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• 1. [Article] Tri-Met's Experience With Automatic Passenger Counter and Automatic Vehicle Location Systems

  The Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (Tri-Met) is one of about 30 metropolitan transit agencies that have deployed both automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tri-Met's Experience With Automatic Passenger Counter and Automatic Vehicle Location Systems Author: Strathman, James G. Year: 2002 The Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (Tri-Met) is one of about 30 metropolitan transit agencies that have deployed both automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger counter (APC) systems (Casey, 1999). These technologies are important components of the agency’s new automated bus dispatching system (BDS). The AVL and APC systems at Tri-Met recover comprehensive operations and passenger activity data at the bus stop level that is archived for later analysis. The agency has gained a reputation as an industry leader in the areas of data archiving and the application of archived data to performance monitoring and analysis. Prior to the implementation of AVL and APC technology, Tri-Met, like others in the transit industry, relied on costly manual data recovery. During lean budget years in the early 1980s, the agency began using stand-alone APCs instead of ride checkers, and recovered very little operating data beyond what was required for Federal Transit Administration reporting. With its AVL and APC systems, Tri-Met is now automatically collecting and archiving over 500,000 stop and event data records per day. Offline analysis of this data supports a wide array of agency activities. The transformation from scarce to abundant data has contributed to a variety of functional changes that have both enhanced service quality and improved efficiency. This report examines factors related to the development of Tri-Met’s BDS that have contributed to its success in data archiving and analysis. The organization of the report includes a description of the BDS, a review of the types of analyses that have been supported by archived data, a discussion of factors that influenced decisions made on the design of the system, reflections on unrealized expectations and missed opportunities, and concluding observations. Title: Tri-Met's Experience With Automatic Passenger Counter and Automatic Vehicle Location Systems Author: Strathman, James G. Year: 2002 The Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (Tri-Met) is one of about 30 metropolitan transit agencies that have deployed both automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger counter (APC) systems (Casey, 1999). These technologies are important components of the agency’s new automated bus dispatching system (BDS). The AVL and APC systems at Tri-Met recover comprehensive operations and passenger activity data at the bus stop level that is archived for later analysis. The agency has gained a reputation as an industry leader in the areas of data archiving and the application of archived data to performance monitoring and analysis. Prior to the implementation of AVL and APC technology, Tri-Met, like others in the transit industry, relied on costly manual data recovery. During lean budget years in the early 1980s, the agency began using stand-alone APCs instead of ride checkers, and recovered very little operating data beyond what was required for Federal Transit Administration reporting. With its AVL and APC systems, Tri-Met is now automatically collecting and archiving over 500,000 stop and event data records per day. Offline analysis of this data supports a wide array of agency activities. The transformation from scarce to abundant data has contributed to a variety of functional changes that have both enhanced service quality and improved efficiency. This report examines factors related to the development of Tri-Met’s BDS that have contributed to its success in data archiving and analysis. The organization of the report includes a description of the BDS, a review of the types of analyses that have been supported by archived data, a discussion of factors that influenced decisions made on the design of the system, reflections on unrealized expectations and missed opportunities, and concluding observations. Close

• 2. [Article] An Evaluation of Automatic Passenger Counters: Validation, Sampling, and Statistical Inference

  While automatic passenger counters (APC's) offer the potential for cait effective data recovery and management, they also introduce new complications in the data recovery process. This report addresses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Evaluation of Automatic Passenger Counters: Validation, Sampling, and Statistical Inference Author: Strathman, James G. Year: 1989 While automatic passenger counters (APC's) offer the potential for cait effective data recovery and management, they also introduce new complications in the data recovery process. This report addresses three issues associated with the implementation of APC's, based on an evaluation of the recent experiences of the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (Tri-Met). First is the issue of validation, which is concerned with both the recovery and accuracy of APC passenger data. The second issue concerns the development of a sampling methodology for APC's compatible with UMTA's Section 15 reporting requirements. Third is the issue of inferring system-level ridership from sample data in the presence of selective APC failures. We find that the APC's are providing systematically accurate passenger counts. Analysis of the data recovered from September to November 1988 also shows that sampling was representative, based on the set of "trains" from which ridership data were successfully recovered. The initial selection/assignment of trains, however, was not representative. Given that APC's record operating data for all bus trips comprising a train assignment, a cluster sampling method is formulated that ensures an overall random selection of bus trips via a random first stage selection of trains. Selective data recovery failures can hamper the process of inferring system-level ridership from the sample estimates. For example, when failure rates vary by bus type or time of day, inferences drawn from the sample of recovered data may over or under-represent total system ridership. In such circumstances, post hoc stratification of the sample data may be required. We outline several alternative corrections based on a-priori knowledge of the mix of bus types and schedule characteristics in the system. Title: An Evaluation of Automatic Passenger Counters: Validation, Sampling, and Statistical Inference Author: Strathman, James G. Year: 1989 While automatic passenger counters (APC's) offer the potential for cait effective data recovery and management, they also introduce new complications in the data recovery process. This report addresses three issues associated with the implementation of APC's, based on an evaluation of the recent experiences of the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (Tri-Met). First is the issue of validation, which is concerned with both the recovery and accuracy of APC passenger data. The second issue concerns the development of a sampling methodology for APC's compatible with UMTA's Section 15 reporting requirements. Third is the issue of inferring system-level ridership from sample data in the presence of selective APC failures. We find that the APC's are providing systematically accurate passenger counts. Analysis of the data recovered from September to November 1988 also shows that sampling was representative, based on the set of "trains" from which ridership data were successfully recovered. The initial selection/assignment of trains, however, was not representative. Given that APC's record operating data for all bus trips comprising a train assignment, a cluster sampling method is formulated that ensures an overall random selection of bus trips via a random first stage selection of trains. Selective data recovery failures can hamper the process of inferring system-level ridership from the sample estimates. For example, when failure rates vary by bus type or time of day, inferences drawn from the sample of recovered data may over or under-represent total system ridership. In such circumstances, post hoc stratification of the sample data may be required. We outline several alternative corrections based on a-priori knowledge of the mix of bus types and schedule characteristics in the system. Close

• 3. [Article] Evaluation of Transit Operations: Data Applications of Tri-Met’s Automated Bus Dispatching System

  Over the past decade, the adoption of Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) technology has been motivated by transit providers’ desire to improve service reliability as well as to identify potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of Transit Operations: Data Applications of Tri-Met’s Automated Bus Dispatching System Author: Strathman, James G., Kimpel, Thomas J., Dueker, Kenneth, Gerhart, Rick, Callas, Steve Year: 2001 Over the past decade, the adoption of Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) technology has been motivated by transit providers’ desire to improve service reliability as well as to identify potential savings from improvements in scheduling and service planning. Casey (2000) reports that Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems, a cornerstone of APTS, have been deployed by 61 transit agencies as of 1998. Title: Evaluation of Transit Operations: Data Applications of Tri-Met’s Automated Bus Dispatching System Author: Strathman, James G., Kimpel, Thomas J., Dueker, Kenneth, Gerhart, Rick, Callas, Steve Year: 2001 Over the past decade, the adoption of Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) technology has been motivated by transit providers’ desire to improve service reliability as well as to identify potential savings from improvements in scheduling and service planning. Casey (2000) reports that Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems, a cornerstone of APTS, have been deployed by 61 transit agencies as of 1998. Close

• 4. [Article] Issues in the Design of a Stop-Level Transit Patronage Model

  Tri-Met, the transit agency serving the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area is implementing a new bus dispatching system (BDS) that includes automated vehicle location (AVL) technology. An important objective ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Issues in the Design of a Stop-Level Transit Patronage Model Author: Strathman, James G., Dueker, Kenneth, Peng, Zhongren Year: 1997 Tri-Met, the transit agency serving the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area is implementing a new bus dispatching system (BDS) that includes automated vehicle location (AVL) technology. An important objective in the agency's decision to invest in a new dispatching system was to maintain or improve service reliability in an urban environment characterized by rapid growth and worsening traffic congestion. Title: Issues in the Design of a Stop-Level Transit Patronage Model Author: Strathman, James G., Dueker, Kenneth, Peng, Zhongren Year: 1997 Tri-Met, the transit agency serving the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area is implementing a new bus dispatching system (BDS) that includes automated vehicle location (AVL) technology. An important objective in the agency's decision to invest in a new dispatching system was to maintain or improve service reliability in an urban environment characterized by rapid growth and worsening traffic congestion. Close

• 5. [Article] ORBIT: The Oregon Road Base Information Team, A Draft Summary Report

  It is clear that transportation organizations across the nation are integrating GIS into operations at many different levels—from day to day use for data display, to full-scale enterprise level integration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ORBIT: The Oregon Road Base Information Team, A Draft Summary Report Author: Bosworth, Mark, Dueker, Kenneth, Wuest, Philip J. Year: 1998 It is clear that transportation organizations across the nation are integrating GIS into operations at many different levels—from day to day use for data display, to full-scale enterprise level integration for operations, inventory management, research and a variety of other purposes. The cost of building and maintaining a current and accurate GIS database can be substantial within any given organization. For some smaller level organizations—small counties, cities or special districts, the cost of gathering data, organizing it and implementing systems within expensive software on an expensive operating platform can be downright discouraging. Also, as more complex data structures are accumulated a window for more comprehensive modeling and analysis of regional issues is opened. Each of these trends alone provide ample incentive to develop data standards that can be applied to all systems to facilitate data sharing between organizations for system development, system update, or project specific purposes. Taken together these trends provide an imperative to develop data-sharing standards. Title: ORBIT: The Oregon Road Base Information Team, A Draft Summary Report Author: Bosworth, Mark, Dueker, Kenneth, Wuest, Philip J. Year: 1998 It is clear that transportation organizations across the nation are integrating GIS into operations at many different levels—from day to day use for data display, to full-scale enterprise level integration for operations, inventory management, research and a variety of other purposes. The cost of building and maintaining a current and accurate GIS database can be substantial within any given organization. For some smaller level organizations—small counties, cities or special districts, the cost of gathering data, organizing it and implementing systems within expensive software on an expensive operating platform can be downright discouraging. Also, as more complex data structures are accumulated a window for more comprehensive modeling and analysis of regional issues is opened. Each of these trends alone provide ample incentive to develop data standards that can be applied to all systems to facilitate data sharing between organizations for system development, system update, or project specific purposes. Taken together these trends provide an imperative to develop data-sharing standards. Close

• 6. [Article] Bus Transit Operations Control: Review and an Experiment Involving Tri-Met’s Automated Bus Dispatching System

  An operations plan contains information on the provision of transit service, including intended service levels, vehicle availability, and driver schedules. Agency resources would be utilized efficiently ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bus Transit Operations Control: Review and an Experiment Involving Tri-Met’s Automated Bus Dispatching System Author: Strathman, James G., Kimpel, Thomas J., Dueker, Kenneth Year: 2000 An operations plan contains information on the provision of transit service, including intended service levels, vehicle availability, and driver schedules. Agency resources would be utilized efficiently if the operations plan could be executed without disruptions in service. When service disruptions occur, the aim of operations control is to optimize system performance given the current state of the system (Wilson et al., 1992). This typically involves actions intended to either return service to schedule or restore headways separating vehicles. Disruptions in service impose costs on transit providers in the form of reduced productivity and on passengers in the form of increased in-vehicle travel time, longer waiting time at stops, and greater uncertainty. This paper has two overall purposes. First, it provides a review of operations control principles and practices reported in the literature. Second, it reports the results of an operations control experiment whose objective was to maintain headways, or the time separation between buses on a route. The experiment was developed to explore a possible application of the automated Bus Dispatching System (BDS) recently implemented by Tri-Met, the transit provider for the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan region. Title: Bus Transit Operations Control: Review and an Experiment Involving Tri-Met’s Automated Bus Dispatching System Author: Strathman, James G., Kimpel, Thomas J., Dueker, Kenneth Year: 2000 An operations plan contains information on the provision of transit service, including intended service levels, vehicle availability, and driver schedules. Agency resources would be utilized efficiently if the operations plan could be executed without disruptions in service. When service disruptions occur, the aim of operations control is to optimize system performance given the current state of the system (Wilson et al., 1992). This typically involves actions intended to either return service to schedule or restore headways separating vehicles. Disruptions in service impose costs on transit providers in the form of reduced productivity and on passengers in the form of increased in-vehicle travel time, longer waiting time at stops, and greater uncertainty. This paper has two overall purposes. First, it provides a review of operations control principles and practices reported in the literature. Second, it reports the results of an operations control experiment whose objective was to maintain headways, or the time separation between buses on a route. The experiment was developed to explore a possible application of the automated Bus Dispatching System (BDS) recently implemented by Tri-Met, the transit provider for the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan region. Close