markets by conduc ng surveys of farmers around Albany, Oregon. The farms include hops, pears, dryland wheat, blueberries, and christmas trees. Students selected these markets based on the environmental bene ts of biosolids to agriculture, forestry, and land reclama on. Students researched best prac ces from around the country and summarized successful implementa ons. They selected and researched treatment facili es with similar loca ons, community size served, an existence of public- private partnerships, and/or classi ca on of biosolids and their subsequent applica ons. They then explored the types of poten al bulking material. The addi on of bulking material is a cri cal component to the compos ng process for crea ng higher class biosolids. Students examined bulking materials in use across a wide range of biosolids and other organic waste compos ng processes. Research revealed three primary types of compost opera ons: Aerated Windrows, In Vessel, and Anaerobic Biodiges on. Lastly, the class assessed the possibility of a public-private partnership. Students met with several private corpora ons that partner with public ins tu ons to create value for all stakeholders in a solid waste management system. The research revealed the chemical and environmental value of biosolids, but that given public percep on, biosolid-derived fer lizer cannot compete against plen ful, cheap synthe c fer lizers derived from natural gas. The class suggests a series of considera ons for Albany. They also suggest immediate explora on of a partnership deal under a Design-Build-Operate (DBO) model. The City of Albany can seek reduced cost funding under the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF). Close

• 69. [Article] Operational Plan for Anadromous, Salmon Ranching Activities 1991

  Abstract -- Statutes authorizing private salmon ranching were approved by the 1971 Oregon Legislature. Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS 508.700-508.745) authorize issue of permits for chum salmon ("Oncorhynchus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Operational Plan for Anadromous, Salmon Ranching Activities 1991 Abstract -- Statutes authorizing private salmon ranching were approved by the 1971 Oregon Legislature. Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS 508.700-508.745) authorize issue of permits for chum salmon ("Oncorhynchus keta") hatcheries and provide guidance for the review of applications, conduct of operations, and general requirements for termination of permits under certain circumstances. In 1973 the Legislature added coho ("0. kisutch") and chinook ("O. tshawytscha") salmon to the private hatchery statutes. The Fish Commission of Oregon was charged with administering laws related to the operation of private hatcheries, and since merger of the Fish and Wildlife commissions in 1975, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Department has been responsible for administration of laws relating to private salmon hatcheries. Administrative rules established by the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission (Commission) describe policies and restrictions for the siting, operation, evaluation, and monitoring of private hatcheries. The Commission has the primary authority and responsibility to approve or modify the hatchery operational plans developed by the Department. The scope, technical requirements, or both, of these operational plans may be changed by the Commission in the future to reflect the acquisition of new information or new interpretations of old data. This operational plan is one of a series of written documents prepared by the Department at the direction of the Commission and House Bill 2735 (which amended ORS 508.715, 720, and 740). This operational plan has been written to encompass private salmon ranching activities conducted through the Anadromous Inc. release and recapture facilities located near Jordan Point and North spit in Coos Bay. The provisions contained in this operational plan are applicable to, and shall be binding to any successive owner or owners that may acquire the Anadromous salmon ranching permit in the future. Thus, any references in this plan to Anadromous shall be understood to be applicable to any subsequent permittee to whom the permit may be transferred. Anadromous, Inc. has been engaged in salmon ranching activities in Oregon since 1974. Initially located near St. Helens on the Columbia River, the company shifted operations to Jordan Point in Coos Bay and later acquired the North Spit facility from OreAqua, Inc. in 1984. Anadromous did not release chum, coho or chinook smolts in 1990 at either the North Spit or Jordan Point facility. At this time both facilities are for sale. Title: Operational Plan for Anadromous, Salmon Ranching Activities 1991 Abstract -- Statutes authorizing private salmon ranching were approved by the 1971 Oregon Legislature. Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS 508.700-508.745) authorize issue of permits for chum salmon ("Oncorhynchus keta") hatcheries and provide guidance for the review of applications, conduct of operations, and general requirements for termination of permits under certain circumstances. In 1973 the Legislature added coho ("0. kisutch") and chinook ("O. tshawytscha") salmon to the private hatchery statutes. The Fish Commission of Oregon was charged with administering laws related to the operation of private hatcheries, and since merger of the Fish and Wildlife commissions in 1975, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Department has been responsible for administration of laws relating to private salmon hatcheries. Administrative rules established by the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission (Commission) describe policies and restrictions for the siting, operation, evaluation, and monitoring of private hatcheries. The Commission has the primary authority and responsibility to approve or modify the hatchery operational plans developed by the Department. The scope, technical requirements, or both, of these operational plans may be changed by the Commission in the future to reflect the acquisition of new information or new interpretations of old data. This operational plan is one of a series of written documents prepared by the Department at the direction of the Commission and House Bill 2735 (which amended ORS 508.715, 720, and 740). This operational plan has been written to encompass private salmon ranching activities conducted through the Anadromous Inc. release and recapture facilities located near Jordan Point and North spit in Coos Bay. The provisions contained in this operational plan are applicable to, and shall be binding to any successive owner or owners that may acquire the Anadromous salmon ranching permit in the future. Thus, any references in this plan to Anadromous shall be understood to be applicable to any subsequent permittee to whom the permit may be transferred. Anadromous, Inc. has been engaged in salmon ranching activities in Oregon since 1974. Initially located near St. Helens on the Columbia River, the company shifted operations to Jordan Point in Coos Bay and later acquired the North Spit facility from OreAqua, Inc. in 1984. Anadromous did not release chum, coho or chinook smolts in 1990 at either the North Spit or Jordan Point facility. At this time both facilities are for sale. Close

• 70. [Article] Breeding an open pollinated broccoli for organic production systems using participatory methods

  Organic agriculture is an important and growing sector of U.S. and world food production. Consumers are increasingly aware of and interested in the production practices and impacts associated with agriculture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding an open pollinated broccoli for organic production systems using participatory methods Author: McKenzie, Laurie R. Organic agriculture is an important and growing sector of U.S. and world food production. Consumers are increasingly aware of and interested in the production practices and impacts associated with agriculture and as such, are showing a preference for sustainably produced, raised, and harvested foods. In order to continue to meet the growing demand for organic produce, organic growers need cultivars that are optimally adapted to organic and low input conditions. Quality seed is the foundation of any functional and stable farming system. Unfortunately the lack of organically bred and produced seed is hindering the continued growth and success of organic farming. Meeting the needs of the organic sector has been a challenge for the seed industry; it is an industry that often doesn't understand the specific and unique requirements associated with the diversity of environmental and market demands of organic systems. However, organic farmers and the organic food systems they supply, require a robust organic seed system that is appropriately adapted to regional agronomic challenges and market needs, meets standards and regulations, and encompasses the social and ecological values of organic agriculture. One plausible approach to meeting the cultivar and seed needs of organic and low input production systems is through the use of participatory plant breeding (PPB). PPB is a collaborative approach for identifying and developing genetically diverse plant material and varieties involving partnerships among formal sector breeders and researchers, farmers, extension agents, educators, and end users. Participatory plant breeding fundamentally changes the way that formal breeding programs and farmers manage germplasm and plant genetic resources. Typically, formal breeding programs restrict access to germplasm and breeding materials and only supply farmers with finished varieties. In PPB, farmers are involved in the early stages of creation and evaluation of germplasm and breeding material, and stay engaged with the breeding process until new varieties are created. PPB is an excellent model for breeding specifically for organic systems because organic systems in developed countries have many similarities to low-input agricultural systems in the developing world. Some of these parallels include heterogeneous growing environments, a wide range of end uses and marketing strategies, lack of suitably adapted and/or derived varieties, lack of attention from the formal seed sector, and a reduced reliance on synthetic inputs (compared to conventional systems). Breeding for organic systems is a relatively young field and breeders in the formal sector do not have a good handle on what traits are important for robust production under organic conditions. Thus the opportunity to meld farmers' experience and knowledge with breeders' expertise is an effective way to breed for organic production systems. The purpose of this project was to investigate and explore the opportunities and challenges of organic plant breeding using participatory research methods. This research had three goals: 1) to develop an open pollinated broccoli with contemporary quality traits for organic production systems using participatory strategies; 2) to compare broccoli selections made by formally trained plant breeders and farmer breeders; and 3) to capture the stories and experiences of the formal breeders and farmer breeders involved with this broccoli material in order to contribute to the growing wealth of knowledge on collaborative and organic breeding work. The Oregon State University Vegetable Breeding Program made significant progress towards decreasing the variability of the broccoli project material through three successive years of modified half-sibling selections. Evaluations and selections were based more strongly on quality traits rather than soley on production traits such as yield. Although progress was incremental and statistically verified in only three out of the fifteen quality traits, we observed trends in the data indicating progress towards an increasingly uniform, stable, and reliable open pollinated broccoli with specific adaptation for organic production systems. There were very few differences between broccoli materials developed by formally trained plant breeders and farmer breeders. This was especially true for the three cultivars developed in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) (one in Washington and two in Oregon). The 'East Coast' population, which had been collaboratively selected by formal and farmer breeders in New York, expressed significantly distinct differences from the PNW materials. When the farmer breeder and formal breeder materials were pooled together and compared to pooled check cultivars they expressed significant differences for nearly all traits across all years. This demonstrated that all of the collaboratively developed open pollinated materials are distinctly different from the F1 hybrids currently available. Our work has demonstrated a few of the myriad of positive outcomes achievable with the use of participatory plant breeding for organic production systems. The participatory nature of this project resulted in increased confidence and feelings of empowerment for all involved. Both farmers and breeders felt their involvement was socially beneficial and widened their networking and seed community circles. The farmer-bred cultivar 'Solstice' is now available as a result of Jonathan Spero's work, and a cultivar tentatively named 'Benton' is about to be released for sale through Oregon State University. Our results agree with previous study findings that formal and farmer breeder selections are often not distinctly different; thus providing evidence for continuing to support the involvement and education of farmers in plant breeding, especially in reference to organic production systems. This study demonstrates the potential of collaboratively developed and farmer-bred cultivars to become viable and vibrant open pollinated alternatives to the current open pollinated cultivars on the market today. Title: Breeding an open pollinated broccoli for organic production systems using participatory methods Author: McKenzie, Laurie R. Organic agriculture is an important and growing sector of U.S. and world food production. Consumers are increasingly aware of and interested in the production practices and impacts associated with agriculture and as such, are showing a preference for sustainably produced, raised, and harvested foods. In order to continue to meet the growing demand for organic produce, organic growers need cultivars that are optimally adapted to organic and low input conditions. Quality seed is the foundation of any functional and stable farming system. Unfortunately the lack of organically bred and produced seed is hindering the continued growth and success of organic farming. Meeting the needs of the organic sector has been a challenge for the seed industry; it is an industry that often doesn't understand the specific and unique requirements associated with the diversity of environmental and market demands of organic systems. However, organic farmers and the organic food systems they supply, require a robust organic seed system that is appropriately adapted to regional agronomic challenges and market needs, meets standards and regulations, and encompasses the social and ecological values of organic agriculture. One plausible approach to meeting the cultivar and seed needs of organic and low input production systems is through the use of participatory plant breeding (PPB). PPB is a collaborative approach for identifying and developing genetically diverse plant material and varieties involving partnerships among formal sector breeders and researchers, farmers, extension agents, educators, and end users. Participatory plant breeding fundamentally changes the way that formal breeding programs and farmers manage germplasm and plant genetic resources. Typically, formal breeding programs restrict access to germplasm and breeding materials and only supply farmers with finished varieties. In PPB, farmers are involved in the early stages of creation and evaluation of germplasm and breeding material, and stay engaged with the breeding process until new varieties are created. PPB is an excellent model for breeding specifically for organic systems because organic systems in developed countries have many similarities to low-input agricultural systems in the developing world. Some of these parallels include heterogeneous growing environments, a wide range of end uses and marketing strategies, lack of suitably adapted and/or derived varieties, lack of attention from the formal seed sector, and a reduced reliance on synthetic inputs (compared to conventional systems). Breeding for organic systems is a relatively young field and breeders in the formal sector do not have a good handle on what traits are important for robust production under organic conditions. Thus the opportunity to meld farmers' experience and knowledge with breeders' expertise is an effective way to breed for organic production systems. The purpose of this project was to investigate and explore the opportunities and challenges of organic plant breeding using participatory research methods. This research had three goals: 1) to develop an open pollinated broccoli with contemporary quality traits for organic production systems using participatory strategies; 2) to compare broccoli selections made by formally trained plant breeders and farmer breeders; and 3) to capture the stories and experiences of the formal breeders and farmer breeders involved with this broccoli material in order to contribute to the growing wealth of knowledge on collaborative and organic breeding work. The Oregon State University Vegetable Breeding Program made significant progress towards decreasing the variability of the broccoli project material through three successive years of modified half-sibling selections. Evaluations and selections were based more strongly on quality traits rather than soley on production traits such as yield. Although progress was incremental and statistically verified in only three out of the fifteen quality traits, we observed trends in the data indicating progress towards an increasingly uniform, stable, and reliable open pollinated broccoli with specific adaptation for organic production systems. There were very few differences between broccoli materials developed by formally trained plant breeders and farmer breeders. This was especially true for the three cultivars developed in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) (one in Washington and two in Oregon). The 'East Coast' population, which had been collaboratively selected by formal and farmer breeders in New York, expressed significantly distinct differences from the PNW materials. When the farmer breeder and formal breeder materials were pooled together and compared to pooled check cultivars they expressed significant differences for nearly all traits across all years. This demonstrated that all of the collaboratively developed open pollinated materials are distinctly different from the F1 hybrids currently available. Our work has demonstrated a few of the myriad of positive outcomes achievable with the use of participatory plant breeding for organic production systems. The participatory nature of this project resulted in increased confidence and feelings of empowerment for all involved. Both farmers and breeders felt their involvement was socially beneficial and widened their networking and seed community circles. The farmer-bred cultivar 'Solstice' is now available as a result of Jonathan Spero's work, and a cultivar tentatively named 'Benton' is about to be released for sale through Oregon State University. Our results agree with previous study findings that formal and farmer breeder selections are often not distinctly different; thus providing evidence for continuing to support the involvement and education of farmers in plant breeding, especially in reference to organic production systems. This study demonstrates the potential of collaboratively developed and farmer-bred cultivars to become viable and vibrant open pollinated alternatives to the current open pollinated cultivars on the market today. Close