Search

Search Results

• 961. [Article] Potentially Traumatic Experiences and Sexual Health Among Orphaned and Separated Adolescents in Five Low- and Middle-Income Countries

  Orphans and separated children (OSC) are a vulnerable population whose numbers are increasing, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Over 153 million children worldwide have lost one or both parents, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potentially Traumatic Experiences and Sexual Health Among Orphaned and Separated Adolescents in Five Low- and Middle-Income Countries Author: Gray, Christine L., Whetten, Kathryn, Messer, Lynne C., Whetten, Rachel A., Ostermann, Jan, O'Donnell, Karen, Thielman, Nathan M., Pence, Brian W. Year: 2016 Orphans and separated children (OSC) are a vulnerable population whose numbers are increasing, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Over 153 million children worldwide have lost one or both parents, including 17 million orphaned by AIDS, and millions more have been separated from their parents. As younger orphans enter adolescence, their sexual health and HIV-related risk behaviors become key considerations for their overall health. Importantly, their high prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) may put OSC at additional risk for adverse sexual health outcomes. The Positive Outcomes for Orphans study followed OSC randomly sampled from institution-based care and from family-based care, as well as a convenience sample of non-OSC, at six sites in five low-and middle-income countries. This analysis focused on the 90-month followup, during which adolescents 16 and older were assessed for sexual health, including age at sexual debut, past-year sex, past-year condom use, and perceptions of condom use. We specifically examined the relationship between PTEs and sexual health outcomes. Of the 1258 OSC and 138 non-OSC assessed, 11% reported ever having sex. Approximately 6% of participants reported recent sex and 5% reported having recent unprotected sex. However, 70% of those who had recent sex reported that they did not use a condom every time, and perceptions of condom use tended to be unfavorable for protection against sexual risk behavior. Nearly all (90%) of participants reported experiencing at least one lifetime PTE. For those who experienced “any” PTE, we found increased prevalence of recent sex (PR = 1.39 [0.47, 4.07]) and of recent unprotected sex (PR = 3.47 [0.60, 19.91]). This study highlights the need for caregivers, program managers, and policymakers to promote condom use for sexually active OSC and identify interventions for trauma support services. Orphans living in family-based care may also be particularly vulnerable to early sexual debut and unprotected sexual activity. Title: Potentially Traumatic Experiences and Sexual Health Among Orphaned and Separated Adolescents in Five Low- and Middle-Income Countries Author: Gray, Christine L., Whetten, Kathryn, Messer, Lynne C., Whetten, Rachel A., Ostermann, Jan, O'Donnell, Karen, Thielman, Nathan M., Pence, Brian W. Year: 2016 Orphans and separated children (OSC) are a vulnerable population whose numbers are increasing, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Over 153 million children worldwide have lost one or both parents, including 17 million orphaned by AIDS, and millions more have been separated from their parents. As younger orphans enter adolescence, their sexual health and HIV-related risk behaviors become key considerations for their overall health. Importantly, their high prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) may put OSC at additional risk for adverse sexual health outcomes. The Positive Outcomes for Orphans study followed OSC randomly sampled from institution-based care and from family-based care, as well as a convenience sample of non-OSC, at six sites in five low-and middle-income countries. This analysis focused on the 90-month followup, during which adolescents 16 and older were assessed for sexual health, including age at sexual debut, past-year sex, past-year condom use, and perceptions of condom use. We specifically examined the relationship between PTEs and sexual health outcomes. Of the 1258 OSC and 138 non-OSC assessed, 11% reported ever having sex. Approximately 6% of participants reported recent sex and 5% reported having recent unprotected sex. However, 70% of those who had recent sex reported that they did not use a condom every time, and perceptions of condom use tended to be unfavorable for protection against sexual risk behavior. Nearly all (90%) of participants reported experiencing at least one lifetime PTE. For those who experienced “any” PTE, we found increased prevalence of recent sex (PR = 1.39 [0.47, 4.07]) and of recent unprotected sex (PR = 3.47 [0.60, 19.91]). This study highlights the need for caregivers, program managers, and policymakers to promote condom use for sexually active OSC and identify interventions for trauma support services. Orphans living in family-based care may also be particularly vulnerable to early sexual debut and unprotected sexual activity. Close

• 962. [Article] Coordinated Population Forecast for Lake County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066

  Lake County’s total population has grown slowly since 2000, with average annual growth rates of less than one percent between 2000 and 2010 (Figure 1). While the county, as a whole, experienced a population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coordinated Population Forecast for Lake County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Ruan, Xiaomin, Proehl, Risa, Jurjevich, Jason R., Rancik, Kevin, Kessi, Janai, Tetrick, David, Michel, Julia Year: 2016 Lake County’s total population has grown slowly since 2000, with average annual growth rates of less than one percent between 2000 and 2010 (Figure 1). While the county, as a whole, experienced a population increase, the two UGB areas both recorded population decline. At the same time the area outside UGBs posted substantial population growth during the 2000s, adding an average of nearly 90 new persons per year. Lake County’s positive population growth in the 2000s was the result of periods of substantial net in-migration. The larger number of deaths relative to births has led to a natural decrease (more deaths than births) in every year from 2000 to 2015 (Figure 12). While net in-migration fluctuated dramatically during the early and middle years of the last decade, the number of in-migrants has been slightly more stable during recent years, continuing to account for all of Lake County’s population increase. Total population in Lake County as a whole as well as within its sub-areas will likely grow at a slightly faster pace in the near-term (2016 to 2035) compared to the long-term (Figure 1). The tapering of growth rates is largely driven by an aging population—a demographic trend which is expected to contribute to a natural decrease (more deaths than births). As natural decrease occurs, population growth will become increasingly reliant on net in-migration. Even so, Lake County’s total population is forecast to increase by more than 600 over the next 19 years (2016-2035) and by more than 1,400 over the entire 50-year forecast period (2016-2066). Sub-areas that showed some population growth in the 2000s are expected to experience slower rates of population growth during the forecast period. Title: Coordinated Population Forecast for Lake County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Ruan, Xiaomin, Proehl, Risa, Jurjevich, Jason R., Rancik, Kevin, Kessi, Janai, Tetrick, David, Michel, Julia Year: 2016 Lake County’s total population has grown slowly since 2000, with average annual growth rates of less than one percent between 2000 and 2010 (Figure 1). While the county, as a whole, experienced a population increase, the two UGB areas both recorded population decline. At the same time the area outside UGBs posted substantial population growth during the 2000s, adding an average of nearly 90 new persons per year. Lake County’s positive population growth in the 2000s was the result of periods of substantial net in-migration. The larger number of deaths relative to births has led to a natural decrease (more deaths than births) in every year from 2000 to 2015 (Figure 12). While net in-migration fluctuated dramatically during the early and middle years of the last decade, the number of in-migrants has been slightly more stable during recent years, continuing to account for all of Lake County’s population increase. Total population in Lake County as a whole as well as within its sub-areas will likely grow at a slightly faster pace in the near-term (2016 to 2035) compared to the long-term (Figure 1). The tapering of growth rates is largely driven by an aging population—a demographic trend which is expected to contribute to a natural decrease (more deaths than births). As natural decrease occurs, population growth will become increasingly reliant on net in-migration. Even so, Lake County’s total population is forecast to increase by more than 600 over the next 19 years (2016-2035) and by more than 1,400 over the entire 50-year forecast period (2016-2066). Sub-areas that showed some population growth in the 2000s are expected to experience slower rates of population growth during the forecast period. Close

• 963. [Article] Morphological and cytological studies on Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) in relationship to host phloem with studies on the healthy phloem in Pinus sabiniana (Pinaceae)

  Anatomical and developmental tissue relationships between Arceuthobium spp. endophytic tissues and host vascular tissues were examined by light and transmission electron microscopes. The host-parasite ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Morphological and cytological studies on Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) in relationship to host phloem with studies on the healthy phloem in Pinus sabiniana (Pinaceae) Author: Alosi, Margaret Carol Year: 1980 Anatomical and developmental tissue relationships between Arceuthobium spp. endophytic tissues and host vascular tissues were examined by light and transmission electron microscopes. The host-parasite pairs studied were Psudotsuga menziesii/A. douglasii, Tsuga heterophylla/A. tsugense, Pinus sabiniana/A. occidentale, and P. lambertiana/A. californicum. The morphological form and growth characteristics of A. douglasii in different aged host tissues was found to be coordinated with growth and maturation of the host. It is proposed that morphological forms of Arceuthobium endophytic tissue be categorized as (1) primary, (2) diffuse-secondary, or (3) localized-secondary in order to semantically clarify the relationship of endophytic morphology with primary or secondary growth stages of host tissue. In localized-secondary endophytic forms, the parasite integrates with host rays to form multiseriate infected rays. At both the light and electron microscope level, parasite cells can usually be identified by their distinctive chromocentric nuclei and abundant lipid bodies or lipid ghosts. Sinker cells of Arceuthobium have unusual plastids which resemble etioplasts and which do not store starch. Sinker cells have distinctive mitochondria with unusually large nucleoid areas. They have abundant endoplasmic reticulum. Wall/plasmalemma specializations increase the membrane surface area in relation to cell volume in sinker cells. The walls of host and parasite are fused at the middle lamella common to both organisms and the organisms share a common apoplast. Pit-like regions in the fused walls of the host/parasite interface were commonly seen in light microscope studies, although such interspecific pitting is seen less than intraspecific pitting. It was determined that, whereas intraspecific pits are traversed by complete plasmodesmata, interspecific pits had no plasmatic channels, or, only half plasmodesmata on the host side of the pit. In one case a half plasmodesmata was seen on the Arceuthobium side of the host/parasite interface. On the basis of the electron microscope studies of the host/parasite interface it appears that plasmatic connections between host and parasite do not normally occur. Because of this plasmatic isolation it can be concluded that nutrient acquisition does not involve direct flow of nutrients via interspecific symplastic bridges. Therefore, photosynthate, normally housed within phloem cells, must be leaked into the common apoplast of both host and parasite before becoming available for absorption into the parasite symplast. Since host and parasite lack symplastic continuity but share a common apoplast, apoplastically-mobile herbicides should be tested for their ability to accumulate in parasite tissues. Cytopathological effects on the host cells were relatively mild although a significant increase in the ratio of radial to axillary vasculature was noted in infected tissue. Other modifications included a tendency for increased numbers of specialized phloem parenchyma (Strasburger cells) in infected rays. No apparent anomalies were observed in conjunction with host sieve cell structure and development. The structure and ontogeny of healthy P. sabiniana phloem was also studied. It was found that the sieve element reticulum (SER) of mature sieve cells is derived from plastids during the maturation of the sieve cell. After maturation some of the SER membranes seem to disassociate into individual 60 (ANGSTROM) fibrils. These fibrils then reassociate and appear to be condensed into paracrystalline bodies which, in turn, participate in the generation of new membranes in the mature sieve cell. Because of their plastid origin, the SER membranes may have energy transducing and ionic pump capabilities that commonly are associated with plastid membranes. Such specialized functions of SER may contribute to the translocating capacities of sieve cells. Title: Morphological and cytological studies on Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) in relationship to host phloem with studies on the healthy phloem in Pinus sabiniana (Pinaceae) Author: Alosi, Margaret Carol Year: 1980 Anatomical and developmental tissue relationships between Arceuthobium spp. endophytic tissues and host vascular tissues were examined by light and transmission electron microscopes. The host-parasite pairs studied were Psudotsuga menziesii/A. douglasii, Tsuga heterophylla/A. tsugense, Pinus sabiniana/A. occidentale, and P. lambertiana/A. californicum. The morphological form and growth characteristics of A. douglasii in different aged host tissues was found to be coordinated with growth and maturation of the host. It is proposed that morphological forms of Arceuthobium endophytic tissue be categorized as (1) primary, (2) diffuse-secondary, or (3) localized-secondary in order to semantically clarify the relationship of endophytic morphology with primary or secondary growth stages of host tissue. In localized-secondary endophytic forms, the parasite integrates with host rays to form multiseriate infected rays. At both the light and electron microscope level, parasite cells can usually be identified by their distinctive chromocentric nuclei and abundant lipid bodies or lipid ghosts. Sinker cells of Arceuthobium have unusual plastids which resemble etioplasts and which do not store starch. Sinker cells have distinctive mitochondria with unusually large nucleoid areas. They have abundant endoplasmic reticulum. Wall/plasmalemma specializations increase the membrane surface area in relation to cell volume in sinker cells. The walls of host and parasite are fused at the middle lamella common to both organisms and the organisms share a common apoplast. Pit-like regions in the fused walls of the host/parasite interface were commonly seen in light microscope studies, although such interspecific pitting is seen less than intraspecific pitting. It was determined that, whereas intraspecific pits are traversed by complete plasmodesmata, interspecific pits had no plasmatic channels, or, only half plasmodesmata on the host side of the pit. In one case a half plasmodesmata was seen on the Arceuthobium side of the host/parasite interface. On the basis of the electron microscope studies of the host/parasite interface it appears that plasmatic connections between host and parasite do not normally occur. Because of this plasmatic isolation it can be concluded that nutrient acquisition does not involve direct flow of nutrients via interspecific symplastic bridges. Therefore, photosynthate, normally housed within phloem cells, must be leaked into the common apoplast of both host and parasite before becoming available for absorption into the parasite symplast. Since host and parasite lack symplastic continuity but share a common apoplast, apoplastically-mobile herbicides should be tested for their ability to accumulate in parasite tissues. Cytopathological effects on the host cells were relatively mild although a significant increase in the ratio of radial to axillary vasculature was noted in infected tissue. Other modifications included a tendency for increased numbers of specialized phloem parenchyma (Strasburger cells) in infected rays. No apparent anomalies were observed in conjunction with host sieve cell structure and development. The structure and ontogeny of healthy P. sabiniana phloem was also studied. It was found that the sieve element reticulum (SER) of mature sieve cells is derived from plastids during the maturation of the sieve cell. After maturation some of the SER membranes seem to disassociate into individual 60 (ANGSTROM) fibrils. These fibrils then reassociate and appear to be condensed into paracrystalline bodies which, in turn, participate in the generation of new membranes in the mature sieve cell. Because of their plastid origin, the SER membranes may have energy transducing and ionic pump capabilities that commonly are associated with plastid membranes. Such specialized functions of SER may contribute to the translocating capacities of sieve cells. Close

• 964. [Article] Style Shifting in First-encounter Conversations between Japanese Speakers

  This study examines style shift between formal and informal styles in first- encounter conversations between Japanese native speakers and demonstrates how the speakers shifted the speech style in the context. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Style Shifting in First-encounter Conversations between Japanese Speakers Author: Shinkuma, Kenichi Year: 2014 This study examines style shift between formal and informal styles in first- encounter conversations between Japanese native speakers and demonstrates how the speakers shifted the speech style in the context. Many researchers have studied this type of style shift and demonstrated that style shifts occur within a single speech context where social factors, such as differences in age, status, and formalness remain constant (e.g., Cook, 2008; Geyer, 2008; Ikuta, 1983; Maynard, 1991; Okamoto, 1999). This study contributed support to these previous studies. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative analyses focusing on Japanese native speakers' use of style shifting in first-encounter conversations were conducted. The data came from four dyadic first-encounter conversations between Japanese female speakers. The conversations were audio-recorded in a room where the researcher was not present. After recording the four conversations, the researcher conducted follow-up interviews in person or by phone in order to check the validity of my analysis collected for this study. Overall, all the speakers shifted between formal and informal styles at least ten times, indicating that they did not speak exclusively in one style or the other in the current data. The frequency of style shifts varied depending on the speakers, but in each conversation, the older partners of the pairs shifted their speech style more frequently than the younger partners of the pairs. Furthermore, this study found six factors that accounted for style shifts between the formal and informal. When (1) introducing a new topic and (2) closing a topic, speakers shifted from informal to formal style. This signaled the opening of a new topic directly to the addressee. On the other hand, they shifted from formal style to informal style when (1) expressing feelings, (2) using self-directed utterances, (3) asking questions for confirmation or inference, and (4) adjusting to the context (formality and/or deference). The follow-up interviews revealed that the factors referred to as (1) expression of feelings, (2) self-directed utterances, and (3) questions for confirmation or inference were used by some speakers unconsciously. The self- directed utterances of factor (2) were divided into three types: soliloquy-like remarks, asking oneself a question, and recalling something. Factor (4) adjusting to the context (formality and/or deference), formal style was used to show politeness toward the addressee, and informal style was used to show friendliness, casualness, or empathy. Friendliness, casualness, or empathy was conveyed by use of informal style when the speakers' utterances brought laughter to the context and/or when the speakers showed empathy for the addressee. Title: Style Shifting in First-encounter Conversations between Japanese Speakers Author: Shinkuma, Kenichi Year: 2014 This study examines style shift between formal and informal styles in first- encounter conversations between Japanese native speakers and demonstrates how the speakers shifted the speech style in the context. Many researchers have studied this type of style shift and demonstrated that style shifts occur within a single speech context where social factors, such as differences in age, status, and formalness remain constant (e.g., Cook, 2008; Geyer, 2008; Ikuta, 1983; Maynard, 1991; Okamoto, 1999). This study contributed support to these previous studies. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative analyses focusing on Japanese native speakers' use of style shifting in first-encounter conversations were conducted. The data came from four dyadic first-encounter conversations between Japanese female speakers. The conversations were audio-recorded in a room where the researcher was not present. After recording the four conversations, the researcher conducted follow-up interviews in person or by phone in order to check the validity of my analysis collected for this study. Overall, all the speakers shifted between formal and informal styles at least ten times, indicating that they did not speak exclusively in one style or the other in the current data. The frequency of style shifts varied depending on the speakers, but in each conversation, the older partners of the pairs shifted their speech style more frequently than the younger partners of the pairs. Furthermore, this study found six factors that accounted for style shifts between the formal and informal. When (1) introducing a new topic and (2) closing a topic, speakers shifted from informal to formal style. This signaled the opening of a new topic directly to the addressee. On the other hand, they shifted from formal style to informal style when (1) expressing feelings, (2) using self-directed utterances, (3) asking questions for confirmation or inference, and (4) adjusting to the context (formality and/or deference). The follow-up interviews revealed that the factors referred to as (1) expression of feelings, (2) self-directed utterances, and (3) questions for confirmation or inference were used by some speakers unconsciously. The self- directed utterances of factor (2) were divided into three types: soliloquy-like remarks, asking oneself a question, and recalling something. Factor (4) adjusting to the context (formality and/or deference), formal style was used to show politeness toward the addressee, and informal style was used to show friendliness, casualness, or empathy. Friendliness, casualness, or empathy was conveyed by use of informal style when the speakers' utterances brought laughter to the context and/or when the speakers showed empathy for the addressee. Close

• 965. [Article] The Effects of Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Religion on Formal End-of-Life Planning

  Individuals who are facing death today are doing so in an environment that is significantly different than it was in the past. Medical technology is increasingly able to keep people alive even with multiple ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Religion on Formal End-of-Life Planning Author: Burdsall, Tina Dawn Lillian Year: 2013 Individuals who are facing death today are doing so in an environment that is significantly different than it was in the past. Medical technology is increasingly able to keep people alive even with multiple complex chronic conditions. While these advances in medicine are beneficial to many, it can also unnecessarily prolong inevitable deaths. Concerns over the ability to have a death that is in alignment with personal values has increased the interest in the use of formal end-of-life planning including writing an advance instructional directive and assigning a durable power of attorney for health care. Although research has indicated that the use of these formal planning strategies is beneficial, not everyone completes them. Using a current nationally representative sample, the three specific aims of this study were to examine whether there are racial and ethnic differences in formal end-of-life planning done by older African American, Hispanic, and White adults; to examine socioeconomic factors including education and income in formal end-of-life planning as well as assess the contribution of these factors in explaining racial and ethnic differences in formal end-of-life planning; and to examine the role of religiosity in formal end-of-life planning and to assess its influence on racial and ethnic differences in explaining formal end-of-life planning. Logistic regression was run on data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in order to analyze the completion of formal end-of-life plans by African American, Hispanic, and White decedents. Exit interviews conducted with knowledgeable proxies in 2008 or 2010 were combined with data from earlier waves of the HRS survey in order to analyze the completion of formal end-of-life plans, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and religion. Both Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to complete a written advance directive, assign a proxy, or complete both forms of formal planning than were Whites. Group differences remained after controlling for region of death and cause of death. Both Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to complete any form of formal planning than Whites. Group differences remained after additionally controlling for gender, age, marital status, whether the decedent had children, income, education, religious preference, importance of religion, and frequency of attending religious services. Higher levels of income and education both increased the odds that formal advance planning would take place. Religious preference was not significant, but decedents who had stated that religion was very important were less likely to plan while those that attended services frequently were more likely to plan. I speculate that the role of cultural capital may partially explain the persistent racial and ethnic disparities and the importance of income and education. Additionally the dominant religious doctrines of Christianity may have a greater influence than the different religious teachings of Protestant and Catholics around end-of-life medical care. Contrary to expected findings, reference groups of those who attend religious services frequently may assist in formal planning. These finding may help guide interventions that can diminish disparities in the end-of-life experience. Understanding who are completing formal plans can help ensure end-of-life care that is in alignment with personal beliefs and values. Title: The Effects of Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Religion on Formal End-of-Life Planning Author: Burdsall, Tina Dawn Lillian Year: 2013 Individuals who are facing death today are doing so in an environment that is significantly different than it was in the past. Medical technology is increasingly able to keep people alive even with multiple complex chronic conditions. While these advances in medicine are beneficial to many, it can also unnecessarily prolong inevitable deaths. Concerns over the ability to have a death that is in alignment with personal values has increased the interest in the use of formal end-of-life planning including writing an advance instructional directive and assigning a durable power of attorney for health care. Although research has indicated that the use of these formal planning strategies is beneficial, not everyone completes them. Using a current nationally representative sample, the three specific aims of this study were to examine whether there are racial and ethnic differences in formal end-of-life planning done by older African American, Hispanic, and White adults; to examine socioeconomic factors including education and income in formal end-of-life planning as well as assess the contribution of these factors in explaining racial and ethnic differences in formal end-of-life planning; and to examine the role of religiosity in formal end-of-life planning and to assess its influence on racial and ethnic differences in explaining formal end-of-life planning. Logistic regression was run on data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in order to analyze the completion of formal end-of-life plans by African American, Hispanic, and White decedents. Exit interviews conducted with knowledgeable proxies in 2008 or 2010 were combined with data from earlier waves of the HRS survey in order to analyze the completion of formal end-of-life plans, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and religion. Both Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to complete a written advance directive, assign a proxy, or complete both forms of formal planning than were Whites. Group differences remained after controlling for region of death and cause of death. Both Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to complete any form of formal planning than Whites. Group differences remained after additionally controlling for gender, age, marital status, whether the decedent had children, income, education, religious preference, importance of religion, and frequency of attending religious services. Higher levels of income and education both increased the odds that formal advance planning would take place. Religious preference was not significant, but decedents who had stated that religion was very important were less likely to plan while those that attended services frequently were more likely to plan. I speculate that the role of cultural capital may partially explain the persistent racial and ethnic disparities and the importance of income and education. Additionally the dominant religious doctrines of Christianity may have a greater influence than the different religious teachings of Protestant and Catholics around end-of-life medical care. Contrary to expected findings, reference groups of those who attend religious services frequently may assist in formal planning. These finding may help guide interventions that can diminish disparities in the end-of-life experience. Understanding who are completing formal plans can help ensure end-of-life care that is in alignment with personal beliefs and values. Close

• 966. [Article] Hydrogeologic Investigation of a Pumice Aquifer, Fremont/Winema National Forest, Oregon

  The middle Holocene cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama blanketed Walker Rim, in south central Oregon, with 270 cm to 300 cm of pumice, causing capture of surface water systems by groundwater, stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrogeologic Investigation of a Pumice Aquifer, Fremont/Winema National Forest, Oregon Author: Weatherford, Jonathan Michael Year: 2015 The middle Holocene cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama blanketed Walker Rim, in south central Oregon, with 270 cm to 300 cm of pumice, causing capture of surface water systems by groundwater, stream relocation, and the formation of biologically diverse fens and seasonal wetlands. The pumice aquifer at Round Meadow, an 8.6 km2 basin, hosts both a fen and seasonally ponded wetlands. The Round Meadow watershed lies within a closed basin between the upper Klamath and Deschutes river basins. As the highest meadow at Walker Rim, it is a relatively well-constrained system to study the effects of hydrological disruption. A water budget was calculated for the basin, hydraulic conductivity was evaluated for the three main sediment layers in the meadow, recharge sources and evaporative trends were studied using stable isotope analysis, and aquifer residence times were estimated using CFC tracer water age dating. Water year 2014 was a drought year and observation of the system under stressed conditions allowed discrimination of four independently functioning components of the hydrogeologic system. These were the meadow, which is by far the largest component in terms of water storage, the fen where iron cementation and up to 1 m of peat holds water in a berm above the meadow, three springs which are sourced from deeper groundwater hosted in the bedrock which underlies the pumice deposit, and the outflow area. In all cases, the aquifer material is pumice, but the influence of the pre-eruption landscape and post-eruption modifications of the aquifer material have resulted in partial isolation of the components. The water budget analysis indicated that the basin lost 44 cm of water storage during WY 2014. Hydraulic conductivity values of 1x10-6, 2x10-2, and 4x10-5 cm/s, were determined for the diatomaceous silt underlying the pumice, the Plinian pumice fall aquifer, and for the diatomaceous silt overlying the pumice, respectively. The pumice is characterized as a perched, weakly confined aquifer and residence times in the pumice are much longer (decades) than for water near the surface of the meadow. Water discharging at the springs is isotopically different (lighter) than either the surface water or groundwater in the pumice aquifer. The fen at Round Meadow appears dependent on seasonal precipitation to recharge water, and responds to fluctuations in annual precipitation. The wetland meadows are volumetrically the main water-storing features at Round Meadow, and these are not homogenous features, but a combination of discrete components. Title: Hydrogeologic Investigation of a Pumice Aquifer, Fremont/Winema National Forest, Oregon Author: Weatherford, Jonathan Michael Year: 2015 The middle Holocene cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama blanketed Walker Rim, in south central Oregon, with 270 cm to 300 cm of pumice, causing capture of surface water systems by groundwater, stream relocation, and the formation of biologically diverse fens and seasonal wetlands. The pumice aquifer at Round Meadow, an 8.6 km2 basin, hosts both a fen and seasonally ponded wetlands. The Round Meadow watershed lies within a closed basin between the upper Klamath and Deschutes river basins. As the highest meadow at Walker Rim, it is a relatively well-constrained system to study the effects of hydrological disruption. A water budget was calculated for the basin, hydraulic conductivity was evaluated for the three main sediment layers in the meadow, recharge sources and evaporative trends were studied using stable isotope analysis, and aquifer residence times were estimated using CFC tracer water age dating. Water year 2014 was a drought year and observation of the system under stressed conditions allowed discrimination of four independently functioning components of the hydrogeologic system. These were the meadow, which is by far the largest component in terms of water storage, the fen where iron cementation and up to 1 m of peat holds water in a berm above the meadow, three springs which are sourced from deeper groundwater hosted in the bedrock which underlies the pumice deposit, and the outflow area. In all cases, the aquifer material is pumice, but the influence of the pre-eruption landscape and post-eruption modifications of the aquifer material have resulted in partial isolation of the components. The water budget analysis indicated that the basin lost 44 cm of water storage during WY 2014. Hydraulic conductivity values of 1x10-6, 2x10-2, and 4x10-5 cm/s, were determined for the diatomaceous silt underlying the pumice, the Plinian pumice fall aquifer, and for the diatomaceous silt overlying the pumice, respectively. The pumice is characterized as a perched, weakly confined aquifer and residence times in the pumice are much longer (decades) than for water near the surface of the meadow. Water discharging at the springs is isotopically different (lighter) than either the surface water or groundwater in the pumice aquifer. The fen at Round Meadow appears dependent on seasonal precipitation to recharge water, and responds to fluctuations in annual precipitation. The wetland meadows are volumetrically the main water-storing features at Round Meadow, and these are not homogenous features, but a combination of discrete components. Close

• 967. [Article] Psychosocial Challenges Facing Women Living with HIV During the Perinatal Period in Rural Uganda

  The complexities of navigating pregnancy while living with HIV predispose women to additional stress. Finding ways to minimize psychosocial challenges during the perinatal period may maximize the well-being ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Psychosocial Challenges Facing Women Living with HIV During the Perinatal Period in Rural Uganda Author: Ashaba, Scholastic, Kaida, Angela, Coleman, Jessica N., Burns, Bridget F., Dunkley, Emma, O'Neil, Kasey, Kastner, Jasmine, Sanyu, Naomi, Akatukwasa, Cecilia, Bangsberg, David R., Matthews, Lynn T., Psaros, Christina Year: 2017 The complexities of navigating pregnancy while living with HIV predispose women to additional stress. Finding ways to minimize psychosocial challenges during the perinatal period may maximize the well-being of mothers living with HIV and their children. The goal of this study was to explore psychosocial challenges experienced by women living with HIV (WLWH) during pregnancy and the postpartum. We conducted individual in-depth interviews with 20 WLWH recruited from an HIV treatment cohort study in Mbarara, Uganda as part of a larger study exploring perinatal depression. We conducted content analyses to identify themes related to challenges of WLWH during pregnancy and the postpartum. Participants had a median age of 33 years [IQR: 28± 35], a median of 3 living children [IQR: 2±5], and 95% had achieved HIV-RNA suppression. Challenges were organized around the following themes: HIV -related stigma from health professionals, HIV status disclosure dilemma, unintended pregnancy and intimate partner violence, HIV and environmental structural barriers and distress and fear related to maternal and child health. Stigma centered on discrimination by health care professionals and personal shame associated with being pregnant as a WLWH. This led to difficulty engaging in HIV care, particularly when coupled with structural barriers, such as lack of transportation to clinic. Participants experienced intimate partner violence and lacked support from their partners and family members. Distress and fear about the health and uncertainty about the future of the unborn baby due to maternal deteriorating physical health was common. The perinatal period is a time of stress for WLWH. Challenges experienced by WLWH may compromise successful engagement in HIV care and may reduce quality of life for women and their children. Strategies aimed at alleviating the challenges of WLWH should involve the larger structural environment including partners, family and community member as well as policy makers, funders and program implementers to work together for the common cause. These consolidated efforts may not only lower the risk of psychological distress but has potential to create long lasting solutions to benefit the wider community. Title: Psychosocial Challenges Facing Women Living with HIV During the Perinatal Period in Rural Uganda Author: Ashaba, Scholastic, Kaida, Angela, Coleman, Jessica N., Burns, Bridget F., Dunkley, Emma, O'Neil, Kasey, Kastner, Jasmine, Sanyu, Naomi, Akatukwasa, Cecilia, Bangsberg, David R., Matthews, Lynn T., Psaros, Christina Year: 2017 The complexities of navigating pregnancy while living with HIV predispose women to additional stress. Finding ways to minimize psychosocial challenges during the perinatal period may maximize the well-being of mothers living with HIV and their children. The goal of this study was to explore psychosocial challenges experienced by women living with HIV (WLWH) during pregnancy and the postpartum. We conducted individual in-depth interviews with 20 WLWH recruited from an HIV treatment cohort study in Mbarara, Uganda as part of a larger study exploring perinatal depression. We conducted content analyses to identify themes related to challenges of WLWH during pregnancy and the postpartum. Participants had a median age of 33 years [IQR: 28± 35], a median of 3 living children [IQR: 2±5], and 95% had achieved HIV-RNA suppression. Challenges were organized around the following themes: HIV -related stigma from health professionals, HIV status disclosure dilemma, unintended pregnancy and intimate partner violence, HIV and environmental structural barriers and distress and fear related to maternal and child health. Stigma centered on discrimination by health care professionals and personal shame associated with being pregnant as a WLWH. This led to difficulty engaging in HIV care, particularly when coupled with structural barriers, such as lack of transportation to clinic. Participants experienced intimate partner violence and lacked support from their partners and family members. Distress and fear about the health and uncertainty about the future of the unborn baby due to maternal deteriorating physical health was common. The perinatal period is a time of stress for WLWH. Challenges experienced by WLWH may compromise successful engagement in HIV care and may reduce quality of life for women and their children. Strategies aimed at alleviating the challenges of WLWH should involve the larger structural environment including partners, family and community member as well as policy makers, funders and program implementers to work together for the common cause. These consolidated efforts may not only lower the risk of psychological distress but has potential to create long lasting solutions to benefit the wider community. Close

• 968. [Article] High Medication Adherence During Periconception Periods Among HIV-1–Uninfected Women Participating in a Clinical Trial of Antiretroviral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis

  Introduction: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may be an important safer conception strategy for HIV-1–uninfected women with HIV-1–infected partners. Understanding medication adherence in this population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High Medication Adherence During Periconception Periods Among HIV-1–Uninfected Women Participating in a Clinical Trial of Antiretroviral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Author: Matthews, Lynn T., Heffron, Renee, Mugo, Nelly R., Cohen, Craig R., Hendrix, Craig W., Celum, Connie, Bangsberg, David, Baten, Jared M. Year: 2014 Introduction: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may be an important safer conception strategy for HIV-1–uninfected women with HIV-1–infected partners. Understanding medication adherence in this population may inform whether PrEP is a feasible safer conception strategy. Methods: We evaluated predictors of pregnancy and adherence to study medication among HIV-1–uninfected women enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of PrEP among African HIV-1– serodiscordant couples. Participants were counseled on HIV-1 risk reduction, contraception, and adherence and tested for pregnancy at monthly study visits. Pill counts of dispensed drug were performed and, at a subset of visits, plasma was collected to measure active drug concentration. Results: Among 1785 women, pregnancy incidence was 10.2 per 100 person-years. Younger age, not using contraception, having an additional sexual partner, and reporting unprotected sex were associated with increased likelihood of pregnancy. Monthly clinic pill counts estimated that women experiencing pregnancy took 97% of prescribed doses overall, with at least 80% pill adherence for 98% of study months, and no difference in adherence in the periconception period compared with previous periods (P = 0.98). Tenofovir was detected in plasma at 71% of visits where pregnancy was discovered. By multiple measures, adherence was similar for women experiencing and not experiencing pregnancy (P ≥ 0.1). Conclusions: In this clinical trial of PrEP, pregnancy incidence was 10% per year despite excellent access to effective contraception. Women experiencing pregnancy had high medication adherence, suggesting that PrEP may be an acceptable and feasible safer conception strategy for HIV-1–uninfected women with HIV-1–serodiscordant partners. Title: High Medication Adherence During Periconception Periods Among HIV-1–Uninfected Women Participating in a Clinical Trial of Antiretroviral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Author: Matthews, Lynn T., Heffron, Renee, Mugo, Nelly R., Cohen, Craig R., Hendrix, Craig W., Celum, Connie, Bangsberg, David, Baten, Jared M. Year: 2014 Introduction: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may be an important safer conception strategy for HIV-1–uninfected women with HIV-1–infected partners. Understanding medication adherence in this population may inform whether PrEP is a feasible safer conception strategy. Methods: We evaluated predictors of pregnancy and adherence to study medication among HIV-1–uninfected women enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of PrEP among African HIV-1– serodiscordant couples. Participants were counseled on HIV-1 risk reduction, contraception, and adherence and tested for pregnancy at monthly study visits. Pill counts of dispensed drug were performed and, at a subset of visits, plasma was collected to measure active drug concentration. Results: Among 1785 women, pregnancy incidence was 10.2 per 100 person-years. Younger age, not using contraception, having an additional sexual partner, and reporting unprotected sex were associated with increased likelihood of pregnancy. Monthly clinic pill counts estimated that women experiencing pregnancy took 97% of prescribed doses overall, with at least 80% pill adherence for 98% of study months, and no difference in adherence in the periconception period compared with previous periods (P = 0.98). Tenofovir was detected in plasma at 71% of visits where pregnancy was discovered. By multiple measures, adherence was similar for women experiencing and not experiencing pregnancy (P ≥ 0.1). Conclusions: In this clinical trial of PrEP, pregnancy incidence was 10% per year despite excellent access to effective contraception. Women experiencing pregnancy had high medication adherence, suggesting that PrEP may be an acceptable and feasible safer conception strategy for HIV-1–uninfected women with HIV-1–serodiscordant partners. Close

• 969. [Article] Using Cultural Relevancy to Promote African American Brain Health

  African Americans are disproportionately more likely than older whites to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD). Despite these disparities, there is difficulty in motivating African Americans ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Cultural Relevancy to Promote African American Brain Health Author: Walker, Miya Year: 2017 African Americans are disproportionately more likely than older whites to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD). Despite these disparities, there is difficulty in motivating African Americans to engage in activities suitable to maintaining cognitive health (walking, social engagement, physical activity). The Sharing History through Active Reminiscence and Photo-imagery (SHARP) walking program (Croff, PI) combines these proactive activities in a culturally relevant way to create a motivational force to preserve cognitive health. SHARP engaged 19 African Americans aged 55 and older on 72 themed, 1-mile walks over 6 months in Portland, Oregon’s historically Black neighborhoods. This study examines participant responses to the SHARP walk “Afrocentrism” to illustrate how culture can be used to motivate walking and social engagement among older African Americans. The “Afrocentrism” walk presents three questions with historic neighborhood images, each approximately 10 minutes apart along the route: What are your memories of Afrocentric art? What did it mean to you and your community? Did you, your friends or family show your Afrocentrism in the 1960's, 70's and 80's? How? What did it mean to you? Do you have any memories about this [African clothing] shop? How were expressions of Afrocentrism accepted in the 1960's and 70's in Portland? Participant narratives were audio recorded. Narratives were then coded for common themes that gave insight to the importance of culture in health programming. Specific conversations amongst walking groups varied around the “Afrocentrism” prompts, however, walking groups reminisced over the same prominent people and places in the community. The commonality of participants shared neighborhood experiences creates a collective historical narrative and allows for connection to one another in ways that support connection to the neighborhood and to African American culture. This collective narrative informs researchers and allows for a deeper understanding of the Black experience, thus further facilitating the incorporation of culturally relevant prompts into the program. This is an essential way SHARP motivates participants to exercise and engage socially. Incorporating culture into health programs, as SHARP does, can be transferable to other health promotion programs to sustain retention and engagement. Title: Using Cultural Relevancy to Promote African American Brain Health Author: Walker, Miya Year: 2017 African Americans are disproportionately more likely than older whites to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD). Despite these disparities, there is difficulty in motivating African Americans to engage in activities suitable to maintaining cognitive health (walking, social engagement, physical activity). The Sharing History through Active Reminiscence and Photo-imagery (SHARP) walking program (Croff, PI) combines these proactive activities in a culturally relevant way to create a motivational force to preserve cognitive health. SHARP engaged 19 African Americans aged 55 and older on 72 themed, 1-mile walks over 6 months in Portland, Oregon’s historically Black neighborhoods. This study examines participant responses to the SHARP walk “Afrocentrism” to illustrate how culture can be used to motivate walking and social engagement among older African Americans. The “Afrocentrism” walk presents three questions with historic neighborhood images, each approximately 10 minutes apart along the route: What are your memories of Afrocentric art? What did it mean to you and your community? Did you, your friends or family show your Afrocentrism in the 1960's, 70's and 80's? How? What did it mean to you? Do you have any memories about this [African clothing] shop? How were expressions of Afrocentrism accepted in the 1960's and 70's in Portland? Participant narratives were audio recorded. Narratives were then coded for common themes that gave insight to the importance of culture in health programming. Specific conversations amongst walking groups varied around the “Afrocentrism” prompts, however, walking groups reminisced over the same prominent people and places in the community. The commonality of participants shared neighborhood experiences creates a collective historical narrative and allows for connection to one another in ways that support connection to the neighborhood and to African American culture. This collective narrative informs researchers and allows for a deeper understanding of the Black experience, thus further facilitating the incorporation of culturally relevant prompts into the program. This is an essential way SHARP motivates participants to exercise and engage socially. Incorporating culture into health programs, as SHARP does, can be transferable to other health promotion programs to sustain retention and engagement. Close

• 970. [Article] Honeywell Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector

  We are pleased to present the strategic marketing plan for the Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector, manufactured by Honeywell, Inc. Honeywell is a $38.6B global company that provides value-added ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Honeywell Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector Author: Chabuel, Cyrille, Davis, Chris, Penumarti, Anjana, Tripathy, Sudipta, VanDerSchaaf, Hans Year: 2016 We are pleased to present the strategic marketing plan for the Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector, manufactured by Honeywell, Inc. Honeywell is a $38.6B global company that provides value-added products and market changing innovations. Our extensive intellectual property portfolio generates competitive advantages for us and our customers. Our key product groups include Aerospace, Automation & Control Solutions (where the Lyric family resides; ACS) and Performance Materials and Technologies. Honeywell is well positioned for supporting the introduction and growth of the Leak Detector, with $40B in annual company sales, and a 50% increase in earnings per share over the past five years. The Leak Detector is an early warning system that notifies customers on their connected devices when a leak is detected or the temperature drops below a temperature of their choice. By catching a leak early, customers can avoid expensive repairs and disruptions to their lives. We are realistically optimistic about the revenue and profit potential of the Leak Detector. It sits in the Internet of Things (IoT) market, which is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 67% over the next 5 years to a whopping $792.34 billion. In 2016 connected home device sales within this market will be approximately $61 billion. Our target market (Service Obtainable Market) consists of homeowners under the age of 40 who live in houses with WiFI, have hard to reach places in their primary or secondary homes, are motivated to prevent water leaks (largely based on past experiences with leaks), have recently acquired houses or are renovating their existing houses, and have an affinity for relatively new technology. We estimate by the end of year 3, we can capture 50% of this market and sell 4.5M Leak Detector units annually, generating $320M in total annual sales and annual profits of $63M. We are also optimistic because the Leak Detector is a strong competitor, due to the strength of the Lyric and Honeywell brands, and its wifi capabilities. In the next three years, we will cross the chasm from early adopters to the early majority by enhancing the development of our product (e.g. connecting better to an ecosystem), innovating in our manufacturing to reduce the unit price, and by distributing through the right channels (directly to customers, popular online retailers, home improvement retailers, and influencers, such as insurance companies, plumbers and major appliance retailers). Title: Honeywell Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector Author: Chabuel, Cyrille, Davis, Chris, Penumarti, Anjana, Tripathy, Sudipta, VanDerSchaaf, Hans Year: 2016 We are pleased to present the strategic marketing plan for the Lyric WiFi Water Leak and Freeze Detector, manufactured by Honeywell, Inc. Honeywell is a $38.6B global company that provides value-added products and market changing innovations. Our extensive intellectual property portfolio generates competitive advantages for us and our customers. Our key product groups include Aerospace, Automation & Control Solutions (where the Lyric family resides; ACS) and Performance Materials and Technologies. Honeywell is well positioned for supporting the introduction and growth of the Leak Detector, with $40B in annual company sales, and a 50% increase in earnings per share over the past five years. The Leak Detector is an early warning system that notifies customers on their connected devices when a leak is detected or the temperature drops below a temperature of their choice. By catching a leak early, customers can avoid expensive repairs and disruptions to their lives. We are realistically optimistic about the revenue and profit potential of the Leak Detector. It sits in the Internet of Things (IoT) market, which is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 67% over the next 5 years to a whopping $792.34 billion. In 2016 connected home device sales within this market will be approximately $61 billion. Our target market (Service Obtainable Market) consists of homeowners under the age of 40 who live in houses with WiFI, have hard to reach places in their primary or secondary homes, are motivated to prevent water leaks (largely based on past experiences with leaks), have recently acquired houses or are renovating their existing houses, and have an affinity for relatively new technology. We estimate by the end of year 3, we can capture 50% of this market and sell 4.5M Leak Detector units annually, generating $320M in total annual sales and annual profits of $63M. We are also optimistic because the Leak Detector is a strong competitor, due to the strength of the Lyric and Honeywell brands, and its wifi capabilities. In the next three years, we will cross the chasm from early adopters to the early majority by enhancing the development of our product (e.g. connecting better to an ecosystem), innovating in our manufacturing to reduce the unit price, and by distributing through the right channels (directly to customers, popular online retailers, home improvement retailers, and influencers, such as insurance companies, plumbers and major appliance retailers). Close