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• 91. [Article] Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning Efforts in the United States and Beyond: An Introduction to this Special Session

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning Efforts in the United States and Beyond: An Introduction to this Special Session Author: Kosaka, Rosemary Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), Corvallis, 2017. Title: Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning Efforts in the United States and Beyond: An Introduction to this Special Session Author: Kosaka, Rosemary Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), Corvallis, 2017. Close

• 92. [Article] Greater Sage-Grouse National Research Strategy

  The condition of the sagebrush ecosystem has been declining in the Western United States, and greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a sagebrush-obligate species, has experienced concurrent decreases ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Greater Sage-Grouse National Research Strategy Author: Manier, Daniel J. , Hanser, Steven E. The condition of the sagebrush ecosystem has been declining in the Western United States, and greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a sagebrush-obligate species, has experienced concurrent decreases in distribution and population numbers. This has prompted substantial research and management over the past two decades to improve the understanding of sage-grouse and its habitats and to address the observed decreases in distribution and population numbers. The amount of research and management has increased as the year 2015 approaches, which is when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is expected to make a final decision about whether or not to protect the species under the Endangered Species Act. In 2012, the Sage-Grouse Executive Oversight Committee (EOC) of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA) requested that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) lead the development of a Greater Sage-Grouse National Research Strategy (hereafter Research Strategy). This request was motivated by a practical need to systematically connect existing research and conservation plans with persisting or emerging information needs. Managers and researchers also wanted to reduce redundancy and help focus limited funds on the highest priority research and management issues. The USGS undertook the development of this Research Strategy, which addresses information and science relating to the greater sage-grouse and its habitat across portions of 11Western States. This Research Strategy provides an outline of important research topics to ensure that science information gaps are identified and documented in a comprehensive manner. Further, by identifying priority topics and critical information needed for planning, research, and resource management, it provides a structure to help coordinate members of an expansive research and management community in their efforts to conduct priority research. Title: Greater Sage-Grouse National Research Strategy Author: Manier, Daniel J. , Hanser, Steven E. The condition of the sagebrush ecosystem has been declining in the Western United States, and greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a sagebrush-obligate species, has experienced concurrent decreases in distribution and population numbers. This has prompted substantial research and management over the past two decades to improve the understanding of sage-grouse and its habitats and to address the observed decreases in distribution and population numbers. The amount of research and management has increased as the year 2015 approaches, which is when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is expected to make a final decision about whether or not to protect the species under the Endangered Species Act. In 2012, the Sage-Grouse Executive Oversight Committee (EOC) of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA) requested that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) lead the development of a Greater Sage-Grouse National Research Strategy (hereafter Research Strategy). This request was motivated by a practical need to systematically connect existing research and conservation plans with persisting or emerging information needs. Managers and researchers also wanted to reduce redundancy and help focus limited funds on the highest priority research and management issues. The USGS undertook the development of this Research Strategy, which addresses information and science relating to the greater sage-grouse and its habitat across portions of 11Western States. This Research Strategy provides an outline of important research topics to ensure that science information gaps are identified and documented in a comprehensive manner. Further, by identifying priority topics and critical information needed for planning, research, and resource management, it provides a structure to help coordinate members of an expansive research and management community in their efforts to conduct priority research. Close

• 93. [Article] Summary of Science, Activities, Programs, and Policies That Influence the Rangewide Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)

  This report documents and summarizes several decades of work on sage-grouse populations, sagebrush as habitat, and sagebrush community and ecosystem functions based on the recent assessment and findings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of Science, Activities, Programs, and Policies That Influence the Rangewide Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) Author: Manier, D. J. This report documents and summarizes several decades of work on sage-grouse populations, sagebrush as habitat, and sagebrush community and ecosystem functions based on the recent assessment and findings of the USFWS under consideration of the Endangered Species Act. As reflected here, some of these topics receive a greater depth of discussion because of the perceived importance of the issue for sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Though explicit connections to effects on sage-grouse populations are attempted throughout, these connections remain elusive and difficult to document. Understanding that perfect knowledge of these species and ecosystems is impossible due to natural complexity and human limitations, drawing connections between the direct effects on sagebrush ecosystems and the effect of ecosystem condition on habitat condition, and finally the connection between habitat quality and sage-grouse population dynamics remains the lofty goal of science and management. This effort is necessary and important, and despite the perception that these complicated, indirect relations are difficult to characterize and manage, many advances in understanding and application have been documented. The distributions of habitats, species, and human land uses are notably heterogeneous across large landscapes, and understanding the relations and processes that create these patterns, including both positive and negative associations, will assist in long-term planning by helping to identify risks to habitat and resource conservation success, control and mitigate our activities to reduce impacts and insure resiliency, and protect and conserve our natural heritage and natural resources for future generations. Rather than any single source of habitat degradation, the cumulative and synergistic impact of multiple disturbances, continued spread and dominance of invasive species, and increased impacts of land use continue to have the most significant influence on the trajectory of sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Future patterns of land use, combined with effective restoration and management may improve, or degrade, the remaining sage-grouse ranges, but natural dynamics and unforeseen stochasticity promise to add complexity to future plans and landscapes. Title: Summary of Science, Activities, Programs, and Policies That Influence the Rangewide Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) Author: Manier, D. J. This report documents and summarizes several decades of work on sage-grouse populations, sagebrush as habitat, and sagebrush community and ecosystem functions based on the recent assessment and findings of the USFWS under consideration of the Endangered Species Act. As reflected here, some of these topics receive a greater depth of discussion because of the perceived importance of the issue for sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Though explicit connections to effects on sage-grouse populations are attempted throughout, these connections remain elusive and difficult to document. Understanding that perfect knowledge of these species and ecosystems is impossible due to natural complexity and human limitations, drawing connections between the direct effects on sagebrush ecosystems and the effect of ecosystem condition on habitat condition, and finally the connection between habitat quality and sage-grouse population dynamics remains the lofty goal of science and management. This effort is necessary and important, and despite the perception that these complicated, indirect relations are difficult to characterize and manage, many advances in understanding and application have been documented. The distributions of habitats, species, and human land uses are notably heterogeneous across large landscapes, and understanding the relations and processes that create these patterns, including both positive and negative associations, will assist in long-term planning by helping to identify risks to habitat and resource conservation success, control and mitigate our activities to reduce impacts and insure resiliency, and protect and conserve our natural heritage and natural resources for future generations. Rather than any single source of habitat degradation, the cumulative and synergistic impact of multiple disturbances, continued spread and dominance of invasive species, and increased impacts of land use continue to have the most significant influence on the trajectory of sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Future patterns of land use, combined with effective restoration and management may improve, or degrade, the remaining sage-grouse ranges, but natural dynamics and unforeseen stochasticity promise to add complexity to future plans and landscapes. Close

• 94. [Article] Delineating pattern and process in tropical lowland : mealy parrot migration dynamics as a guide for regional conservation planning

  Most reserves fail to capture the habitat heterogeneity necessary to maintain viable populations of wide-ranging species. Methods to determine defensible dimensions of reserves and reserve networks are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Delineating pattern and process in tropical lowland : mealy parrot migration dynamics as a guide for regional conservation planning Author: Bjork, Robin D. Most reserves fail to capture the habitat heterogeneity necessary to maintain viable populations of wide-ranging species. Methods to determine defensible dimensions of reserves and reserve networks are needed. The primary goal of this study was to develop such methods for lowland tropical forests by examining habitat- and spatial-use patterns of the Mealy Parrot (Amazona farinosa) in northern Guatemala. Regional connectivity has been demonstrated by altitudinal migration of birds that track seasonal fruit availability; it is now recognized that a suite of habitats along the elevational gradient must be protected to conserve biodiversity of tropical montane ecosystems. However, in tropical lowlands, little is known about spatiotemporal patterns of resources and animals that rely on them. I considered the large-bodied, frugivorous Mealy Parrot a useful focal species because its movements and habitat use should be coupled with the ecological factors determining fruit distribution. Individual- and population-based methods were developed in this study. In each of 4 years, radio telemetry revealed that adult Mealy Parrots breeding in northeastern Guatemala engaged in predictable seasonal migrations within mature lowland forest. Although the area covered by these parrots was considerable (10,000 km²), more significant was the consistency of their movements and specific locations utilized. Canopy-based population surveys were used to estimate densities of all 6 locally occurring parrot species as a function of landscape type and season over a two-year period; the data suggest that migration is common in this parrot community. Mealy Parrots rely on mature lowland forest arrayed along regional environmental gradients. Over distances of a few hundred kilometers and a range in elevation of [approximately] 200 m, variation in fruiting phenology, forest composition, and rainfall shape this species' movement patterns. Basing reserve design on size alone is insufficient. Large protected areas, such as the 600 km² Tikal National Park and even the 21,000 km² Maya Biosphere Reserve, will not maintain this population of Mealy Parrots without inclusion of areas that encompass the range of spatiotemporal variability governing migration patterns. The Mealy Parrot occurs from Mexico through Amazonia and may serve as a valuable focal species for conservation planning in other parts of its range. Title: Delineating pattern and process in tropical lowland : mealy parrot migration dynamics as a guide for regional conservation planning Author: Bjork, Robin D. Most reserves fail to capture the habitat heterogeneity necessary to maintain viable populations of wide-ranging species. Methods to determine defensible dimensions of reserves and reserve networks are needed. The primary goal of this study was to develop such methods for lowland tropical forests by examining habitat- and spatial-use patterns of the Mealy Parrot (Amazona farinosa) in northern Guatemala. Regional connectivity has been demonstrated by altitudinal migration of birds that track seasonal fruit availability; it is now recognized that a suite of habitats along the elevational gradient must be protected to conserve biodiversity of tropical montane ecosystems. However, in tropical lowlands, little is known about spatiotemporal patterns of resources and animals that rely on them. I considered the large-bodied, frugivorous Mealy Parrot a useful focal species because its movements and habitat use should be coupled with the ecological factors determining fruit distribution. Individual- and population-based methods were developed in this study. In each of 4 years, radio telemetry revealed that adult Mealy Parrots breeding in northeastern Guatemala engaged in predictable seasonal migrations within mature lowland forest. Although the area covered by these parrots was considerable (10,000 km²), more significant was the consistency of their movements and specific locations utilized. Canopy-based population surveys were used to estimate densities of all 6 locally occurring parrot species as a function of landscape type and season over a two-year period; the data suggest that migration is common in this parrot community. Mealy Parrots rely on mature lowland forest arrayed along regional environmental gradients. Over distances of a few hundred kilometers and a range in elevation of [approximately] 200 m, variation in fruiting phenology, forest composition, and rainfall shape this species' movement patterns. Basing reserve design on size alone is insufficient. Large protected areas, such as the 600 km² Tikal National Park and even the 21,000 km² Maya Biosphere Reserve, will not maintain this population of Mealy Parrots without inclusion of areas that encompass the range of spatiotemporal variability governing migration patterns. The Mealy Parrot occurs from Mexico through Amazonia and may serve as a valuable focal species for conservation planning in other parts of its range. Close

• 95. [Article] Evaluating Coastal Protection Services Associated with Restoration Management of an Endangered Shorebird in Oregon, U.S.A.

  Coastal sand dunes and beaches offer a variety of ecosystem services such as coastal protection, sand stabilization, species conservation, and recreation. However, the management and balance of ecosystem ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating Coastal Protection Services Associated with Restoration Management of an Endangered Shorebird in Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Carroll, Lindsay J. Coastal sand dunes and beaches offer a variety of ecosystem services such as coastal protection, sand stabilization, species conservation, and recreation. However, the management and balance of ecosystem services offered by dunes and beaches is challenging when ecosystem services interact across the landscape. Management focusing only on one ecosystem service may result in unintended consequences and trade-offs between other key services. Understanding the magnitude of the trade-offs and linkages between services provides a more holistic approach for reducing unintended consequences and maximizing function. The degradation of habitats and land use changes associated with expanding human populations has resulted in the need for species conservation. However, species conservation techniques can sometimes have unintended consequences for other services. Given the mandate of the Endangered Species Act to restore habitat structure and function essential to endangered or threatened species, it becomes critical to evaluate the implications of species conservation management initiatives to reduce negative implications to other key services. The coastal dune systems of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) are a prime example of how ecosystem services, such as species conservation and coastal protection, can interact with one another. Over the last 125 years in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), the intentional introduction of two non-native congeneric beach grasses (Ammophila arenaria and A. breviligulata) has increased coastal protection through the creation of foredunes, but also dramatically altered the dune ecosystem. Both invasive grasses build taller dunes that range from 3 - 18 m in height compared to the native grass, Elymus mollis. Increased foredune elevations generate greater coastal protection services that are increasingly important given sea level rise and extreme storm events on the PNW coast. However, the beach grasses have dramatically changed the beach/dune community, resulting in the decline of several native dune plants and animals. One species that is negatively affected by the grass invasion is the Western snowy plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus), an endemic shorebird living on beaches and dunes in the Pacific Northwest. This shorebird was listed threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1993 and a recovery plan was established that employed multiple recovery techniques. The most important part of the plan involves establishing habitat restoration areas (HRAs) where dunes are bulldozed, reducing dune elevations, burying the grass, and returning the dunes to an open shifting sand environment, historically preferred by the plover. Recent coastal hazards modeling revealed that the changes in beach and dune shape associated with plover restoration increases coastal exposure to flooding and erosion at certain locations along the Oregon coast, particularly under projected climate change scenarios of sea level rise and extreme storms. As part of future plover management, four critical habitat areas were proposed for Tillamook County, Oregon: Nehalem River Spit, Bayocean Spit, Netarts Spit, and Sand Lake South. Given the interest in plover habitat restoration in Tillamook County, this research project addresses the following questions: (1) What is the present day dune geomorphology and exposure to coastal hazards at four proposed critical habitat (PCH) areas in Tillamook County, Oregon; and (2) how do changes in beach geomorphology associated with different restoration scenarios alter coastal exposure today, under projected sea level rise and storm scenarios? To address the coastal geomorphological impacts of HRA installation on the four proposed areas, multiple restoration scenarios that reduce foredune elevation were evaluated under present day sea level and potential future sea level rise and extreme storminess scenarios, using coastal exposure modeling techniques. The model projections provide site-specific information on the exposure of HRAs to overtopping under different restoration conditions. We determined that exposure to flooding was dependent on proposed HRA site and restoration scenario, and was exacerbated by sea level rise and extreme storms. Empirical models projected the greatest flooding exposure would occur at Nehalem River Spit, followed by Netarts Spit, and then Bayocean Spit and Sand Lake South, which did not differ. Exposure to flooding at present day dunes was low across all sites, but with increasing exposure to flooding as foredune elevations were reduced to 6.0 m or below, as could happen with plover habitat restoration. Under present day water levels, restoring foredune elevations to 6.0 m or below would likely result in roughly 5 days of overtopping per year at Nehalem River Spit, Bayocean Spit, and Netarts Spit, and 4 days of overtopping at Sand Lake South. Flooding under various foredune restoration scenarios increased under higher sea level rise scenarios. Flooding exposure for the 6.0 m restoration scenario exceeded 10 days per year at Nehalem River Spit and 5 days per year at Bayocean Spit, Netarts Spit, and Sand Lake South. Overall exposure to flooding under the extreme storm scenarios was dependent on proposed HRA site, restoration scenario, and increased wave conditions, such as wave height, period, and water level. Similar to the empirical model, flooding exposure under extreme storm scenarios increased when foredune elevations were reduced to 6.0 m or below, across all sites. The site with the greatest overall flooding exposure during extreme storms was Bayocean Spit. Flooding distance was dependent on restoration scenario and site while flooding duration was only dependent on restoration scenario. The 5.5 m restoration scenario under higher storm water levels resulted in one hour or more of flooding exposure at least one day per year at Nehalem River Spit, Netarts Spit, and Bayocean Spit. The overall likelihood of overwash extending to 150 m or more into the dune field during extreme storms was at least 5 days when selecting to reduce foredune to restoration elevations of 7.0 m or below across all sites. The effect of higher wave heights and greater wave periods was more important to overtopping distance than restoration scenario. Learning from current plover management, combined with the coastal exposure analysis we conducted here, could enable managers to develop site-specific restoration plans that maximize plover recovery while minimizing coastal exposure. This research will give resource managers information on the coastal exposure associated with proposed HRAs and the foredune reduction scenarios they might want to employ at the different sites. It will allow them to identify the best restoration scenarios to maximum habitat restoration without compromising coastal protection, and thus balance some important services of dunes and beaches. Regardless of management objective, identifying the unintended consequences of restoration to key ecosystem services is necessary for the holistic management of our dynamic coasts, especially with projected sea level rise and the uncertainty of frequent and extreme storms. Title: Evaluating Coastal Protection Services Associated with Restoration Management of an Endangered Shorebird in Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Carroll, Lindsay J. Coastal sand dunes and beaches offer a variety of ecosystem services such as coastal protection, sand stabilization, species conservation, and recreation. However, the management and balance of ecosystem services offered by dunes and beaches is challenging when ecosystem services interact across the landscape. Management focusing only on one ecosystem service may result in unintended consequences and trade-offs between other key services. Understanding the magnitude of the trade-offs and linkages between services provides a more holistic approach for reducing unintended consequences and maximizing function. The degradation of habitats and land use changes associated with expanding human populations has resulted in the need for species conservation. However, species conservation techniques can sometimes have unintended consequences for other services. Given the mandate of the Endangered Species Act to restore habitat structure and function essential to endangered or threatened species, it becomes critical to evaluate the implications of species conservation management initiatives to reduce negative implications to other key services. The coastal dune systems of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) are a prime example of how ecosystem services, such as species conservation and coastal protection, can interact with one another. Over the last 125 years in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), the intentional introduction of two non-native congeneric beach grasses (Ammophila arenaria and A. breviligulata) has increased coastal protection through the creation of foredunes, but also dramatically altered the dune ecosystem. Both invasive grasses build taller dunes that range from 3 - 18 m in height compared to the native grass, Elymus mollis. Increased foredune elevations generate greater coastal protection services that are increasingly important given sea level rise and extreme storm events on the PNW coast. However, the beach grasses have dramatically changed the beach/dune community, resulting in the decline of several native dune plants and animals. One species that is negatively affected by the grass invasion is the Western snowy plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus), an endemic shorebird living on beaches and dunes in the Pacific Northwest. This shorebird was listed threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1993 and a recovery plan was established that employed multiple recovery techniques. The most important part of the plan involves establishing habitat restoration areas (HRAs) where dunes are bulldozed, reducing dune elevations, burying the grass, and returning the dunes to an open shifting sand environment, historically preferred by the plover. Recent coastal hazards modeling revealed that the changes in beach and dune shape associated with plover restoration increases coastal exposure to flooding and erosion at certain locations along the Oregon coast, particularly under projected climate change scenarios of sea level rise and extreme storms. As part of future plover management, four critical habitat areas were proposed for Tillamook County, Oregon: Nehalem River Spit, Bayocean Spit, Netarts Spit, and Sand Lake South. Given the interest in plover habitat restoration in Tillamook County, this research project addresses the following questions: (1) What is the present day dune geomorphology and exposure to coastal hazards at four proposed critical habitat (PCH) areas in Tillamook County, Oregon; and (2) how do changes in beach geomorphology associated with different restoration scenarios alter coastal exposure today, under projected sea level rise and storm scenarios? To address the coastal geomorphological impacts of HRA installation on the four proposed areas, multiple restoration scenarios that reduce foredune elevation were evaluated under present day sea level and potential future sea level rise and extreme storminess scenarios, using coastal exposure modeling techniques. The model projections provide site-specific information on the exposure of HRAs to overtopping under different restoration conditions. We determined that exposure to flooding was dependent on proposed HRA site and restoration scenario, and was exacerbated by sea level rise and extreme storms. Empirical models projected the greatest flooding exposure would occur at Nehalem River Spit, followed by Netarts Spit, and then Bayocean Spit and Sand Lake South, which did not differ. Exposure to flooding at present day dunes was low across all sites, but with increasing exposure to flooding as foredune elevations were reduced to 6.0 m or below, as could happen with plover habitat restoration. Under present day water levels, restoring foredune elevations to 6.0 m or below would likely result in roughly 5 days of overtopping per year at Nehalem River Spit, Bayocean Spit, and Netarts Spit, and 4 days of overtopping at Sand Lake South. Flooding under various foredune restoration scenarios increased under higher sea level rise scenarios. Flooding exposure for the 6.0 m restoration scenario exceeded 10 days per year at Nehalem River Spit and 5 days per year at Bayocean Spit, Netarts Spit, and Sand Lake South. Overall exposure to flooding under the extreme storm scenarios was dependent on proposed HRA site, restoration scenario, and increased wave conditions, such as wave height, period, and water level. Similar to the empirical model, flooding exposure under extreme storm scenarios increased when foredune elevations were reduced to 6.0 m or below, across all sites. The site with the greatest overall flooding exposure during extreme storms was Bayocean Spit. Flooding distance was dependent on restoration scenario and site while flooding duration was only dependent on restoration scenario. The 5.5 m restoration scenario under higher storm water levels resulted in one hour or more of flooding exposure at least one day per year at Nehalem River Spit, Netarts Spit, and Bayocean Spit. The overall likelihood of overwash extending to 150 m or more into the dune field during extreme storms was at least 5 days when selecting to reduce foredune to restoration elevations of 7.0 m or below across all sites. The effect of higher wave heights and greater wave periods was more important to overtopping distance than restoration scenario. Learning from current plover management, combined with the coastal exposure analysis we conducted here, could enable managers to develop site-specific restoration plans that maximize plover recovery while minimizing coastal exposure. This research will give resource managers information on the coastal exposure associated with proposed HRAs and the foredune reduction scenarios they might want to employ at the different sites. It will allow them to identify the best restoration scenarios to maximum habitat restoration without compromising coastal protection, and thus balance some important services of dunes and beaches. Regardless of management objective, identifying the unintended consequences of restoration to key ecosystem services is necessary for the holistic management of our dynamic coasts, especially with projected sea level rise and the uncertainty of frequent and extreme storms. Close

• 96. [Article] Securing ocean benefits for society in the face of climate change

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Securing ocean benefits for society in the face of climate change Author: Hollowed, A.B., Gaines, S.D., Talley, L.D., Ruckelshaus, M., Rabalais, N.N., Knowlton, N., Sydeman, W.J., Duffy, J.E., Grebmeier, J.M., Doney, S.C., Barry, J.P., Galindo, H.M., Polovina, J., English, C.A., Chan, F. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: Securing ocean benefits for society in the face of climate change Author: Hollowed, A.B., Gaines, S.D., Talley, L.D., Ruckelshaus, M., Rabalais, N.N., Knowlton, N., Sydeman, W.J., Duffy, J.E., Grebmeier, J.M., Doney, S.C., Barry, J.P., Galindo, H.M., Polovina, J., English, C.A., Chan, F. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 97. [Article] An Impact and Management Study of Taiwanese Artificial Reef Deployment

  For the past decades, around 20% of the natural coral reefs were lost and > 20% more is currently deteriorating. Due to the recognition of positive impact to fishery resources enhancement by artificial reefs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Impact and Management Study of Taiwanese Artificial Reef Deployment Author: Guinea, Estuardo, Kuo, Heng Hung, Chuang, Ching-Ta For the past decades, around 20% of the natural coral reefs were lost and > 20% more is currently deteriorating. Due to the recognition of positive impact to fishery resources enhancement by artificial reefs (ARs) deployment, Taiwanese government has started deploying ARs as a measure to improve the environment of fishing grounds since 1974. At present, there are 88 ARs deployment areas that have been established in Taiwan, which account for more than 180,000 sets of fishing grounds. However, fisheries enhancement is not the unique purpose of ARs deployment, it also include marine ecotourism as well as protection or restoration of certain habitats. Due to the nature of public goods, this results in dispute about cost and effectiveness of ARs deployment. This study analyzed the experience of Taiwan throughout the four decades of ARs deployment, and examined the value of ARs and the mechanism of self governance. A questionnaire was designed to explore the perception on ARs of different stakeholders, and results show a certain level of achieving fisheries enhancement objectives. Increased incidences of conflicts upon territories of ARs fishing grounds among stakeholders were observed. It also implied that cooperatives of fishermen associations and community are essential in the management stage of planning ARs deployment. Based on Taiwanese experience, effective ARs should take into account all variables including reef design, site selection, depth, materials etc. It is also recommended that in the process of ARs deployment, one can not take the current economic benefit as the only criterion; decision-makers should also consider the impacts on the natural environment, the efficient use of resources, as well as humanities and social aspects. Title: An Impact and Management Study of Taiwanese Artificial Reef Deployment Author: Guinea, Estuardo, Kuo, Heng Hung, Chuang, Ching-Ta For the past decades, around 20% of the natural coral reefs were lost and > 20% more is currently deteriorating. Due to the recognition of positive impact to fishery resources enhancement by artificial reefs (ARs) deployment, Taiwanese government has started deploying ARs as a measure to improve the environment of fishing grounds since 1974. At present, there are 88 ARs deployment areas that have been established in Taiwan, which account for more than 180,000 sets of fishing grounds. However, fisheries enhancement is not the unique purpose of ARs deployment, it also include marine ecotourism as well as protection or restoration of certain habitats. Due to the nature of public goods, this results in dispute about cost and effectiveness of ARs deployment. This study analyzed the experience of Taiwan throughout the four decades of ARs deployment, and examined the value of ARs and the mechanism of self governance. A questionnaire was designed to explore the perception on ARs of different stakeholders, and results show a certain level of achieving fisheries enhancement objectives. Increased incidences of conflicts upon territories of ARs fishing grounds among stakeholders were observed. It also implied that cooperatives of fishermen associations and community are essential in the management stage of planning ARs deployment. Based on Taiwanese experience, effective ARs should take into account all variables including reef design, site selection, depth, materials etc. It is also recommended that in the process of ARs deployment, one can not take the current economic benefit as the only criterion; decision-makers should also consider the impacts on the natural environment, the efficient use of resources, as well as humanities and social aspects. Close

• 98. [Article] What's that on the beach? Designing a Protocol for the Identification and Reporting of Stranded Marine Fish, Squid, and Turtles Using the Oregon Coast as a Proof-of-Concept

  It is not unusual to see stranded or washed-up marine animals and birds along any coastline. Various networks nationwide exist to report marine mammals and sea birds, yet, we have been unable to find a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What's that on the beach? Designing a Protocol for the Identification and Reporting of Stranded Marine Fish, Squid, and Turtles Using the Oregon Coast as a Proof-of-Concept Author: Asson, Danielle It is not unusual to see stranded or washed-up marine animals and birds along any coastline. Various networks nationwide exist to report marine mammals and sea birds, yet, we have been unable to find a network in Oregon or nationally to report other stranded marine animals, namely fish, cephalopods, and reptiles. Existing networks for sea turtles, an endangered species, are incomplete. When a stranded fish, squid or turtle is found in Oregon, calls are frequently placed to a variety of locations because there is not a single publicized location or person to contact. Additionally, the specifics of the information provided by the public are generally unreliable. This paper will describe the creation of a citizen scientist opportunity for tourist or resident beachcombers to participate in an ongoing and necessary marine research project. A protocol was designed and evaluated, in both English and Spanish, that enables “citizen scientists” to identify washed-up or stranded marine reptiles, fish, and cephalopods along the coast. This protocol created a central location in which users can access information to identify species, know what information to record, and where to report it. The Oregon Coast was used as a proof-of-concept of the efficacy, usability and adaptability of the protocol. A This document will further discuss the myriad benefits this protocol provides to the areas of marine research, endangered species protection, researcher cooperation and collaboration, and community involvement in marine science, as well as long-term plans and possibilities for the future. Title: What's that on the beach? Designing a Protocol for the Identification and Reporting of Stranded Marine Fish, Squid, and Turtles Using the Oregon Coast as a Proof-of-Concept Author: Asson, Danielle It is not unusual to see stranded or washed-up marine animals and birds along any coastline. Various networks nationwide exist to report marine mammals and sea birds, yet, we have been unable to find a network in Oregon or nationally to report other stranded marine animals, namely fish, cephalopods, and reptiles. Existing networks for sea turtles, an endangered species, are incomplete. When a stranded fish, squid or turtle is found in Oregon, calls are frequently placed to a variety of locations because there is not a single publicized location or person to contact. Additionally, the specifics of the information provided by the public are generally unreliable. This paper will describe the creation of a citizen scientist opportunity for tourist or resident beachcombers to participate in an ongoing and necessary marine research project. A protocol was designed and evaluated, in both English and Spanish, that enables “citizen scientists” to identify washed-up or stranded marine reptiles, fish, and cephalopods along the coast. This protocol created a central location in which users can access information to identify species, know what information to record, and where to report it. The Oregon Coast was used as a proof-of-concept of the efficacy, usability and adaptability of the protocol. A This document will further discuss the myriad benefits this protocol provides to the areas of marine research, endangered species protection, researcher cooperation and collaboration, and community involvement in marine science, as well as long-term plans and possibilities for the future. Close

• 99. [Article] Young Adults’ Personal Goal Appraisals over the Great Recession Years : A Case Study of Germany

  In 2008, the “Great Recession” gained its momentum and quickly grew into a global crisis that led to massive gross domestic product declines and job losses in countries around the world. Relative to prior ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Young Adults’ Personal Goal Appraisals over the Great Recession Years : A Case Study of Germany Author: Recksiedler, Claudia In 2008, the “Great Recession” gained its momentum and quickly grew into a global crisis that led to massive gross domestic product declines and job losses in countries around the world. Relative to prior economic downturns, young adults were greatly affected by the Great Recession. This likely placed a premium on the need for adaptation and strategic goal setting in order to successfully launch into adulthood in a competitive economic climate. This dissertation is comprised of two quantitative studies that examined change and stability in German young adults’ personal goals over the Great Recession years. Both studies utilized a sample of young adults aged 18-29 in 2008, drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel (N = 3,292; 52.3% women). Young adults’ personal goal appraisals at the onset of the recession in 2008 were then compared to goal appraisals during the recovery phase in 2012. Study 1 utilized a micro-analytic lens to emphasize interdependencies of personal goals across multiple life domains such as family, work, leisure, and self-fulfillment. In light of economic strain arising from the Great Recession, young adults were expected to adjust and adapt appraisals of personal goals across life domains from the beginning of the recession to its recovery. Using latent transition models, two profiles of personal goal adaptation were extracted, which primarily differed in the endorsement of family formation goals (low vs. high). Only a small share of individuals transitioned between the profiles over time. Females, older participants, and partnered and employed respondents were more likely to be classified into high family formation profile. Surprisingly, the results did not point toward a drastic rejection of family formation in favor of higher endorsements of self-fulfillment and work goals, or vice versa. The high degree of stability in profiles of goal appraisals indicated that: (1) holding on to family formation goals seemed to be important for emotional well-being; and (2) maintaining high aspirations on multiple goals was a protective factor in times of economic strain. To complement the micro-analytic perspective of Study 1, the second study utilized a macro-analytic lens. It examined whether the availability of community resources—so-called local opportunity structures—buffered young adults from, or exposed them to, the effects of the recession in ways that altered their personal goals. Because men were more heavily affected by the recession than young women, as were certain geographical areas, this study focused on the effects of gender, community type (i.e., rural, urbanized, and urban), and regional indicators across federal states on change in appraisals of personal goals across life domains. Multilevel models revealed a decrease in work goals and an increase in family formation and pro-social goals. Regional indicators did not directly relate to goal appraisals, except the importance of having children, but rather amplified gender and community type differences in the rate of change in appraisals. Results suggested that (1) local opportunity structures served as intermediate institutional filters through which macro-level effects of the recession were transmitted to individuals; and, (2) reproductive goals seem particularly prone to contextual influences. Taken together, the two studies focused on recession-related changes in young adults’ personal goal appraisals and were informed by distinct but complementary analytical and theoretical traditions. Study 1 took a more holistic, group-centered approach, which leaned more heavily on theories affiliated with life span psychology. Study 2, in contrast, applied a variable-centered methodology, which drew heavily on life course sociology. Findings across both studies suggested that (1) family formation goals were highly salient despite potential influences of the recession and could be a protective factor; (2) goal appraisals may have been resistant to macro-level economic pressures because they largely followed age-normative patterns; and (3) intermediate institutional filters, such as local opportunity structures, play an important role in explaining the link between macro-level recession effects and micro-level goal adaptation. Title: Young Adults’ Personal Goal Appraisals over the Great Recession Years : A Case Study of Germany Author: Recksiedler, Claudia In 2008, the “Great Recession” gained its momentum and quickly grew into a global crisis that led to massive gross domestic product declines and job losses in countries around the world. Relative to prior economic downturns, young adults were greatly affected by the Great Recession. This likely placed a premium on the need for adaptation and strategic goal setting in order to successfully launch into adulthood in a competitive economic climate. This dissertation is comprised of two quantitative studies that examined change and stability in German young adults’ personal goals over the Great Recession years. Both studies utilized a sample of young adults aged 18-29 in 2008, drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel (N = 3,292; 52.3% women). Young adults’ personal goal appraisals at the onset of the recession in 2008 were then compared to goal appraisals during the recovery phase in 2012. Study 1 utilized a micro-analytic lens to emphasize interdependencies of personal goals across multiple life domains such as family, work, leisure, and self-fulfillment. In light of economic strain arising from the Great Recession, young adults were expected to adjust and adapt appraisals of personal goals across life domains from the beginning of the recession to its recovery. Using latent transition models, two profiles of personal goal adaptation were extracted, which primarily differed in the endorsement of family formation goals (low vs. high). Only a small share of individuals transitioned between the profiles over time. Females, older participants, and partnered and employed respondents were more likely to be classified into high family formation profile. Surprisingly, the results did not point toward a drastic rejection of family formation in favor of higher endorsements of self-fulfillment and work goals, or vice versa. The high degree of stability in profiles of goal appraisals indicated that: (1) holding on to family formation goals seemed to be important for emotional well-being; and (2) maintaining high aspirations on multiple goals was a protective factor in times of economic strain. To complement the micro-analytic perspective of Study 1, the second study utilized a macro-analytic lens. It examined whether the availability of community resources—so-called local opportunity structures—buffered young adults from, or exposed them to, the effects of the recession in ways that altered their personal goals. Because men were more heavily affected by the recession than young women, as were certain geographical areas, this study focused on the effects of gender, community type (i.e., rural, urbanized, and urban), and regional indicators across federal states on change in appraisals of personal goals across life domains. Multilevel models revealed a decrease in work goals and an increase in family formation and pro-social goals. Regional indicators did not directly relate to goal appraisals, except the importance of having children, but rather amplified gender and community type differences in the rate of change in appraisals. Results suggested that (1) local opportunity structures served as intermediate institutional filters through which macro-level effects of the recession were transmitted to individuals; and, (2) reproductive goals seem particularly prone to contextual influences. Taken together, the two studies focused on recession-related changes in young adults’ personal goal appraisals and were informed by distinct but complementary analytical and theoretical traditions. Study 1 took a more holistic, group-centered approach, which leaned more heavily on theories affiliated with life span psychology. Study 2, in contrast, applied a variable-centered methodology, which drew heavily on life course sociology. Findings across both studies suggested that (1) family formation goals were highly salient despite potential influences of the recession and could be a protective factor; (2) goal appraisals may have been resistant to macro-level economic pressures because they largely followed age-normative patterns; and (3) intermediate institutional filters, such as local opportunity structures, play an important role in explaining the link between macro-level recession effects and micro-level goal adaptation. Close

• 100. [Article] Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl

  The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl Author: Evans-Peters, Graham, R. The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and values. Few studies have evaluated the WRP, which limits our understanding of its impact on wildlife populations. I assessed the biological value of seasonal wetlands on WRP easements in the Willamette Valley (WV) and Lower Columbia River Valley (LCRV) of western Oregon and southwest Washington by comparing plant communities and waterfowl food production (i.e. seed biomass) to publicly managed wetlands that served as reference conditions. Estimating waterfowl food resources is used to evaluate habitat quality, restoration, management, and developing habitat specific conservation plans for wintering waterfowl. The most common technique to estimate the portion of seed in wetland soils is to collect and process soil cores, yet there is variability in the depth of cores collected because it is unknown how deep dabbling ducks can extract food from the substrate. Furthermore, recent food abundance studies have not partitioned food estimates by location within wetlands (i.e. above or below ground), which has implications for understanding food availability for ducks. I sampled 23 wetlands for each wetland type in fall 2008 and 2009. I determined the proportion of seeds above versus below ground and the vertical distribution of seed biomass within the soil profile by partitioning samples in 26 wetlands in 2008. There was significantly more seed biomass above ground (72%, 362 ± 50.8 kg/ha) than below (28%, 141 ± 18.5 kg/ha). Seed biomass also varied by soil depth layer with greater biomass in 0-2 cm than both 2-5 and 5-10 cm layers. The majority of seed biomass within the soil was in was in the top 5 cm of the soil profile (75%). I detected 113 plant genera/species and the total mean percent cover of all plant species was 49% native, 38% introduced, 13% bare ground, and 3% unknown. Plant communities differed between study regions but not by wetland type. Twenty-nine species differed by region with more annuals being indicative of the WV and perennial species in the LCRV. Overall, the mean seed biomass estimate was 505 ± 59 kg/ha. Seed biomass was similar between wetland type and study region; however, WRP wetlands in the WV produced more seed (560 ± 114 kg/ha) than those in the LCRV (188 ± 43 kg/ha). Lower seed production in the LCRV WRP sites was attributed to a dominance of perennial species, predominantly Phalaris arundinacea that produced low seed yields relative to annual plants. My results indicate most seed was near the soil surface with only 36 kg/ha in the 5-10 cm layer, providing evidence that most seed is available to foraging dabbling ducks. Reference sites and WV WRP seasonal wetlands produced seed biomass that was similar to managed wetlands in other major waterfowl wintering areas in the United States. Therefore, WRP is capable of mitigating wetland loss and contributing to the regional goals of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. However, WRP and reference seasonal wetlands are only providing 10% and 3.5% of dabbling ducks energetic demands in the WV and LCRV respectively due to a lack of habitat. Depending on whether the current landscape is meeting current dabbling duck energetic demands, this suggests either a need for more habitat, which is most feasible through restoration on private lands, or protecting other existing wetland habitats. Title: Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl Author: Evans-Peters, Graham, R. The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and values. Few studies have evaluated the WRP, which limits our understanding of its impact on wildlife populations. I assessed the biological value of seasonal wetlands on WRP easements in the Willamette Valley (WV) and Lower Columbia River Valley (LCRV) of western Oregon and southwest Washington by comparing plant communities and waterfowl food production (i.e. seed biomass) to publicly managed wetlands that served as reference conditions. Estimating waterfowl food resources is used to evaluate habitat quality, restoration, management, and developing habitat specific conservation plans for wintering waterfowl. The most common technique to estimate the portion of seed in wetland soils is to collect and process soil cores, yet there is variability in the depth of cores collected because it is unknown how deep dabbling ducks can extract food from the substrate. Furthermore, recent food abundance studies have not partitioned food estimates by location within wetlands (i.e. above or below ground), which has implications for understanding food availability for ducks. I sampled 23 wetlands for each wetland type in fall 2008 and 2009. I determined the proportion of seeds above versus below ground and the vertical distribution of seed biomass within the soil profile by partitioning samples in 26 wetlands in 2008. There was significantly more seed biomass above ground (72%, 362 ± 50.8 kg/ha) than below (28%, 141 ± 18.5 kg/ha). Seed biomass also varied by soil depth layer with greater biomass in 0-2 cm than both 2-5 and 5-10 cm layers. The majority of seed biomass within the soil was in was in the top 5 cm of the soil profile (75%). I detected 113 plant genera/species and the total mean percent cover of all plant species was 49% native, 38% introduced, 13% bare ground, and 3% unknown. Plant communities differed between study regions but not by wetland type. Twenty-nine species differed by region with more annuals being indicative of the WV and perennial species in the LCRV. Overall, the mean seed biomass estimate was 505 ± 59 kg/ha. Seed biomass was similar between wetland type and study region; however, WRP wetlands in the WV produced more seed (560 ± 114 kg/ha) than those in the LCRV (188 ± 43 kg/ha). Lower seed production in the LCRV WRP sites was attributed to a dominance of perennial species, predominantly Phalaris arundinacea that produced low seed yields relative to annual plants. My results indicate most seed was near the soil surface with only 36 kg/ha in the 5-10 cm layer, providing evidence that most seed is available to foraging dabbling ducks. Reference sites and WV WRP seasonal wetlands produced seed biomass that was similar to managed wetlands in other major waterfowl wintering areas in the United States. Therefore, WRP is capable of mitigating wetland loss and contributing to the regional goals of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. However, WRP and reference seasonal wetlands are only providing 10% and 3.5% of dabbling ducks energetic demands in the WV and LCRV respectively due to a lack of habitat. Depending on whether the current landscape is meeting current dabbling duck energetic demands, this suggests either a need for more habitat, which is most feasible through restoration on private lands, or protecting other existing wetland habitats. Close