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• 101. [Article] The Effect of HSA and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells

  Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, has shown great promise in addressing many of the logistical challenges of storing and preserving red blood cells (RBCs). A crucial part of any future RBC lyophilization ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of HSA and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells Author: Runyon, Daniel E. Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, has shown great promise in addressing many of the logistical challenges of storing and preserving red blood cells (RBCs). A crucial part of any future RBC lyophilization protocol is the primary drying temperature, which affects the sample drying rate and the dried cake’s ability to form a stable glassy solid which is critical to long-term RBC survival. The optimal temperature for primary drying is just below the temperature at which the porous structure of the cake begins to collapse, known as the cake collapse temperature. Therefore, this study utilized Freeze-Dry Microscopy of intracellular Trehalose-loaded RBC suspended in a buffer solution containing Human Serum Albumin (HSA) to determine the effect of both RBC and HSA concentration on the measured cake collapse temperature. It was found that increasing RBC concentration from 5% to 20% hematocrit raised the cake collapse temperature from -36.4°C ± 0.3 to -34.8°C ± 0.2, while increasing HSA concentration from 0 to 5% (w/v) raised the cake collapse temperature from -34.8°C ± 0.2 to -20.4°C ± 1.5. This data provides a basis for future study of the relationship between cake collapse and overall cell survival, with the object of building a clinically-viable RBC lyophilization protocol. Title: The Effect of HSA and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells Author: Runyon, Daniel E. Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, has shown great promise in addressing many of the logistical challenges of storing and preserving red blood cells (RBCs). A crucial part of any future RBC lyophilization protocol is the primary drying temperature, which affects the sample drying rate and the dried cake’s ability to form a stable glassy solid which is critical to long-term RBC survival. The optimal temperature for primary drying is just below the temperature at which the porous structure of the cake begins to collapse, known as the cake collapse temperature. Therefore, this study utilized Freeze-Dry Microscopy of intracellular Trehalose-loaded RBC suspended in a buffer solution containing Human Serum Albumin (HSA) to determine the effect of both RBC and HSA concentration on the measured cake collapse temperature. It was found that increasing RBC concentration from 5% to 20% hematocrit raised the cake collapse temperature from -36.4°C ± 0.3 to -34.8°C ± 0.2, while increasing HSA concentration from 0 to 5% (w/v) raised the cake collapse temperature from -34.8°C ± 0.2 to -20.4°C ± 1.5. This data provides a basis for future study of the relationship between cake collapse and overall cell survival, with the object of building a clinically-viable RBC lyophilization protocol. Close

• 102. [Article] Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon

  The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Smith, Jonathan W. The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer site provide a spatiallydense 30-year dataset. Thermal regimes at the H. J. Andrews are generally known but the effects of its complex topography and canopy cover on temperatures have been poorly understood. In this study, 1971-2000 mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature maps of the H. J. Andrews were created over a 50- meter grid, accounting for several environmental factors affecting microclimates in forested, mountainous terrain. The effects of elevation, forest canopy, cloudiness, and topographic shading on radiation regimes were assumed to be the primary factors and the datasets were adjusted to account for them. Specifically, it was assumed that maximum temperatures were affected by shortwave daytime radiation regimes, and minimum temperatures were affected by surface longwave radiation emission at night. The Image-Processing Workbench (IPW) was used to estimate incoming shortwave solar radiation at all climate station sites, taking into account elevation, cloudiness and topographic shading. Using IPW, fisheye photographs, and the HemiView program, proportions of solar radiation and sky view factors blocked by the tree canopy were calculated at each site, and accounted for when calculating daily shortwave radiation values for each month. Sky view factors were calculated at each site accounting for canopy and surrounding topography. Specific site pairs were then analyzed by plotting observed monthly temperature differences against simulated radiation and sky view factors and computing monthly regression functions. Monthly maximum temperature/shortwave radiation regression functions were used to adjust maximum temperatures onto 'open, flat' terrain, (leaving only elevation effects on temperatures), and monthly minimum temperature/sky view factor regression functions were used to adjust minimum temperatures. Temperatures were spatially interpolated over the H. J. Andrews using the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) program, which calculates spatially-varying temperature/elevation gradients. Topographic effects of shortwave radiation and sky view factors were reintroduced to the PRISM temperature grids using the appropriate regression functions. To make the resulting maps as useful and applicable as possible for future research, temperatures were modeled to simulate open siting conditions common in NWS station networks. Overall, temperatures were most sensitive to elevation and topographic position. Maximum temperature was sensitive to variations in shortwave radiation, especially in winter when solar radiation loads were small. Minimum temperature was sensitive to variations in sky view factors, particularly during clear summer months. Factors not accounted for in the project include small-scale effects of cold-air drainage, forest edge effects, topographic scale effects, and stream effects. These and other issues are summarized in a set of recommendations for future climate mapping research in the H. J. Andrews. Title: Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Smith, Jonathan W. The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer site provide a spatiallydense 30-year dataset. Thermal regimes at the H. J. Andrews are generally known but the effects of its complex topography and canopy cover on temperatures have been poorly understood. In this study, 1971-2000 mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature maps of the H. J. Andrews were created over a 50- meter grid, accounting for several environmental factors affecting microclimates in forested, mountainous terrain. The effects of elevation, forest canopy, cloudiness, and topographic shading on radiation regimes were assumed to be the primary factors and the datasets were adjusted to account for them. Specifically, it was assumed that maximum temperatures were affected by shortwave daytime radiation regimes, and minimum temperatures were affected by surface longwave radiation emission at night. The Image-Processing Workbench (IPW) was used to estimate incoming shortwave solar radiation at all climate station sites, taking into account elevation, cloudiness and topographic shading. Using IPW, fisheye photographs, and the HemiView program, proportions of solar radiation and sky view factors blocked by the tree canopy were calculated at each site, and accounted for when calculating daily shortwave radiation values for each month. Sky view factors were calculated at each site accounting for canopy and surrounding topography. Specific site pairs were then analyzed by plotting observed monthly temperature differences against simulated radiation and sky view factors and computing monthly regression functions. Monthly maximum temperature/shortwave radiation regression functions were used to adjust maximum temperatures onto 'open, flat' terrain, (leaving only elevation effects on temperatures), and monthly minimum temperature/sky view factor regression functions were used to adjust minimum temperatures. Temperatures were spatially interpolated over the H. J. Andrews using the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) program, which calculates spatially-varying temperature/elevation gradients. Topographic effects of shortwave radiation and sky view factors were reintroduced to the PRISM temperature grids using the appropriate regression functions. To make the resulting maps as useful and applicable as possible for future research, temperatures were modeled to simulate open siting conditions common in NWS station networks. Overall, temperatures were most sensitive to elevation and topographic position. Maximum temperature was sensitive to variations in shortwave radiation, especially in winter when solar radiation loads were small. Minimum temperature was sensitive to variations in sky view factors, particularly during clear summer months. Factors not accounted for in the project include small-scale effects of cold-air drainage, forest edge effects, topographic scale effects, and stream effects. These and other issues are summarized in a set of recommendations for future climate mapping research in the H. J. Andrews. Close

• 103. [Article] Studies on the effect of moderate temperature on Vibrio marinus

  Washed cells of Vibrio marinus MP-1 grown at 15 C (organism's optimum growth temperature) were employed in this study. These cells were exposed to heat at and above their maximal growth temperature (20 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies on the effect of moderate temperature on Vibrio marinus Author: Robison, Sarah May Washed cells of Vibrio marinus MP-1 grown at 15 C (organism's optimum growth temperature) were employed in this study. These cells were exposed to heat at and above their maximal growth temperature (20 C) for one hour and tested manometrically at 15 C for their ability to take up oxygen. Endogenous activity, as evidenced by oxygen uptake, decreased with increased temperatures of exposure and was destroyed at 30 C. The same pattern of oxygen uptake was noted when glucose was employed as the substrate. Oxygen uptake decreased with increasing exposure periods at temperatures above the maximum growth temperature. Endogenous oxygen uptake was negligible after exposure at 29.2 C for 50 minutes. The supernatants, which resulted from suspensions of cells exposed to 15 to 35 C, contained 260-280 mμ absorbing material. This increased with increased temperature as well as increased time of exposure. The most radical changes occurred above 28 C. Supernatants were further analyzed for Kjeldahl nitrogen, orcinol reacting material and diphenylamine reacting material. The latter are indicative of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid respectively. The data indicates that moderate temperatures from 20 to 30 C are sufficient to inactivate the metabolic systems involved in oxygen uptake both endogenously and in the presence of glucose. Also, cellular composition and permeability are affected, as evidenced by the leakage of 260-280 mμ material. Title: Studies on the effect of moderate temperature on Vibrio marinus Author: Robison, Sarah May Washed cells of Vibrio marinus MP-1 grown at 15 C (organism's optimum growth temperature) were employed in this study. These cells were exposed to heat at and above their maximal growth temperature (20 C) for one hour and tested manometrically at 15 C for their ability to take up oxygen. Endogenous activity, as evidenced by oxygen uptake, decreased with increased temperatures of exposure and was destroyed at 30 C. The same pattern of oxygen uptake was noted when glucose was employed as the substrate. Oxygen uptake decreased with increasing exposure periods at temperatures above the maximum growth temperature. Endogenous oxygen uptake was negligible after exposure at 29.2 C for 50 minutes. The supernatants, which resulted from suspensions of cells exposed to 15 to 35 C, contained 260-280 mμ absorbing material. This increased with increased temperature as well as increased time of exposure. The most radical changes occurred above 28 C. Supernatants were further analyzed for Kjeldahl nitrogen, orcinol reacting material and diphenylamine reacting material. The latter are indicative of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid respectively. The data indicates that moderate temperatures from 20 to 30 C are sufficient to inactivate the metabolic systems involved in oxygen uptake both endogenously and in the presence of glucose. Also, cellular composition and permeability are affected, as evidenced by the leakage of 260-280 mμ material. Close

• 104. [Article] HuffJulieA2009.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: HuffJulieA2009.pdf Author: Huff, Julie A. Title: HuffJulieA2009.pdf Author: Huff, Julie A. Close

• 105. [Article] Simulation of postdiapause development of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, and its application to predicting the time of adult emergence

  Air temperatures and soil temperatures at the surface, two inches, and four inches under a grass cover were recorded over a 93 day period. These data were used along with other temperature data from bare ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulation of postdiapause development of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, and its application to predicting the time of adult emergence Author: Stark, Steven Bruce Air temperatures and soil temperatures at the surface, two inches, and four inches under a grass cover were recorded over a 93 day period. These data were used along with other temperature data from bare soil in the construction of three sets of models for the prediction of maximum and minimum daily temperatures at several depths below bare and grass-covered soils. The model set having the most accurate predictions was used in conjunction with models for predicting the temperature-dependent postdiapause development of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Postdiapause developmental rates of R. indifferens pupae collected from Albany, Oregon and Zillah, Washington were determined under constant temperature conditions. Mean times until adult emergence from Albany puparia and Zillah puparia exposed to the same constant temperature were found to be significantly different (α = .01) for all temperatures tested (15.5°C., 19.5°C., and 25.5°C.). Mean times until adult emergence from Zillah puparia held in moist sand at 15.5°C. and in dry sand at 15.5°C. were also found to be significantly different (α = .01). Thus, geographical location and presence or absence of moisture were implicated as factors which may affect the accuracy of the postdiapause development models. Albany puparia were exposed to two alternating temperature regimes to determine if the mean time of adult emergence under alternating temperature conditions can be predicted using constant temperature developmental rate data. The observed mean time of emergence from puparia exposed to a regime with extreme temperature changes was found to be significantly different (α = .01) from the expected mean time of emergence. No significant difference (α = .01) was found between observed and expected mean times of emergence from puparia exposed to the other regime, in which temperatures more closely simulated those found in the field. Albany puparia from which no emergence occurred were dissected to determine the developmental stages of their contents. These data were used in an attempt to determine the upper and lower temperature thresholds for postdiapause development. Thirty degrees C. was established as the upper threshold. A lower threshold was not clearly shown, although the data suggest that it is greater than 6°C. Four models of the postdiapause development of R. indifferens were constructed and evaluated for accuracy of predictions of the times of several levels of adult emergence from an experimental abandoned orchard in Albany, Oregon. The models predict temperature-dependent postdiapause development based on soil temperatures predicted by the soil temperature model set. Three of the models predict postdiapause development on the basis of day-degree relationships. The predictions of the fourth model are based upon a nonlinear temperature-dependent developmental rate function. This model predicted the times of adult emergence with mean errors of ca. two days per year. Thus, it was found to likely be more accurate than other models reported here and elsewhere for the prediction of the times of various levels of emergence of the adult western cherry fruit fly. Title: Simulation of postdiapause development of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, and its application to predicting the time of adult emergence Author: Stark, Steven Bruce Air temperatures and soil temperatures at the surface, two inches, and four inches under a grass cover were recorded over a 93 day period. These data were used along with other temperature data from bare soil in the construction of three sets of models for the prediction of maximum and minimum daily temperatures at several depths below bare and grass-covered soils. The model set having the most accurate predictions was used in conjunction with models for predicting the temperature-dependent postdiapause development of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Postdiapause developmental rates of R. indifferens pupae collected from Albany, Oregon and Zillah, Washington were determined under constant temperature conditions. Mean times until adult emergence from Albany puparia and Zillah puparia exposed to the same constant temperature were found to be significantly different (α = .01) for all temperatures tested (15.5°C., 19.5°C., and 25.5°C.). Mean times until adult emergence from Zillah puparia held in moist sand at 15.5°C. and in dry sand at 15.5°C. were also found to be significantly different (α = .01). Thus, geographical location and presence or absence of moisture were implicated as factors which may affect the accuracy of the postdiapause development models. Albany puparia were exposed to two alternating temperature regimes to determine if the mean time of adult emergence under alternating temperature conditions can be predicted using constant temperature developmental rate data. The observed mean time of emergence from puparia exposed to a regime with extreme temperature changes was found to be significantly different (α = .01) from the expected mean time of emergence. No significant difference (α = .01) was found between observed and expected mean times of emergence from puparia exposed to the other regime, in which temperatures more closely simulated those found in the field. Albany puparia from which no emergence occurred were dissected to determine the developmental stages of their contents. These data were used in an attempt to determine the upper and lower temperature thresholds for postdiapause development. Thirty degrees C. was established as the upper threshold. A lower threshold was not clearly shown, although the data suggest that it is greater than 6°C. Four models of the postdiapause development of R. indifferens were constructed and evaluated for accuracy of predictions of the times of several levels of adult emergence from an experimental abandoned orchard in Albany, Oregon. The models predict temperature-dependent postdiapause development based on soil temperatures predicted by the soil temperature model set. Three of the models predict postdiapause development on the basis of day-degree relationships. The predictions of the fourth model are based upon a nonlinear temperature-dependent developmental rate function. This model predicted the times of adult emergence with mean errors of ca. two days per year. Thus, it was found to likely be more accurate than other models reported here and elsewhere for the prediction of the times of various levels of emergence of the adult western cherry fruit fly. Close

• 106. [Article] Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains

  The typically sparse distribution of weather stations in mountainous terrain inadequately resolves temperature variability. Accordingly, high‐resolution gridding of climate data (for applications such ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains Author: Mote, Philip W., Lundquist, Jessica D., Minder, Justin R. The typically sparse distribution of weather stations in mountainous terrain inadequately resolves temperature variability. Accordingly, high‐resolution gridding of climate data (for applications such as hydrological modeling) often relies on assumptions such as a constant surface temperature lapse rate (i.e., decrease of surface temperature with altitude) of 6.5°C km⁻¹. Using an example of the Cascade Mountains, we describe the temporal and spatial variability of the surface temperature lapse rate, combining data from: (1) COOP stations, (2) nearby radiosonde launches, (3) a temporary dense network of sensors, (4) forecasts from the MM5 regional model, and (5) PRISM geo‐statistical analyses. On the windward side of the range, the various data sources reveal annual mean lapse rates of 3.9–5.2°C km⁻¹, substantially smaller than the often‐assumed 6.5°C km⁻¹. The data sets show similar seasonal and diurnal variability, with lapse rates smallest (2.5–3.5°C km⁻¹) in late‐summer minimum temperatures, and largest (6.5–7.5°C km⁻¹) in spring maximum temperatures. Geographic (windward versus lee side) differences in lapse rates are found to be substantial. Using a simple runoff model, we show the appreciable implications of these results for hydrological modeling. Title: Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains Author: Mote, Philip W., Lundquist, Jessica D., Minder, Justin R. The typically sparse distribution of weather stations in mountainous terrain inadequately resolves temperature variability. Accordingly, high‐resolution gridding of climate data (for applications such as hydrological modeling) often relies on assumptions such as a constant surface temperature lapse rate (i.e., decrease of surface temperature with altitude) of 6.5°C km⁻¹. Using an example of the Cascade Mountains, we describe the temporal and spatial variability of the surface temperature lapse rate, combining data from: (1) COOP stations, (2) nearby radiosonde launches, (3) a temporary dense network of sensors, (4) forecasts from the MM5 regional model, and (5) PRISM geo‐statistical analyses. On the windward side of the range, the various data sources reveal annual mean lapse rates of 3.9–5.2°C km⁻¹, substantially smaller than the often‐assumed 6.5°C km⁻¹. The data sets show similar seasonal and diurnal variability, with lapse rates smallest (2.5–3.5°C km⁻¹) in late‐summer minimum temperatures, and largest (6.5–7.5°C km⁻¹) in spring maximum temperatures. Geographic (windward versus lee side) differences in lapse rates are found to be substantial. Using a simple runoff model, we show the appreciable implications of these results for hydrological modeling. Close

• 107. [Article] Studies involving substrate binding, uptake, and respiration near the minimum growth temperature of Escherichia coli

  Escherichia coli K12, UC41 (an auxotroph) and UC175 (a wild type) were used to determine possible relationships between binding, uptake, and respiration and minimum growth temperature. Both E. coli strains ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies involving substrate binding, uptake, and respiration near the minimum growth temperature of Escherichia coli Author: Goodrich, Thomas Dale Escherichia coli K12, UC41 (an auxotroph) and UC175 (a wild type) were used to determine possible relationships between binding, uptake, and respiration and minimum growth temperature. Both E. coli strains had a minimum growth temperature of 8.0 C in glucose minimal medium when cells were previously grown at 15 C. UC41 showed a greater uptake rate of the amino acids than did UC175. A nearly constant uptake rate of L-methionine by UC41 below the minimum growth temperature was seen regardless of the wash treatment used during filtration. At and above the minimum growth temperature, uptake increased with increasing temperature indicating a direct relationship between binding and uptake and the minimum growth temperature. Cells of UC41 which were osmotically shocked to remove the histidine-binding protein were unable to resynthesize new binding protein below 8 C. The auxotroph also had a smaller uptake constant for arginine at and above the minimum growth temperature than below. Title: Studies involving substrate binding, uptake, and respiration near the minimum growth temperature of Escherichia coli Author: Goodrich, Thomas Dale Escherichia coli K12, UC41 (an auxotroph) and UC175 (a wild type) were used to determine possible relationships between binding, uptake, and respiration and minimum growth temperature. Both E. coli strains had a minimum growth temperature of 8.0 C in glucose minimal medium when cells were previously grown at 15 C. UC41 showed a greater uptake rate of the amino acids than did UC175. A nearly constant uptake rate of L-methionine by UC41 below the minimum growth temperature was seen regardless of the wash treatment used during filtration. At and above the minimum growth temperature, uptake increased with increasing temperature indicating a direct relationship between binding and uptake and the minimum growth temperature. Cells of UC41 which were osmotically shocked to remove the histidine-binding protein were unable to resynthesize new binding protein below 8 C. The auxotroph also had a smaller uptake constant for arginine at and above the minimum growth temperature than below. Close

• 108. [Article] Topographic heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of air temperature in a mountain landscape

  The objective of this study was to compile, validate, and map minimum and maximum mean monthly temperature and temperature ranges for periods of 10 to 14 months between July 2009 and June 2012, measured ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Topographic heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of air temperature in a mountain landscape Author: Wilson, Brian Marc The objective of this study was to compile, validate, and map minimum and maximum mean monthly temperature and temperature ranges for periods of 10 to 14 months between July 2009 and June 2012, measured using 16 to 182 sensors distributed over the HJ Andrews Forest, a mountain landscape of 64 km². Maps were created using inverse distance weighting (IDW) as an extrapolation method in Arc GIS 10.1. We found that temperature was dominated by lapse-rate, topographic shading, and cold air pooling effects, depending on the time of year. Both minimum and maximum monthly temperature in spring (some Mar, April, May, and even June) and fall (Oct, Nov) tends to be lapse-rate dominated. Late summer (Aug, Sep, Oct) maximum temperature tends to be dominated by topographic shading, despite interannual variation in precipitation. Cold air pooling appeared in July, August, and September minimum temperature, but in maximum temperature only for a dry December (2011). Additional sensors (from 16 to 40 or even 56) increase the ability to identify topographic shading patterns and the associated heterogeneity in temperature, with weak indications of cold air pooling. Even more sensors (from 40/56 to 166/182) increase the ability to identify very small scale variability, including cool air pooling in the main-stem valley of the Andrews Forest. For a given month, temperature spatial patterns were fairly consistent from one year to another. For a given month, temperature values between years vary with interannual variation in precipitation. Some sites in the Andrews Forest have a very large diurnal temperature range (mean monthly min to mean monthly max) while other sites have very small ranges. Sites close to each other may have very different mean monthly temperature, due to the effect of topography. Sites with the largest temperature ranges were on the south-facing slopes of Carpenter Mountain, and those with the smallest ranges were along the north-facing slope of the south side of Andrews Forest (Lookout Ridge) and northwest of the upper end of Lookout Creek. North-facing slopes on Lookout Mountain and Roswell Ridge may also have very small temperature ranges, but these areas were not instrumented. Sites with small temperature ranges may serve as refugia for organisms in response to climate change. For mountain environments subjected to climate change, these findings imply that different parts of the landscape experience climate change differently. There may be "refugia" from climate change in mountain landscapes, defined as locations with small diurnal and seasonal temperature ranges. Title: Topographic heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of air temperature in a mountain landscape Author: Wilson, Brian Marc The objective of this study was to compile, validate, and map minimum and maximum mean monthly temperature and temperature ranges for periods of 10 to 14 months between July 2009 and June 2012, measured using 16 to 182 sensors distributed over the HJ Andrews Forest, a mountain landscape of 64 km². Maps were created using inverse distance weighting (IDW) as an extrapolation method in Arc GIS 10.1. We found that temperature was dominated by lapse-rate, topographic shading, and cold air pooling effects, depending on the time of year. Both minimum and maximum monthly temperature in spring (some Mar, April, May, and even June) and fall (Oct, Nov) tends to be lapse-rate dominated. Late summer (Aug, Sep, Oct) maximum temperature tends to be dominated by topographic shading, despite interannual variation in precipitation. Cold air pooling appeared in July, August, and September minimum temperature, but in maximum temperature only for a dry December (2011). Additional sensors (from 16 to 40 or even 56) increase the ability to identify topographic shading patterns and the associated heterogeneity in temperature, with weak indications of cold air pooling. Even more sensors (from 40/56 to 166/182) increase the ability to identify very small scale variability, including cool air pooling in the main-stem valley of the Andrews Forest. For a given month, temperature spatial patterns were fairly consistent from one year to another. For a given month, temperature values between years vary with interannual variation in precipitation. Some sites in the Andrews Forest have a very large diurnal temperature range (mean monthly min to mean monthly max) while other sites have very small ranges. Sites close to each other may have very different mean monthly temperature, due to the effect of topography. Sites with the largest temperature ranges were on the south-facing slopes of Carpenter Mountain, and those with the smallest ranges were along the north-facing slope of the south side of Andrews Forest (Lookout Ridge) and northwest of the upper end of Lookout Creek. North-facing slopes on Lookout Mountain and Roswell Ridge may also have very small temperature ranges, but these areas were not instrumented. Sites with small temperature ranges may serve as refugia for organisms in response to climate change. For mountain environments subjected to climate change, these findings imply that different parts of the landscape experience climate change differently. There may be "refugia" from climate change in mountain landscapes, defined as locations with small diurnal and seasonal temperature ranges. Close

• 109. [Article] Spatial and temporal characteristics of surface air temperature for Portland, Oregon

  This study examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surface air temperature in Portland, Oregon. Spatial temperature patterns indicate that the dominant control factors on seasonal temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and temporal characteristics of surface air temperature for Portland, Oregon Author: Yang, Li-min Year: 1987 This study examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surface air temperature in Portland, Oregon. Spatial temperature patterns indicate that the dominant control factors on seasonal temperature distribution are local topography, elevation, and urban-rural differences in surface structure. A heat island exists in the Portland area; the intensity of the heat island rang€s from 4° to 10° F, and varies throughout the year. The strongest heat island is found in the July minimum temperature. Temperature distribution in Portland and the adjacent area is affected by winds and rainy conditions, but less influenced under overcast skies. The long-term temperature over the last century shows that Portland's mean annual temperature trends are 0.057° F/yr and 0.052° F/yr in the two warming periods 1900-1940 and 1961-1984, respectively, and these warming trends are largely due to warming in spring and early summer as well as in winter months except January. Comparisons between Portland and other local non-urban climatic stations show a general warming trend in Portland since the end of the last century, which is 0.028° F/yr in the mean annual temperature, and 0.017° F/yr in maximum temperature after the regional trends are removed. Monthly mean temperature in July and January demonstrate a warming by 0.023° F/yr and 0.015° F/yr at Portland, respectively. All these warming trends are due mainly to the impact of urbanization. It is found that the cooling effect on the northern Willamette Valley due to the presence of the Columbia Gorge is most noticeable in the daytime and in January. Title: Spatial and temporal characteristics of surface air temperature for Portland, Oregon Author: Yang, Li-min Year: 1987 This study examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surface air temperature in Portland, Oregon. Spatial temperature patterns indicate that the dominant control factors on seasonal temperature distribution are local topography, elevation, and urban-rural differences in surface structure. A heat island exists in the Portland area; the intensity of the heat island rang€s from 4° to 10° F, and varies throughout the year. The strongest heat island is found in the July minimum temperature. Temperature distribution in Portland and the adjacent area is affected by winds and rainy conditions, but less influenced under overcast skies. The long-term temperature over the last century shows that Portland's mean annual temperature trends are 0.057° F/yr and 0.052° F/yr in the two warming periods 1900-1940 and 1961-1984, respectively, and these warming trends are largely due to warming in spring and early summer as well as in winter months except January. Comparisons between Portland and other local non-urban climatic stations show a general warming trend in Portland since the end of the last century, which is 0.028° F/yr in the mean annual temperature, and 0.017° F/yr in maximum temperature after the regional trends are removed. Monthly mean temperature in July and January demonstrate a warming by 0.023° F/yr and 0.015° F/yr at Portland, respectively. All these warming trends are due mainly to the impact of urbanization. It is found that the cooling effect on the northern Willamette Valley due to the presence of the Columbia Gorge is most noticeable in the daytime and in January. Close

• 110. [Article] Impact of Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions on Surface Temperature Distribution

  Understanding how different physical processes can shape the probability distribution function (PDF) of surface temperature, in particular the tails of the distribution, is essential for the attribution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions on Surface Temperature Distribution Author: Berg, Alexis, Lintner, Benjamin R., Findell, Kirsten L., Malyshev, Sergey, Loikith, Paul C., Gentine, Pierre Year: 2014 Understanding how different physical processes can shape the probability distribution function (PDF) of surface temperature, in particular the tails of the distribution, is essential for the attribution and projection of future extreme temperature events. In this study, the contribution of soil moisture–atmosphere interactions to surface temperature PDFs is investigated. Soil moisture represents a key variable in the coupling of the land and atmosphere, since it controls the partitioning of available energy between sensible and latent heat flux at the surface. Consequently, soil moisture variability driven by the atmosphere may feed back onto the near-surface climate—in particular, temperature. In this study, two simulations of the current-generation Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Earth System Model, with and without interactive soil moisture, are analyzed in order to assess how soil moisture dynamics impact the simulated climate. Comparison of these simulations shows that soil moisture dynamics enhance both temperature mean and variance over regional ‘‘hotspots’’ of land–atmosphere coupling.Moreover, higher-order distribution moments, such as skewness and kurtosis, are also significantly impacted, suggesting an asymmetric impact on the positive and negative extremes of the temperature PDF. Such changes are interpreted in the context of altered distributions of the surface turbulent and radiative fluxes. That the moments of the temperature distribution may respond differentially to soil moisture dynamics underscores the importance of analyzing moments beyond the mean and variance to characterize fully the interplay of soil moisture and near-surface temperature. In addition, it is shown that soil moisture dynamics impacts daily temperature variability at different time scales over different regions in the model. Title: Impact of Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions on Surface Temperature Distribution Author: Berg, Alexis, Lintner, Benjamin R., Findell, Kirsten L., Malyshev, Sergey, Loikith, Paul C., Gentine, Pierre Year: 2014 Understanding how different physical processes can shape the probability distribution function (PDF) of surface temperature, in particular the tails of the distribution, is essential for the attribution and projection of future extreme temperature events. In this study, the contribution of soil moisture–atmosphere interactions to surface temperature PDFs is investigated. Soil moisture represents a key variable in the coupling of the land and atmosphere, since it controls the partitioning of available energy between sensible and latent heat flux at the surface. Consequently, soil moisture variability driven by the atmosphere may feed back onto the near-surface climate—in particular, temperature. In this study, two simulations of the current-generation Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Earth System Model, with and without interactive soil moisture, are analyzed in order to assess how soil moisture dynamics impact the simulated climate. Comparison of these simulations shows that soil moisture dynamics enhance both temperature mean and variance over regional ‘‘hotspots’’ of land–atmosphere coupling.Moreover, higher-order distribution moments, such as skewness and kurtosis, are also significantly impacted, suggesting an asymmetric impact on the positive and negative extremes of the temperature PDF. Such changes are interpreted in the context of altered distributions of the surface turbulent and radiative fluxes. That the moments of the temperature distribution may respond differentially to soil moisture dynamics underscores the importance of analyzing moments beyond the mean and variance to characterize fully the interplay of soil moisture and near-surface temperature. In addition, it is shown that soil moisture dynamics impacts daily temperature variability at different time scales over different regions in the model. Close