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• 1. [Article] Plant community dynamics in remnant and restored Willamette Valley wetland prairies

  Invasion by exotic species can pose a major challenge for developing native plant communities in wetland restoration projects. Often native plant communities do not develop as anticipated in restored wetlands ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plant community dynamics in remnant and restored Willamette Valley wetland prairies Author: Schwindt, Rachel A. Invasion by exotic species can pose a major challenge for developing native plant communities in wetland restoration projects. Often native plant communities do not develop as anticipated in restored wetlands due to colonization by exotic species that dominate the native plant community. Despite the time and expense to restore wetlands, there has been little long term research to compare plant communities in restored and natural wetland sites. Research into plant community diversity across several wetland sites over several years can provide a broader perspective into how these ecosystems recover from long-term disturbance. The objective of this study was to compare plant community change from 2000 to 2005 between restored and remnant wetland prairie sites in the southern Willamette Valley in Oregon to determine if exotic species abundance was consistent between these groups. Specific objectives included 1) comparing the diversity and abundance of all species in remnant and restored wetland prairie sites, 2) evaluate the trajectory of community change between remnant and restored wetland prairie sites to determine if there was rapid change in restored sites, and 3) describe the plot level heterogeneity of the plant community in all sites to determine how microsites influence diversity. In 2005, species abundance was re-measured in four remnant wetland prairies and four restored wetland prairies that had been selected for an unrelated vegetation survey in 2000. Species were characterized by life form, origin, and wetland indicator status. Species abundance between groups of remnant and restored sites were compared using a multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP). The plant community trajectory was evaluated with nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and tested for significance with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Species area curves were compared between sites and within remnant and restored groups of plots. Within-year and between-year significance tests indicated that remnant and restored sites were similar in exotic species abundance, graminoid abundance, and wetland species abundance with no significant difference between these remnant and restored wetland prairie sites. Individual sites in both groups experienced changes in exotic species abundance which confounded the statistical results. Species heterogeneity was no more spatially diverse across the remnant site plots than restored site plots. Species area curves did not show significant differences between remnant and restored plots but individual plots did show homogeneous community characteristics at smaller spatial scales. Restoration sites had developed high graminoid cover by the 2000 survey which was conducted two to three years after restoration was initiated. All sites were equally likely to contain exotic species. Exotic species common across all sites included Centaurium umbellatum, Holcus lanatus, and Hypericum perforatum. Native species common across sites included Deschampsia cespitosa, Danthonia californica and Juncus tenuis. These results suggested that differences between remnant and restored Willamette Valley wetland prairie sites were not generalizable at the landscape scale and were more dependent on site specific management activities and local barriers to colonization. Five years may not be enough time to see evidence that suggests if restored plant communities will develop spatial characteristics of the remnant sites. This research does suggest that multi-site comparisons help distinguish individual sites that are not developing characteristics of remnant wetland plant communities. Title: Plant community dynamics in remnant and restored Willamette Valley wetland prairies Author: Schwindt, Rachel A. Invasion by exotic species can pose a major challenge for developing native plant communities in wetland restoration projects. Often native plant communities do not develop as anticipated in restored wetlands due to colonization by exotic species that dominate the native plant community. Despite the time and expense to restore wetlands, there has been little long term research to compare plant communities in restored and natural wetland sites. Research into plant community diversity across several wetland sites over several years can provide a broader perspective into how these ecosystems recover from long-term disturbance. The objective of this study was to compare plant community change from 2000 to 2005 between restored and remnant wetland prairie sites in the southern Willamette Valley in Oregon to determine if exotic species abundance was consistent between these groups. Specific objectives included 1) comparing the diversity and abundance of all species in remnant and restored wetland prairie sites, 2) evaluate the trajectory of community change between remnant and restored wetland prairie sites to determine if there was rapid change in restored sites, and 3) describe the plot level heterogeneity of the plant community in all sites to determine how microsites influence diversity. In 2005, species abundance was re-measured in four remnant wetland prairies and four restored wetland prairies that had been selected for an unrelated vegetation survey in 2000. Species were characterized by life form, origin, and wetland indicator status. Species abundance between groups of remnant and restored sites were compared using a multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP). The plant community trajectory was evaluated with nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and tested for significance with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Species area curves were compared between sites and within remnant and restored groups of plots. Within-year and between-year significance tests indicated that remnant and restored sites were similar in exotic species abundance, graminoid abundance, and wetland species abundance with no significant difference between these remnant and restored wetland prairie sites. Individual sites in both groups experienced changes in exotic species abundance which confounded the statistical results. Species heterogeneity was no more spatially diverse across the remnant site plots than restored site plots. Species area curves did not show significant differences between remnant and restored plots but individual plots did show homogeneous community characteristics at smaller spatial scales. Restoration sites had developed high graminoid cover by the 2000 survey which was conducted two to three years after restoration was initiated. All sites were equally likely to contain exotic species. Exotic species common across all sites included Centaurium umbellatum, Holcus lanatus, and Hypericum perforatum. Native species common across sites included Deschampsia cespitosa, Danthonia californica and Juncus tenuis. These results suggested that differences between remnant and restored Willamette Valley wetland prairie sites were not generalizable at the landscape scale and were more dependent on site specific management activities and local barriers to colonization. Five years may not be enough time to see evidence that suggests if restored plant communities will develop spatial characteristics of the remnant sites. This research does suggest that multi-site comparisons help distinguish individual sites that are not developing characteristics of remnant wetland plant communities. Close

• 2. [Article] Overstory Structure and Community Characteristics of Oregon Ash (Fraxinus latifolia) Forests of the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  As species of ash trees become increasingly threatened worldwide by exotic pests and pathogens, it is important to develop descriptions of their ecologies that help guide the conservation and restoration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Overstory Structure and Community Characteristics of Oregon Ash (Fraxinus latifolia) Forests of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Prive, Sean As species of ash trees become increasingly threatened worldwide by exotic pests and pathogens, it is important to develop descriptions of their ecologies that help guide the conservation and restoration of forests in which they are a major component. Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) is a dominant tree species in wetland forests of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. It is potentially threatened by the emerald ash borer, an exotic forest insect that is expanding in range in North America. The arrival of the emerald ash borer in the western United States is expected to cause high rates of Oregon ash mortality, which will likely highly alter structural and compositional characteristics of regional riparian and wetland forests. To investigate the structural development and plant community dynamics of Willamette Valley Oregon ash forests, I quantified species structure and composition for both overstory and understory communities along gradients of stand age and soil moisture. Community Type Wetland Index (CTWI) scores were calculated for each plot by multiplying plot-level species abundances by the national wetland indicator value for each species, and were used as an approximation of local soil moisture regimes. Ash forests and early seral savannas were sampled in 102 plots within 11 wetlands between Lane and Washington Counties, Oregon. Early seral wetland savannas were dominated by herbaceous vegetation and had highly variable ash and other tree species recruitment. Young ash forests initiated on wetland sites that were formally maintained as savannas via anthropogenic disturbance. Structural development in these forests generally followed previously described post-disturbance stages: stem exclusion, understory initiation, young multi-strata, and old growth. As stands aged, tree densities decreased and mean tree diameter increased. Mean stand densities (for trees >5 cm at 1.3 m height) ranged from 1727 trees per hectare in stem exclusion stands to 348 in old growth stands, while mean tree diameter increased from 12 to 32 cm between those same stages. Furthermore, understory vegetation shifted from herbaceous to shrub and understory tree species. Oregon ash had the greatest relative dominance of all tree species at all stages of structural development. Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) was the only other tree species commonly found in forest canopies, though it was typically far less abundant than Oregon ash. Plots in which oak was present had a greater depth to soil mottling, indicating a lower depth to the annual high water table. Oregon ash was also the most commonly regenerating tree species in all stages of structural development, and nearly 70% of ash regeneration was vegetative. Other tree regeneration was typically restricted to understory species, especially cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) in forests and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) in savannas. Forest structural diversity increased between each stage of development. In total, 216 plant species were identified. Of these, 147 were found in forest plots. Community composition differed significantly between forests and savannas, and between "young" (stem exclusion and understory initiation) plots and "old" (young multi-strata and old growth) plots. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) indicated that, for all wetland plots, the environmental variables most highly correlated with community composition were CTWI scores and canopy cover. For forest plots only, NMS indicated that CTWI scores and stand density were the environmental variables most related to patterns in community composition. Species richness was not correlated with canopy cover, but was negatively correlated with CTWI scores. Exotic species cover was negatively correlated with canopy cover, but was not correlated with CTWI scores. Exotic species composition was dependent on both canopy cover and CTWI scores. On wet sites, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) was particularly abundant, and was associated with low species richness. On drier sites, common exotic species included trees and shrubs such as blackberries (Rubus spp.), exotic roses (Rosa spp.), single-seeded hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), and common pear (Pyrus communis) as well as several grass and forb species. The results of this study suggest that, although overstory tree communities are characterized by low diversity, Oregon ash forests are important for landscape-scale structural and plant community diversity in Willamette Valley wetlands. However, overstory tree communities lack diversity; Oregon ash appears to be both an early seral, colonizing species in open wetlands and a climax species that is capable of regenerating under a closed canopy. Few other trees are present regionally that are capable of maintaining a forested state in wetlands. Furthermore, closed canopy Oregon ash forests may suppress exotic species spread, and in the absence of management, overstory ash mortality may lead to increased exotic plant cover. Regardless of future forest health threats, intact Oregon ash forests, like other regional wetland-types, are currently few and limited in extent and should be considered a conservation priority. Title: Overstory Structure and Community Characteristics of Oregon Ash (Fraxinus latifolia) Forests of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Prive, Sean As species of ash trees become increasingly threatened worldwide by exotic pests and pathogens, it is important to develop descriptions of their ecologies that help guide the conservation and restoration of forests in which they are a major component. Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) is a dominant tree species in wetland forests of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. It is potentially threatened by the emerald ash borer, an exotic forest insect that is expanding in range in North America. The arrival of the emerald ash borer in the western United States is expected to cause high rates of Oregon ash mortality, which will likely highly alter structural and compositional characteristics of regional riparian and wetland forests. To investigate the structural development and plant community dynamics of Willamette Valley Oregon ash forests, I quantified species structure and composition for both overstory and understory communities along gradients of stand age and soil moisture. Community Type Wetland Index (CTWI) scores were calculated for each plot by multiplying plot-level species abundances by the national wetland indicator value for each species, and were used as an approximation of local soil moisture regimes. Ash forests and early seral savannas were sampled in 102 plots within 11 wetlands between Lane and Washington Counties, Oregon. Early seral wetland savannas were dominated by herbaceous vegetation and had highly variable ash and other tree species recruitment. Young ash forests initiated on wetland sites that were formally maintained as savannas via anthropogenic disturbance. Structural development in these forests generally followed previously described post-disturbance stages: stem exclusion, understory initiation, young multi-strata, and old growth. As stands aged, tree densities decreased and mean tree diameter increased. Mean stand densities (for trees >5 cm at 1.3 m height) ranged from 1727 trees per hectare in stem exclusion stands to 348 in old growth stands, while mean tree diameter increased from 12 to 32 cm between those same stages. Furthermore, understory vegetation shifted from herbaceous to shrub and understory tree species. Oregon ash had the greatest relative dominance of all tree species at all stages of structural development. Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) was the only other tree species commonly found in forest canopies, though it was typically far less abundant than Oregon ash. Plots in which oak was present had a greater depth to soil mottling, indicating a lower depth to the annual high water table. Oregon ash was also the most commonly regenerating tree species in all stages of structural development, and nearly 70% of ash regeneration was vegetative. Other tree regeneration was typically restricted to understory species, especially cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) in forests and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) in savannas. Forest structural diversity increased between each stage of development. In total, 216 plant species were identified. Of these, 147 were found in forest plots. Community composition differed significantly between forests and savannas, and between "young" (stem exclusion and understory initiation) plots and "old" (young multi-strata and old growth) plots. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) indicated that, for all wetland plots, the environmental variables most highly correlated with community composition were CTWI scores and canopy cover. For forest plots only, NMS indicated that CTWI scores and stand density were the environmental variables most related to patterns in community composition. Species richness was not correlated with canopy cover, but was negatively correlated with CTWI scores. Exotic species cover was negatively correlated with canopy cover, but was not correlated with CTWI scores. Exotic species composition was dependent on both canopy cover and CTWI scores. On wet sites, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) was particularly abundant, and was associated with low species richness. On drier sites, common exotic species included trees and shrubs such as blackberries (Rubus spp.), exotic roses (Rosa spp.), single-seeded hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), and common pear (Pyrus communis) as well as several grass and forb species. The results of this study suggest that, although overstory tree communities are characterized by low diversity, Oregon ash forests are important for landscape-scale structural and plant community diversity in Willamette Valley wetlands. However, overstory tree communities lack diversity; Oregon ash appears to be both an early seral, colonizing species in open wetlands and a climax species that is capable of regenerating under a closed canopy. Few other trees are present regionally that are capable of maintaining a forested state in wetlands. Furthermore, closed canopy Oregon ash forests may suppress exotic species spread, and in the absence of management, overstory ash mortality may lead to increased exotic plant cover. Regardless of future forest health threats, intact Oregon ash forests, like other regional wetland-types, are currently few and limited in extent and should be considered a conservation priority. Close

• 3. [Article] Native wetland, riparian, and upland plant communities and their biota in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  As part of the Willamette Basin Geographic Initiative Program, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded The Nature Conservancy of Oregon to inventory, classify, and map native wetland and riparian ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native wetland, riparian, and upland plant communities and their biota in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Alverson, Edward R., VanderSchaaf, Dick, Kagan, James S., Christy, John A., Titus, John H. As part of the Willamette Basin Geographic Initiative Program, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded The Nature Conservancy of Oregon to inventory, classify, and map native wetland and riparian plant communities and their threatened biota in the Willamette Valley. Between October 1994 and September 1996, we evaluated 172 wetland and riparian sites throughout the Willamette Valley. A site is a stream or river reach or wetland area that was inventoried at one to many locations. Of these sites, 21 are high-quality remnants important for future protection and restoration efforts. We identified 153 natural communities as occurring in native wetland and riparian habitats, of which 101 are new to the plant community classification of the Oregon Natural Heritage Program. Twenty-six species of rare animals and 23 species of rare plants occur in the Willamette Valley. Thirty-two species of rare plants and animals appear to be directly dependent on wetland and riparian communities in the Willamette Valley, and twenty-two species are dependent on upland communities in the Willamette Valley. Mapping of presettlement vegetation in the Willamette Valley indicates that 456,119 hectares (1,127,071 ac) of wetland and riparian habitat have been lost overall, with 12 communities impacted in particular. As for uplands, 732,432 hectares (1,809,841 ac) of habitat have been lost overall, with 7 natural communities impacted in particular. We recommend local citizen involvement, land purchases and restoration as means of protecting and restoring remnant ecosystems and their biota in the Willamette Valley. Title: Native wetland, riparian, and upland plant communities and their biota in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Alverson, Edward R., VanderSchaaf, Dick, Kagan, James S., Christy, John A., Titus, John H. As part of the Willamette Basin Geographic Initiative Program, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded The Nature Conservancy of Oregon to inventory, classify, and map native wetland and riparian plant communities and their threatened biota in the Willamette Valley. Between October 1994 and September 1996, we evaluated 172 wetland and riparian sites throughout the Willamette Valley. A site is a stream or river reach or wetland area that was inventoried at one to many locations. Of these sites, 21 are high-quality remnants important for future protection and restoration efforts. We identified 153 natural communities as occurring in native wetland and riparian habitats, of which 101 are new to the plant community classification of the Oregon Natural Heritage Program. Twenty-six species of rare animals and 23 species of rare plants occur in the Willamette Valley. Thirty-two species of rare plants and animals appear to be directly dependent on wetland and riparian communities in the Willamette Valley, and twenty-two species are dependent on upland communities in the Willamette Valley. Mapping of presettlement vegetation in the Willamette Valley indicates that 456,119 hectares (1,127,071 ac) of wetland and riparian habitat have been lost overall, with 12 communities impacted in particular. As for uplands, 732,432 hectares (1,809,841 ac) of habitat have been lost overall, with 7 natural communities impacted in particular. We recommend local citizen involvement, land purchases and restoration as means of protecting and restoring remnant ecosystems and their biota in the Willamette Valley. Close

• 4. [Article] Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon.

  Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Author: Cline, Brittany B. Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely recognized that events in different stages of the annual cycle have important implications for processes in avian ecology, evolution, and conservation, challenges associated with quantifying migratory connectivity frequently constrain annual-cycle approaches to the study of avian movement. The majority of cross-seasonal movement studies have been conducted to either (1) establish linkages between geographically distinct wintering, breeding and migratory stopover locations; or (2) assess site fidelity and movement within fractions of the annual cycle (i.e. individual seasons). Far fewer studies employ annual-cycle approaches to investigate how local and regional movement patterns of individuals change seasonally within an area of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Within western Oregon’s Willamette Valley in 2007, I quantified the intra- and inter-seasonal movement patterns, fidelity (regional/local), and migratory strategies of 37 radio-marked Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) to elucidate residency status in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Available evidence indicated the potential for a variety of possible migratory behaviors for this relatively understudied migratory species; results revealed that the group monitored constituted winter residents (74%), winter transients (14%), summer residents (9%), and one year-round resident breeder (3%). Findings indicated a lack of connectivity between populations captured during winter and summer, scant evidence of partial migration (one year-round resident), as well as the first documentation of between-season fidelity of snipe to the region (return of winter resident in subsequent fall). Spring migration chronology of radio-marked winter residents indicated a strong sex differential in timing of migration, with males departing an average of 9.68 days earlier than females (20.11 days including winter transients). In contrast, fall migration patterns were suggestive of inverse chronology (females departing before males). Male-biased winter sex ratios were consistent with observed latitudinal clines for other nonbreeding shorebird populations. The protracted spring migration periods resulted in gradual dispersal consistent with energy minimization migration strategies. Across seasons, the extent of movements and use of multiple wetland sites suggested that snipe were capable of exploratory movements, but more regularly perceived local and fine-scale segments of the landscape as connected. There were no differences in the areal extent of individual home-ranges, number of sites visited, individual mobility, or distances detected from capture sites by individual sex (or interaction of sex × season). However, movements differed significantly by season and residency, with individuals exhibiting contracted movements during late winter, and most expansive movements during precipitation-limited periods (late spring, summer, fall 2007). Mean home-range size was 3.52 ± 0.93 km2 (100% MCP) and 1.57 ± 0.42 km2 (95% fixed kernel), and did not vary by sex; however, home-range varied markedly by season (range 100% MCP = 1.04 – 7.56 km2). Overall results indicated variable fidelity patterns (e.g., prolonged periods of within-season residency, transient behavior, between-season fidelity, partial migration), which were indicative of a complex regional population structure. Wilson’s Snipe demonstrated striking differences in movement patterns, vagility and local site fidelity across seasons in the Willamette Valley, while previous studies of shorebird movement and habitat use in the region focused solely on winter and precipitation-copious periods. Furthermore, by highlighting the seasonal changes in snipe movement metrics, this study provides the first cross-seasonal profile of a shorebird species’ space-use in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Results provide insight on the regional and local fidelity and movement patterns of shorebirds in a spatiotemporally dynamic wetland landscape, across multiple seasons. Furthermore, findings indicate that single-season approaches to wetland management in the region present the risk of mischaracterizing species’ spatial requirements, and highlight the need to consider: (1) cross-seasonal effects, and (2) inter-specific differences in shorebird life histories when developing regional wetland conservation plans. Title: Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Author: Cline, Brittany B. Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely recognized that events in different stages of the annual cycle have important implications for processes in avian ecology, evolution, and conservation, challenges associated with quantifying migratory connectivity frequently constrain annual-cycle approaches to the study of avian movement. The majority of cross-seasonal movement studies have been conducted to either (1) establish linkages between geographically distinct wintering, breeding and migratory stopover locations; or (2) assess site fidelity and movement within fractions of the annual cycle (i.e. individual seasons). Far fewer studies employ annual-cycle approaches to investigate how local and regional movement patterns of individuals change seasonally within an area of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Within western Oregon’s Willamette Valley in 2007, I quantified the intra- and inter-seasonal movement patterns, fidelity (regional/local), and migratory strategies of 37 radio-marked Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) to elucidate residency status in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Available evidence indicated the potential for a variety of possible migratory behaviors for this relatively understudied migratory species; results revealed that the group monitored constituted winter residents (74%), winter transients (14%), summer residents (9%), and one year-round resident breeder (3%). Findings indicated a lack of connectivity between populations captured during winter and summer, scant evidence of partial migration (one year-round resident), as well as the first documentation of between-season fidelity of snipe to the region (return of winter resident in subsequent fall). Spring migration chronology of radio-marked winter residents indicated a strong sex differential in timing of migration, with males departing an average of 9.68 days earlier than females (20.11 days including winter transients). In contrast, fall migration patterns were suggestive of inverse chronology (females departing before males). Male-biased winter sex ratios were consistent with observed latitudinal clines for other nonbreeding shorebird populations. The protracted spring migration periods resulted in gradual dispersal consistent with energy minimization migration strategies. Across seasons, the extent of movements and use of multiple wetland sites suggested that snipe were capable of exploratory movements, but more regularly perceived local and fine-scale segments of the landscape as connected. There were no differences in the areal extent of individual home-ranges, number of sites visited, individual mobility, or distances detected from capture sites by individual sex (or interaction of sex × season). However, movements differed significantly by season and residency, with individuals exhibiting contracted movements during late winter, and most expansive movements during precipitation-limited periods (late spring, summer, fall 2007). Mean home-range size was 3.52 ± 0.93 km2 (100% MCP) and 1.57 ± 0.42 km2 (95% fixed kernel), and did not vary by sex; however, home-range varied markedly by season (range 100% MCP = 1.04 – 7.56 km2). Overall results indicated variable fidelity patterns (e.g., prolonged periods of within-season residency, transient behavior, between-season fidelity, partial migration), which were indicative of a complex regional population structure. Wilson’s Snipe demonstrated striking differences in movement patterns, vagility and local site fidelity across seasons in the Willamette Valley, while previous studies of shorebird movement and habitat use in the region focused solely on winter and precipitation-copious periods. Furthermore, by highlighting the seasonal changes in snipe movement metrics, this study provides the first cross-seasonal profile of a shorebird species’ space-use in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Results provide insight on the regional and local fidelity and movement patterns of shorebirds in a spatiotemporally dynamic wetland landscape, across multiple seasons. Furthermore, findings indicate that single-season approaches to wetland management in the region present the risk of mischaracterizing species’ spatial requirements, and highlight the need to consider: (1) cross-seasonal effects, and (2) inter-specific differences in shorebird life histories when developing regional wetland conservation plans. Close

• 5. [Article] A new model to simulate climate-change impacts on forest succession for local land management

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A new model to simulate climate-change impacts on forest succession for local land management Author: Bolte, John P., Bridgham, Scott D., Neilson, Ronald P., et al., Yospin, Gabriel I. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecap. Title: A new model to simulate climate-change impacts on forest succession for local land management Author: Bolte, John P., Bridgham, Scott D., Neilson, Ronald P., et al., Yospin, Gabriel I. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecap. Close