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• 1. [Article] Blueberry 2014 pest management guide for the Willamette Valley

  Published April 2014. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Blueberry 2014 pest management guide for the Willamette Valley Author: DeFrancesco, Joseph T., Yang, Wei Qiang, Pscheidt, Jay William, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published April 2014. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Blueberry 2014 pest management guide for the Willamette Valley Author: DeFrancesco, Joseph T., Yang, Wei Qiang, Pscheidt, Jay William, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published April 2014. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 2. [Article] Managing diseases and insects in home orchards

  Published August 2010. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: https://...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Managing diseases and insects in home orchards Author: Castagnoli, S., Olsen, Jeff L., Pscheidt, Jay William, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Bell, Neil (Neil Charles), 1961- Published August 2010. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu Title: Managing diseases and insects in home orchards Author: Castagnoli, S., Olsen, Jeff L., Pscheidt, Jay William, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Bell, Neil (Neil Charles), 1961- Published August 2010. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu Close

• 3. [Article] Does the agricultural fungicide Tebuconazole inhibit the growth of the amphibian chytrid fungus?

  In the US, significant research is ongoing regarding the interactions of pesticides with species and processes within wetland ecosystems. For example, the effect of such pollutants on amphibian survival ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does the agricultural fungicide Tebuconazole inhibit the growth of the amphibian chytrid fungus? Author: Blaustein, Andrew R., Myers, Breanne, Voigt, Bradi, Chestnut, Tara In the US, significant research is ongoing regarding the interactions of pesticides with species and processes within wetland ecosystems. For example, the effect of such pollutants on amphibian survival and physiology has been an area of focused research. Negative impacts of pesticides to non-target organisms (e.g. amphibians) have been observed. The effects of the fungal disease to amphibians that are also exposed to pesticides is complex, however the effects of pesticides on the free-living fungal pathogen has received little attention. We hypothesized that Tebuconazole would inhibit the growth of the amphibian chytrid fungus in culture. To test this hypothesis, we measured the growth of the fungus exposed to a high concentration of Tebuconazole (0.02mg/ml) over a 12 day period. We observed a rapid increase in fungal density in the first two days of the experiment, followed by a steady decrease in the density. We conclude that a high concentration (0.02 mg/ml) amphibian chytrid fungus growth appears to be inhibited by Tebuconazole, although exposure time appears to be an important factor in the response. Title: Does the agricultural fungicide Tebuconazole inhibit the growth of the amphibian chytrid fungus? Author: Blaustein, Andrew R., Myers, Breanne, Voigt, Bradi, Chestnut, Tara In the US, significant research is ongoing regarding the interactions of pesticides with species and processes within wetland ecosystems. For example, the effect of such pollutants on amphibian survival and physiology has been an area of focused research. Negative impacts of pesticides to non-target organisms (e.g. amphibians) have been observed. The effects of the fungal disease to amphibians that are also exposed to pesticides is complex, however the effects of pesticides on the free-living fungal pathogen has received little attention. We hypothesized that Tebuconazole would inhibit the growth of the amphibian chytrid fungus in culture. To test this hypothesis, we measured the growth of the fungus exposed to a high concentration of Tebuconazole (0.02mg/ml) over a 12 day period. We observed a rapid increase in fungal density in the first two days of the experiment, followed by a steady decrease in the density. We conclude that a high concentration (0.02 mg/ml) amphibian chytrid fungus growth appears to be inhibited by Tebuconazole, although exposure time appears to be an important factor in the response. Close

• 4. [Article] Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) and Agricultural Chemicals: Global to Micro Perspectives

  Fungicide sensitivity of honey bee associated fungi Abstract - Honey bees are exposed to a wide range of pesticides while pollinating agricultural crops. These pesticides residues are found in beeswax, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) and Agricultural Chemicals: Global to Micro Perspectives Author: Bernert, Ann Fungicide sensitivity of honey bee associated fungi Abstract - Honey bees are exposed to a wide range of pesticides while pollinating agricultural crops. These pesticides residues are found in beeswax, nectar and pollen in the hive. Some of the pesticides found are fungicides which are not generally considered harmful to insects. However, these fungicides may negatively impact mutualistic fungi associated with honey bees causing indirect harm to colony health. Fungi are implicated for helping break down complex protein molecules and therefore allowing the honey bees to attain more nutrients from the food source. The objective of this experiment was to identify if honey bee associated fungi were affected by fungicides that honey bees are exposed to. In order to achieve this objective, a number of fungi were isolated from bee bread and the honey bee digestive tract. Five of these isolates were genetically identified by sequencing of the internal transcriber spacer regions 1 and 4 and selected for fungicide sensitivity testing. Each fungal isolate was subject to five treatments with replications. With the exception of Mucor hiemalis, all fungal species growth was significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) by the fungicides chlorothalonil, iprodione, and boscalid at day 2 of exposure. This research suggests that while fungicides may not directly affect the honey, they may disrupt the normal balance of fungal associates in the hive. This imbalance may result in decreased nutritional attainment from bee bread thus indirectly affecting the health or behavior of the honey bee. More research is needed to identify the functional roles of fungi in honey bees. Tylosin & Fumagillin - Impacts on honey bee midgut bacterial symbionts Abstract- Concern for the managed honey bee population has been developing after drastic losses in the past decade. Suspected causes include new pests, pathogens, pesticides, migratory beekeeping, and nutritional deficiencies from a monoculture diet. To avoid the increasing threat of microbial pathogens, some beekeepers treat hives annually with tylosin and fumagillin, antibiotic compounds. Emerging research has identified the honey bee microbiome as an important aspect of colony health. It is unclear whether annual prophylactic treatments of tylosin and fumagillin applications deplete symbiotic microorganisms in the honey bee digestive tract. The purpose of this research was to gain an initial understanding if tylosin and fumagillin treatments significantly alter composition of Lactobacillus species in the honey bee midgut microbiome. Using a laboratory based, in vitro well-diffusion test and a caged in vivo experiment, four treatment groups consisting of 1) tylosin application, 2) fumagillin application, 3) tylosin with fumagillin application and 4) no chemical application as the control, were each replicated four times. Honey bees were sampled before treatment application, 5 days after treatment and 12 days after treatment. Midgut contents were then homogenized and concentration of Lactobacilli spp. in each midgut was assessed with a plate dilation series on MRS selective media. Colony Formation Units (CFU) were counted after plate inoculation and 72 hours of incubation. Proportions of high, medium and low CFU data were compared between treatment groups. Results suggest a need to further investigate the impact of annual antibiotic treatments and for a better understanding of the honey bee microbiome. Title: Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) and Agricultural Chemicals: Global to Micro Perspectives Author: Bernert, Ann Fungicide sensitivity of honey bee associated fungi Abstract - Honey bees are exposed to a wide range of pesticides while pollinating agricultural crops. These pesticides residues are found in beeswax, nectar and pollen in the hive. Some of the pesticides found are fungicides which are not generally considered harmful to insects. However, these fungicides may negatively impact mutualistic fungi associated with honey bees causing indirect harm to colony health. Fungi are implicated for helping break down complex protein molecules and therefore allowing the honey bees to attain more nutrients from the food source. The objective of this experiment was to identify if honey bee associated fungi were affected by fungicides that honey bees are exposed to. In order to achieve this objective, a number of fungi were isolated from bee bread and the honey bee digestive tract. Five of these isolates were genetically identified by sequencing of the internal transcriber spacer regions 1 and 4 and selected for fungicide sensitivity testing. Each fungal isolate was subject to five treatments with replications. With the exception of Mucor hiemalis, all fungal species growth was significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) by the fungicides chlorothalonil, iprodione, and boscalid at day 2 of exposure. This research suggests that while fungicides may not directly affect the honey, they may disrupt the normal balance of fungal associates in the hive. This imbalance may result in decreased nutritional attainment from bee bread thus indirectly affecting the health or behavior of the honey bee. More research is needed to identify the functional roles of fungi in honey bees. Tylosin & Fumagillin - Impacts on honey bee midgut bacterial symbionts Abstract- Concern for the managed honey bee population has been developing after drastic losses in the past decade. Suspected causes include new pests, pathogens, pesticides, migratory beekeeping, and nutritional deficiencies from a monoculture diet. To avoid the increasing threat of microbial pathogens, some beekeepers treat hives annually with tylosin and fumagillin, antibiotic compounds. Emerging research has identified the honey bee microbiome as an important aspect of colony health. It is unclear whether annual prophylactic treatments of tylosin and fumagillin applications deplete symbiotic microorganisms in the honey bee digestive tract. The purpose of this research was to gain an initial understanding if tylosin and fumagillin treatments significantly alter composition of Lactobacillus species in the honey bee midgut microbiome. Using a laboratory based, in vitro well-diffusion test and a caged in vivo experiment, four treatment groups consisting of 1) tylosin application, 2) fumagillin application, 3) tylosin with fumagillin application and 4) no chemical application as the control, were each replicated four times. Honey bees were sampled before treatment application, 5 days after treatment and 12 days after treatment. Midgut contents were then homogenized and concentration of Lactobacilli spp. in each midgut was assessed with a plate dilation series on MRS selective media. Colony Formation Units (CFU) were counted after plate inoculation and 72 hours of incubation. Proportions of high, medium and low CFU data were compared between treatment groups. Results suggest a need to further investigate the impact of annual antibiotic treatments and for a better understanding of the honey bee microbiome. Close