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• 1. [Article] Digital Luggage Weighing Machine Development Log

  Millions of people travel each year whether it is for business or pleasure. No matter what the purpose for their trip is, they have the same worry as they leave for the airport—will my luggage exceed the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Digital Luggage Weighing Machine Development Log Author: Julien, Alex, Borgan, Mohammed, Rampalli, Phaneendra, Singla, Puniti, Bhendigeri, Sandeep Year: 2012 Millions of people travel each year whether it is for business or pleasure. No matter what the purpose for their trip is, they have the same worry as they leave for the airport—will my luggage exceed the maximum amount allowed? In the New Product Development course, the students in the class were required to team up and work on a project developing a new product. As our team was composed of international students, we decided to develop a digital luggage scale because it was something we could all relate to. This development log will explain in detail how we went from initial idea to the final product design. Additionally, this paper will describe the challenges that we faced, what we did well, the improvements that could be made and finally how we will learn from our mistakes and use this knowledge in future projects. Title: Digital Luggage Weighing Machine Development Log Author: Julien, Alex, Borgan, Mohammed, Rampalli, Phaneendra, Singla, Puniti, Bhendigeri, Sandeep Year: 2012 Millions of people travel each year whether it is for business or pleasure. No matter what the purpose for their trip is, they have the same worry as they leave for the airport—will my luggage exceed the maximum amount allowed? In the New Product Development course, the students in the class were required to team up and work on a project developing a new product. As our team was composed of international students, we decided to develop a digital luggage scale because it was something we could all relate to. This development log will explain in detail how we went from initial idea to the final product design. Additionally, this paper will describe the challenges that we faced, what we did well, the improvements that could be made and finally how we will learn from our mistakes and use this knowledge in future projects. Close

• 2. [Article] A Proposal for funding to The Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science Innovation Program at Portland State University, Innovation: Stroker Billiard Accessory

  The Stroker ™ is a pool shooting accessory that helps to improve accuracy by reducing the number of pivot points of the shooter’s support hand with an expandable, low friction guide that fits most standard ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Proposal for funding to The Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science Innovation Program at Portland State University, Innovation: Stroker Billiard Accessory Author: Mudavadi, Caroline, White, Corey, Perrenoud, Christophe, Wang, Xiaowen, Cooper, Melvin Year: 2012 The Stroker ™ is a pool shooting accessory that helps to improve accuracy by reducing the number of pivot points of the shooter’s support hand with an expandable, low friction guide that fits most standard sized pool cues. The Stroker is made of a metal exterior, with Teflon coated interior to reduce friction, and clips or pins that provide expandability. Innovation – Prototype development offers several opportunities to find innovative design solutions to improve and address the goals of the product. Although a rudimentary prototype has been developed as part of the concept development process, it is not a functional prototype that can be tested to determine if indeed the design meets the standards developed by the product development team. Two major challenges have to be addressed. The prototype can help ensure that the design is the best method of expanding/contracting of the components rapidly that provides stability, limits friction to a minimum, and is durable enough for casual use. Secondly, developing a prototype will provide additional insight into the development of the most costs effective manufacturing process. Thirdly, this is a lifestyle product and as such, industrial design is critical to its success. What design elements will be most appealing to the greatest percentage of our target market? Will a simple metal exterior, with perhaps engraving or patterns meet our needs, or should we consider a wide range of designs with a variety of exteriors such as painting, colors, etc. Title: A Proposal for funding to The Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science Innovation Program at Portland State University, Innovation: Stroker Billiard Accessory Author: Mudavadi, Caroline, White, Corey, Perrenoud, Christophe, Wang, Xiaowen, Cooper, Melvin Year: 2012 The Stroker ™ is a pool shooting accessory that helps to improve accuracy by reducing the number of pivot points of the shooter’s support hand with an expandable, low friction guide that fits most standard sized pool cues. The Stroker is made of a metal exterior, with Teflon coated interior to reduce friction, and clips or pins that provide expandability. Innovation – Prototype development offers several opportunities to find innovative design solutions to improve and address the goals of the product. Although a rudimentary prototype has been developed as part of the concept development process, it is not a functional prototype that can be tested to determine if indeed the design meets the standards developed by the product development team. Two major challenges have to be addressed. The prototype can help ensure that the design is the best method of expanding/contracting of the components rapidly that provides stability, limits friction to a minimum, and is durable enough for casual use. Secondly, developing a prototype will provide additional insight into the development of the most costs effective manufacturing process. Thirdly, this is a lifestyle product and as such, industrial design is critical to its success. What design elements will be most appealing to the greatest percentage of our target market? Will a simple metal exterior, with perhaps engraving or patterns meet our needs, or should we consider a wide range of designs with a variety of exteriors such as painting, colors, etc. Close

• 3. [Article] Development Log: Cool People Inc.

  The Development Log report will focus in a detailed description of the implementation process of the theory learnt in class in a real application for the product of Cool People Inc. There is an visible ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development Log: Cool People Inc. Author: Upadhyay, Jubin, Alzamil, Ziyad, Charoensupyanan, Apisit, Pornsatit, Chakaphan, Soysa, Dinesh, Gomez, Fredy Year: 2012 The Development Log report will focus in a detailed description of the implementation process of the theory learnt in class in a real application for the product of Cool People Inc. There is an visible gap between theory and practice, so the team had to manage different situation where either different tools beyond the ones explained in class were used or some approaches were avoided because of lack of applicability. This report is broken down in different sections that match the flow of the book, and it explains the process and main barriers to implement the material learnt in class in the development of our new product. Title: Development Log: Cool People Inc. Author: Upadhyay, Jubin, Alzamil, Ziyad, Charoensupyanan, Apisit, Pornsatit, Chakaphan, Soysa, Dinesh, Gomez, Fredy Year: 2012 The Development Log report will focus in a detailed description of the implementation process of the theory learnt in class in a real application for the product of Cool People Inc. There is an visible gap between theory and practice, so the team had to manage different situation where either different tools beyond the ones explained in class were used or some approaches were avoided because of lack of applicability. This report is broken down in different sections that match the flow of the book, and it explains the process and main barriers to implement the material learnt in class in the development of our new product. Close

• 4. [Article] Project Glass: Google’s Augmented Reality Glasses

  Technology is everywhere. It is very beneficial and plays a big role in our lives today. But it controls the way people collaborate with each other in our work, studies, mobility, communication, thinking, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Project Glass: Google’s Augmented Reality Glasses Author: Al Mallak, Manar, Al-Mulla, Nameer, Griffis, Sarah, Koosawangsri, Rachanida, Nguyen, Tri, Tamimi, Sajeda Year: 2012 Technology is everywhere. It is very beneficial and plays a big role in our lives today. But it controls the way people collaborate with each other in our work, studies, mobility, communication, thinking, and even our eating. We believe technology “should work for you—to be there when you need it and get out of your way when you don’t [1]. “ And here comes the role of Google Glass as an alternative. The project was started by the Google company under the name ‘Project Glass’ to create a significant type of technology that provides an environment to help people share the world and put it back in the moment. Google Glass is an augmented reality head-mounted display (HMD) developed by Google within Project Glass’ research & development program [2]. Our focus in this marketing plan will be on enterprise businesses, rather than only solutions for individual end users. Google is already in the enterprise market. We will go through our marketing plan by starting with the product itself, and by doing a Product Analysis. We discuss a Technology Assessment and then explore the product propose, components, features, and value it can provide to enterprise customers. Then we will go through our Market Analysis to show our potential customer segmentations. We explain our decision of choosing our targeted early adapters and early majority and illustrate the technology’s adoption lifecycle curve and crossing the chasm. Later on, in the Customer Analysis section we explain our targeted customers in depth by giving a definition and exploring their activities. We show the role of Google Glass in the work process and end up with the customer perceptions. Furthermore, in the Competitor Analysis section, we will create a competitive landscape to map our product’s competitors by giving an in-depth elaboration on every competitor’s pros and cons and their place in the landscape position. The competitor section is finished by doing a SWOT analysis to show our organization’s points of strengths, weaknesses; current and potential opportunities and source of threats. Moreover, in the Market Strategy we’ll talk about positioning, promotion, and distribution. Following this further, in the Finance section we’ll illustrate the product pricing, costs, and revenues. In the same way we’ll show our revenue allocation estimates, expenses budget, and finish with customer value pricing. Title: Project Glass: Google’s Augmented Reality Glasses Author: Al Mallak, Manar, Al-Mulla, Nameer, Griffis, Sarah, Koosawangsri, Rachanida, Nguyen, Tri, Tamimi, Sajeda Year: 2012 Technology is everywhere. It is very beneficial and plays a big role in our lives today. But it controls the way people collaborate with each other in our work, studies, mobility, communication, thinking, and even our eating. We believe technology “should work for you—to be there when you need it and get out of your way when you don’t [1]. “ And here comes the role of Google Glass as an alternative. The project was started by the Google company under the name ‘Project Glass’ to create a significant type of technology that provides an environment to help people share the world and put it back in the moment. Google Glass is an augmented reality head-mounted display (HMD) developed by Google within Project Glass’ research & development program [2]. Our focus in this marketing plan will be on enterprise businesses, rather than only solutions for individual end users. Google is already in the enterprise market. We will go through our marketing plan by starting with the product itself, and by doing a Product Analysis. We discuss a Technology Assessment and then explore the product propose, components, features, and value it can provide to enterprise customers. Then we will go through our Market Analysis to show our potential customer segmentations. We explain our decision of choosing our targeted early adapters and early majority and illustrate the technology’s adoption lifecycle curve and crossing the chasm. Later on, in the Customer Analysis section we explain our targeted customers in depth by giving a definition and exploring their activities. We show the role of Google Glass in the work process and end up with the customer perceptions. Furthermore, in the Competitor Analysis section, we will create a competitive landscape to map our product’s competitors by giving an in-depth elaboration on every competitor’s pros and cons and their place in the landscape position. The competitor section is finished by doing a SWOT analysis to show our organization’s points of strengths, weaknesses; current and potential opportunities and source of threats. Moreover, in the Market Strategy we’ll talk about positioning, promotion, and distribution. Following this further, in the Finance section we’ll illustrate the product pricing, costs, and revenues. In the same way we’ll show our revenue allocation estimates, expenses budget, and finish with customer value pricing. Close

• 5. [Article] Group Project -- Sony 3DHD TV: "Living the Experience"

  The next big thing on TV, as Panasonic and Samsung called it during the CES 2010 exhibit, is the availability of the 3D experience on the new TV sets that are coming to the market as early as the first ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Group Project -- Sony 3DHD TV: "Living the Experience" Author: Schwarz, Justus Arne, Noble, Stephen, Martinez, Jesus, Eshghi, Sha Year: 2010 The next big thing on TV, as Panasonic and Samsung called it during the CES 2010 exhibit, is the availability of the 3D experience on the new TV sets that are coming to the market as early as the first quarter of 2010. Though 3D technology has been around for many years in very concrete niches such as specialized movie theaters the advent of more realistic 3D techniques and the push from media creators to have more available content is going to create a new market opportunities in home TV sales and many vendors are putting their best effort to offer such products. Initial industry estimates are showing a significant adoption of 3D technology across TV sets, computer equipment, content broadcast and specialized home entertainment so the interest of major entertainment providers is clearly justified. This new end market currently appeals to early adopters who are willing to pay the premium for the latest technologies and expect a full available ecosystem of content/equipment to improve their experience. An accurate study of market segments and a correct introduction of these new products will have a significant impact to set standards and future steps on 3D technology as new updates on the technology, interaction to other home entertainment equipment such as home theaters and larger segment shares on a growing market. Sony Corporation is one of the best situated entertainment providers due to its history of a technology innovation company, trusted for its reliability and quality on products and the fact that Sony is not just an electronics company trying solely to sell products but a key player in all aspects of the entertainment industry creating content such as motion pictures or computer games, developing the tools required for 3D creation and broadcasting content as well as the electronic manufacturer. Title: Group Project -- Sony 3DHD TV: "Living the Experience" Author: Schwarz, Justus Arne, Noble, Stephen, Martinez, Jesus, Eshghi, Sha Year: 2010 The next big thing on TV, as Panasonic and Samsung called it during the CES 2010 exhibit, is the availability of the 3D experience on the new TV sets that are coming to the market as early as the first quarter of 2010. Though 3D technology has been around for many years in very concrete niches such as specialized movie theaters the advent of more realistic 3D techniques and the push from media creators to have more available content is going to create a new market opportunities in home TV sales and many vendors are putting their best effort to offer such products. Initial industry estimates are showing a significant adoption of 3D technology across TV sets, computer equipment, content broadcast and specialized home entertainment so the interest of major entertainment providers is clearly justified. This new end market currently appeals to early adopters who are willing to pay the premium for the latest technologies and expect a full available ecosystem of content/equipment to improve their experience. An accurate study of market segments and a correct introduction of these new products will have a significant impact to set standards and future steps on 3D technology as new updates on the technology, interaction to other home entertainment equipment such as home theaters and larger segment shares on a growing market. Sony Corporation is one of the best situated entertainment providers due to its history of a technology innovation company, trusted for its reliability and quality on products and the fact that Sony is not just an electronics company trying solely to sell products but a key player in all aspects of the entertainment industry creating content such as motion pictures or computer games, developing the tools required for 3D creation and broadcasting content as well as the electronic manufacturer. Close

• 6. [Article] Marketing Plan: The Cube

  Our product is a low cost ($1,299) three dimensional prototyping machine, commonly known as a “personal 3D Printer”. The product name is “The Cube” and is produced by 3D Systems, Inc. Our customers are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marketing Plan: The Cube Author: Eastham, James, Tucker, David, Smith, Joe, Julien, Alex, Bhendigeri, Sandeep Year: 2012 Our product is a low cost ($1,299) three dimensional prototyping machine, commonly known as a “personal 3D Printer”. The product name is “The Cube” and is produced by 3D Systems, Inc. Our customers are companies interested in speeding up their New Product Development (NPD) process by decentralizing their prototyping capability. Currently, firms design products or components using Computer Aided Design (CAD). Once the CAD design is complete, the file is converted to STL format (Stereo Lithography) and sent to an outside vendor or an internal prototype department. The outside vendor or internal department will create the prototype using an expensive 3D printer. The outsourcing process generally takes around 2 weeks at a cost of $300. Our system will allow each designer to have a desk‐top prototyping station, thereby reducing the prototyping time to 2 hours at a cost $10. 3D Systems is an established manufacturer of 3D Printers with an existing customer base. 3D Systems is currently a market leader in higher cost 3D Printers. The Cube is one of the lowest cost (sub $1300) products on the market designed for the consumer segment. The Cube stands out in the market as the lowest cost and easiest to use with established technical / customer support. The price of printer materials (Amorphous Thermo‐Plastics) and printing speed is comparable to other systems on the market. The Cube is not as flexible as some competitors; however the marketing team believes the majority of companies and consumers are not interested in an open source system which allows for manual “hacking” of the hardware and software. The primary competitor, MakerBot, targets the at‐ home hobbyist, while our product is more targeted to the mainstream user. Title: Marketing Plan: The Cube Author: Eastham, James, Tucker, David, Smith, Joe, Julien, Alex, Bhendigeri, Sandeep Year: 2012 Our product is a low cost ($1,299) three dimensional prototyping machine, commonly known as a “personal 3D Printer”. The product name is “The Cube” and is produced by 3D Systems, Inc. Our customers are companies interested in speeding up their New Product Development (NPD) process by decentralizing their prototyping capability. Currently, firms design products or components using Computer Aided Design (CAD). Once the CAD design is complete, the file is converted to STL format (Stereo Lithography) and sent to an outside vendor or an internal prototype department. The outside vendor or internal department will create the prototype using an expensive 3D printer. The outsourcing process generally takes around 2 weeks at a cost of $300. Our system will allow each designer to have a desk‐top prototyping station, thereby reducing the prototyping time to 2 hours at a cost $10. 3D Systems is an established manufacturer of 3D Printers with an existing customer base. 3D Systems is currently a market leader in higher cost 3D Printers. The Cube is one of the lowest cost (sub $1300) products on the market designed for the consumer segment. The Cube stands out in the market as the lowest cost and easiest to use with established technical / customer support. The price of printer materials (Amorphous Thermo‐Plastics) and printing speed is comparable to other systems on the market. The Cube is not as flexible as some competitors; however the marketing team believes the majority of companies and consumers are not interested in an open source system which allows for manual “hacking” of the hardware and software. The primary competitor, MakerBot, targets the at‐ home hobbyist, while our product is more targeted to the mainstream user. Close

• 7. [Article] RollTop Marketing Plan

  Today’s consumers are exposed to a wide range of electronic gadgets, mainly laptops and tablets, each one addressing part of the users’ needs such as portability, performance, and application accessibility, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: RollTop Marketing Plan Author: Hogaboam, Liliya, Cho, Yonghee, Natarajan, Rupha, Sater, Abrahim, Ju, Jiali, Provenzola, Jeremy Year: 2012 Today’s consumers are exposed to a wide range of electronic gadgets, mainly laptops and tablets, each one addressing part of the users’ needs such as portability, performance, and application accessibility, to name a few. The current fast pace, “on the move” life style is forcing the consumers to demand a full solution ready at their fingertips all the times. Possessing, carrying, and using two devices at once is not practical and is causing an inconvenient problem to a generation that is ready to own every single electronic gadget out there. Also, the trend of environmentally concerned people has been increasing year after year, as well as the consumer demand for green (recyclable and very efficient) products. A good point to keep in mind is that the manufacturers acknowledge the consumers’ partnership in innovation and they are giving it a great deal of consideration. At Samsung, being part of the current generation, we captured those concerns and developed the concept for the Rolltop. The solution is a Laptop/Tablet/Standalone screen, 3 in 1 product that satisfies the versatility of the “on the move” customer needs and ‘I need this gadget too’ desires. A fully recyclable, more efficient in terms of power consumption, and flexible OLED/LEC (organic light-emitting diode/electrochemical-cell) display combined with the latest computing power and other ergonomic/mechanic features will cover all our consumer concerns, strengthen Samsung’s position in the driver seat and most importantly, put the environmental efforts in consumer electronics on the right track. The Rolltop is the essential companion for the users, who through their turbulent lives, need an inherent keyboard to work on spreadsheets and other documents (as a 13-inch laptop), and a large multi-touch (17-inch tablet) screen and a stylus for design. Finally, the bonus 17” standalone display with its vibrant colors is there for movies time. The Rolltop will be equipped with an Intel Core i7 processor, a Windows 8 operating system, a 500GB or SSD storage of up to 128GB, the Wi-Fi, WiMax and Bluetooth options along with the latest Thunderbolt technology. The approximate 3 pounds device will be available for a suggested $1,215. Note: The Marketing Log appendix is included here as a supplemental file. Title: RollTop Marketing Plan Author: Hogaboam, Liliya, Cho, Yonghee, Natarajan, Rupha, Sater, Abrahim, Ju, Jiali, Provenzola, Jeremy Year: 2012 Today’s consumers are exposed to a wide range of electronic gadgets, mainly laptops and tablets, each one addressing part of the users’ needs such as portability, performance, and application accessibility, to name a few. The current fast pace, “on the move” life style is forcing the consumers to demand a full solution ready at their fingertips all the times. Possessing, carrying, and using two devices at once is not practical and is causing an inconvenient problem to a generation that is ready to own every single electronic gadget out there. Also, the trend of environmentally concerned people has been increasing year after year, as well as the consumer demand for green (recyclable and very efficient) products. A good point to keep in mind is that the manufacturers acknowledge the consumers’ partnership in innovation and they are giving it a great deal of consideration. At Samsung, being part of the current generation, we captured those concerns and developed the concept for the Rolltop. The solution is a Laptop/Tablet/Standalone screen, 3 in 1 product that satisfies the versatility of the “on the move” customer needs and ‘I need this gadget too’ desires. A fully recyclable, more efficient in terms of power consumption, and flexible OLED/LEC (organic light-emitting diode/electrochemical-cell) display combined with the latest computing power and other ergonomic/mechanic features will cover all our consumer concerns, strengthen Samsung’s position in the driver seat and most importantly, put the environmental efforts in consumer electronics on the right track. The Rolltop is the essential companion for the users, who through their turbulent lives, need an inherent keyboard to work on spreadsheets and other documents (as a 13-inch laptop), and a large multi-touch (17-inch tablet) screen and a stylus for design. Finally, the bonus 17” standalone display with its vibrant colors is there for movies time. The Rolltop will be equipped with an Intel Core i7 processor, a Windows 8 operating system, a 500GB or SSD storage of up to 128GB, the Wi-Fi, WiMax and Bluetooth options along with the latest Thunderbolt technology. The approximate 3 pounds device will be available for a suggested $1,215. Note: The Marketing Log appendix is included here as a supplemental file. Close

• 8. [Article] MChip Marketing Plan

  The MChip product is a breakthrough technology that is extremely competitive with any existing products on the market. The MChip offers significant costs savings (in excess of 50%) when compared to the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: MChip Marketing Plan Author: Cooper, Melvin Year: 2012 The MChip product is a breakthrough technology that is extremely competitive with any existing products on the market. The MChip offers significant costs savings (in excess of 50%) when compared to the lowest competitor. The MChip provides not only HIV testing capabilities, but also Syphilis – a commonly paired test. The MChip is the first point of care testing product that provides an objective result, a key factor for health care workers, and of course, patients. POCT products are sold all over the world, and last year, over 120 million people had an HIV test. The product also offers other advantages including a longer shelf life, it is far easier to use than existing products (does not require reagent mixing), and provides results in roughly 10 minutes, matching the next quickest product available. In comparison to other products, MChip is clearly superior and given an effective marketing plan, should be highly successful. Aside from the improbability that comparable technology will be developed that does not infringe on MChip’s patents, the only barriers to dominating the market are competitors that also offer a broad array of related medical supplies. Some large global competitors also sell a wide variety of related products and may bundle or package testing kits with much higher ticket items, such as anti-viral therapies or other products. Another potential barrier is related to politics, partnerships and relationships between global health organizations, foundations and governments. For example, Abbott, a major pharmaceutical manufacturer also sells HIV test kits, such a organization may contribute significantly to charitable causes, and as such, partners may elect to continue purchasing their HIV Test Kits. Aside from the advantages offered by the MChip product, its ability to include up to six additional test on a single cartridge, and its plans to continue adding different test such as hepatitis for example, will further solidify its position in the market by effectively bundling several test into a single test kits, further reducing costs, and providing other benefits. The full potential of MChip is unknown, but it appears it is a excellent product that offers meaningful benefits not only to end-users, patients and healthcare workers, but t the much greater efforts to reduce the spread of AIDS by making testing more economical, and hence, increasing availability. Title: MChip Marketing Plan Author: Cooper, Melvin Year: 2012 The MChip product is a breakthrough technology that is extremely competitive with any existing products on the market. The MChip offers significant costs savings (in excess of 50%) when compared to the lowest competitor. The MChip provides not only HIV testing capabilities, but also Syphilis – a commonly paired test. The MChip is the first point of care testing product that provides an objective result, a key factor for health care workers, and of course, patients. POCT products are sold all over the world, and last year, over 120 million people had an HIV test. The product also offers other advantages including a longer shelf life, it is far easier to use than existing products (does not require reagent mixing), and provides results in roughly 10 minutes, matching the next quickest product available. In comparison to other products, MChip is clearly superior and given an effective marketing plan, should be highly successful. Aside from the improbability that comparable technology will be developed that does not infringe on MChip’s patents, the only barriers to dominating the market are competitors that also offer a broad array of related medical supplies. Some large global competitors also sell a wide variety of related products and may bundle or package testing kits with much higher ticket items, such as anti-viral therapies or other products. Another potential barrier is related to politics, partnerships and relationships between global health organizations, foundations and governments. For example, Abbott, a major pharmaceutical manufacturer also sells HIV test kits, such a organization may contribute significantly to charitable causes, and as such, partners may elect to continue purchasing their HIV Test Kits. Aside from the advantages offered by the MChip product, its ability to include up to six additional test on a single cartridge, and its plans to continue adding different test such as hepatitis for example, will further solidify its position in the market by effectively bundling several test into a single test kits, further reducing costs, and providing other benefits. The full potential of MChip is unknown, but it appears it is a excellent product that offers meaningful benefits not only to end-users, patients and healthcare workers, but t the much greater efforts to reduce the spread of AIDS by making testing more economical, and hence, increasing availability. Close