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• 1. [Image] Parson Motanic ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile, 1915 ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile.

  	A Native American man, identified as Parson Motanic of the Cayuse tribe, sits in the driver's seat of a convertible Hudson automobile, which is parked on the side of a street in town. A younger Native ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parson Motanic ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile, 1915 ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile. Year: 1915 A Native American man, identified as Parson Motanic of the Cayuse tribe, sits in the driver's seat of a convertible Hudson automobile, which is parked on the side of a street in town. A younger Native American man, a Native American woman, a younger Native American woman, two Native American girls, and a Native American infant also sit in the car. The men wear hats and Parson Motanic wears a buckskin coat. The women wear headscarves, headbands and shawls. The front and driver side of the Hudson automobile are visible in the picture and a house is prominent in the background. Title: Parson Motanic ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile, 1915 ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile. Year: 1915 A Native American man, identified as Parson Motanic of the Cayuse tribe, sits in the driver's seat of a convertible Hudson automobile, which is parked on the side of a street in town. A younger Native American man, a Native American woman, a younger Native American woman, two Native American girls, and a Native American infant also sit in the car. The men wear hats and Parson Motanic wears a buckskin coat. The women wear headscarves, headbands and shawls. The front and driver side of the Hudson automobile are visible in the picture and a house is prominent in the background. Close

• 2. [Image] PH036_4230 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile, 1915 ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile.

  	A Native American man, identified as Parson Motanic of the Cayuse tribe, sits in the driver's seat of a convertible Hudson automobile, which is parked on the side of a street in town. A younger Native ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_4230 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile, 1915 ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile. Year: 1915 A Native American man, identified as Parson Motanic of the Cayuse tribe, sits in the driver's seat of a convertible Hudson automobile, which is parked on the side of a street in town. A younger Native American man, two Native American women, and a Native American girl also sit in the car. The men wear hats and Euro-American clothing. The women wear headscarves. The front and passenger side of the Hudson automobile are visible in the picture and there are houses visible in the background. Title: PH036_4230 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile, 1915 ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile. Year: 1915 A Native American man, identified as Parson Motanic of the Cayuse tribe, sits in the driver's seat of a convertible Hudson automobile, which is parked on the side of a street in town. A younger Native American man, two Native American women, and a Native American girl also sit in the car. The men wear hats and Euro-American clothing. The women wear headscarves. The front and passenger side of the Hudson automobile are visible in the picture and there are houses visible in the background. Close

• 3. [Image] PH036_4286 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Jack Chapman, Indian, and family ; Jack Chapman, Indian, and family.

  	A Native American man, identified as Jack Chapman, stands by a ford, or stream crossing, with his family, two horses, and a carriage. He wears Euro-American clothing and holds a baby in a cradleboard. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_4286 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Jack Chapman, Indian, and family ; Jack Chapman, Indian, and family. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified as Jack Chapman, stands by a ford, or stream crossing, with his family, two horses, and a carriage. He wears Euro-American clothing and holds a baby in a cradleboard. A Native American woman sits in the carriage and wears a shawl and a dress. Two younger Native Americans stand with one of the horses, which bears a brand. They wear blankets or capote coats. One of them wears earrings and a necklace. Title: PH036_4286 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Jack Chapman, Indian, and family ; Jack Chapman, Indian, and family. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified as Jack Chapman, stands by a ford, or stream crossing, with his family, two horses, and a carriage. He wears Euro-American clothing and holds a baby in a cradleboard. A Native American woman sits in the carriage and wears a shawl and a dress. Two younger Native Americans stand with one of the horses, which bears a brand. They wear blankets or capote coats. One of them wears earrings and a necklace. Close

• 4. [Image] PH036_6221 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Lee Moorhouse collection of Indian costumes and artifacts.

  	A Native American woman reclines on a blanket before a collection of Native American artifacts, identified as belonging to Major Lee Moorhouse. The woman wears a beaded buckskin dress, a choker, beaded ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6221 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Lee Moorhouse collection of Indian costumes and artifacts. Year: 1897 A Native American woman reclines on a blanket before a collection of Native American artifacts, identified as belonging to Major Lee Moorhouse. The woman wears a beaded buckskin dress, a choker, beaded moccasins, and a bracelet. She wears her hair in braids and she holds a bow and and an arrow. Behind her on the wall are assorted Native American regalia, clothing, weapons, and bags. Title: PH036_6221 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Lee Moorhouse collection of Indian costumes and artifacts. Year: 1897 A Native American woman reclines on a blanket before a collection of Native American artifacts, identified as belonging to Major Lee Moorhouse. The woman wears a beaded buckskin dress, a choker, beaded moccasins, and a bracelet. She wears her hair in braids and she holds a bow and and an arrow. Behind her on the wall are assorted Native American regalia, clothing, weapons, and bags. Close

• 5. [Image] Indian Presbyterian church; PH036_5555

  	A group of men, women, and children, identified as the congregation of the Indian Presbyterian Church of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, are posing in front of a church. The group includes Native American ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indian Presbyterian church; PH036_5555 Year: 1897 A group of men, women, and children, identified as the congregation of the Indian Presbyterian Church of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, are posing in front of a church. The group includes Native American men, Native American women, Native American children, European American men, European American women, and European American children. Everyone is garbed in Euro-American clothing. Some of the men and male children are wearing hats. All but one of the Native American women are wearing shawls around their shoulders and scarves atop their heads. Two European American women are kneeling behind a group of children. Everyone else is standing. A few individuals are standing outside the door of the church. The church, which appears to be of wooden construction, has three windows on one side and one window on the only other visible side. A steeple is above the door of the church. A chimney is on the right front end of the roof. A tipi is in the background. Title: Indian Presbyterian church; PH036_5555 Year: 1897 A group of men, women, and children, identified as the congregation of the Indian Presbyterian Church of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, are posing in front of a church. The group includes Native American men, Native American women, Native American children, European American men, European American women, and European American children. Everyone is garbed in Euro-American clothing. Some of the men and male children are wearing hats. All but one of the Native American women are wearing shawls around their shoulders and scarves atop their heads. Two European American women are kneeling behind a group of children. Everyone else is standing. A few individuals are standing outside the door of the church. The church, which appears to be of wooden construction, has three windows on one side and one window on the only other visible side. A steeple is above the door of the church. A chimney is on the right front end of the roof. A tipi is in the background. Close

• 6. [Image] PH036_6054 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Camps on Umatilla Indian reservation;

  	A Native American family of three is posing in front of a tipi for pictures being taken by a white man. The Native American woman is in a separate pose on a blanket with another blanket wrapped around ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6054 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Camps on Umatilla Indian reservation; Year: 1897 A Native American family of three is posing in front of a tipi for pictures being taken by a white man. The Native American woman is in a separate pose on a blanket with another blanket wrapped around her. A small dog is behind her. The Native American man holding the child seems to be the subject being currently photographed. Behind the tipi there is corral for two horses and shed within the fenced area of the corral. Near the right hand side of the tipi there is a mound covered by a blanket with a pot or basket near by. The Native American male is wearing a cowboy hat and boots with a blanket overcovering. In the far background to the left of the photo are hills and telegraph or telephone poles. Title: PH036_6054 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Camps on Umatilla Indian reservation; Year: 1897 A Native American family of three is posing in front of a tipi for pictures being taken by a white man. The Native American woman is in a separate pose on a blanket with another blanket wrapped around her. A small dog is behind her. The Native American man holding the child seems to be the subject being currently photographed. Behind the tipi there is corral for two horses and shed within the fenced area of the corral. Near the right hand side of the tipi there is a mound covered by a blanket with a pot or basket near by. The Native American male is wearing a cowboy hat and boots with a blanket overcovering. In the far background to the left of the photo are hills and telegraph or telephone poles. Close

• 7. [Image] PH036_6211 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	A Native American woman, dressed in Native American costume, is seated on a chair, in front of a wall filled with various Native American artifacts. The woman is wearing a headdress with horns and feathers, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6211 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1897 A Native American woman, dressed in Native American costume, is seated on a chair, in front of a wall filled with various Native American artifacts. The woman is wearing a headdress with horns and feathers, a beaded buckskin dress with beaded fringe, beaded leggings, and floral design moccasins. She has long braids, a beaded choker and beaded necklace, a shell necklace, copper bracelets, a ring, and is holding a beaded bag. A Pendleton blanket is draped over the chair. Hanging from the wall are assorted feathers and knives, decorative cords with tassels, posters, a photograph, swords with scabbards, floral design cradleboards, a horse bridle with reins, woven bags, a beaded floral design glove or gauntlet, leather goods, beadwork, a walking stick, and a tanned animal hide on which is painted a Native American man. There are several items on the floor, including another blanket, a bow and two empty quivers (one beaded, one plain), a tomahawk decorated with a fur tail, more loose feathers, and a woven basket. Title: PH036_6211 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1897 A Native American woman, dressed in Native American costume, is seated on a chair, in front of a wall filled with various Native American artifacts. The woman is wearing a headdress with horns and feathers, a beaded buckskin dress with beaded fringe, beaded leggings, and floral design moccasins. She has long braids, a beaded choker and beaded necklace, a shell necklace, copper bracelets, a ring, and is holding a beaded bag. A Pendleton blanket is draped over the chair. Hanging from the wall are assorted feathers and knives, decorative cords with tassels, posters, a photograph, swords with scabbards, floral design cradleboards, a horse bridle with reins, woven bags, a beaded floral design glove or gauntlet, leather goods, beadwork, a walking stick, and a tanned animal hide on which is painted a Native American man. There are several items on the floor, including another blanket, a bow and two empty quivers (one beaded, one plain), a tomahawk decorated with a fur tail, more loose feathers, and a woven basket. Close

• 8. [Image] PH036_5432 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	A sweat house on the Umatilla Indian Reservation is located in the middle of the photograph. A Native American man and a Native American woman, dressed in tribal garments, are standing in front of a tipi ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_5432 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1900 A sweat house on the Umatilla Indian Reservation is located in the middle of the photograph. A Native American man and a Native American woman, dressed in tribal garments, are standing in front of a tipi located behind and to the left of the sweat house. A river is in the background. Title: PH036_5432 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1900 A sweat house on the Umatilla Indian Reservation is located in the middle of the photograph. A Native American man and a Native American woman, dressed in tribal garments, are standing in front of a tipi located behind and to the left of the sweat house. A river is in the background. Close

• 9. [Image] PH036_6650 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Native American on horseback

  	A Native American woman wearing traditional clothing, including earrings and a headscarf, sits on a horse. The horse is draped with blankets and outfitted with a bridle, reins, and stirrups.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6650 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Native American on horseback Year: 1897 A Native American woman wearing traditional clothing, including earrings and a headscarf, sits on a horse. The horse is draped with blankets and outfitted with a bridle, reins, and stirrups. Title: PH036_6650 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Native American on horseback Year: 1897 A Native American woman wearing traditional clothing, including earrings and a headscarf, sits on a horse. The horse is draped with blankets and outfitted with a bridle, reins, and stirrups. Close

• 10. [Article] The S-Word: Discourse, Stereotypes, and the American Indian Woman

  What’s in a name? Plenty when it comes to the ability of words to establish identity. In 2005 in Oregon, for example, 142 land features carried the name ‘‘squaw’’—Squaw Gulch, Squaw Butte, Squaw Meadows, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The S-Word: Discourse, Stereotypes, and the American Indian Woman Author: Merskin, Debra Year: 2011, 2010 What’s in a name? Plenty when it comes to the ability of words to establish identity. In 2005 in Oregon, for example, 142 land features carried the name ‘‘squaw’’—Squaw Gulch, Squaw Butte, Squaw Meadows, and Squaw Flat Reservoir (U.S. Geological Survey, 2008). This article examines the term squaw, its presentation in popular culture, and how this framing constructs Native womanhood in the public imagination. Two primary representations are revealed in the discourse defining squaw: as sexual punching bag and as drudge. The opinions and attitudes of reporters, citizens (Indian and non-Indian), government officials, agencies, and tribal representatives are included as reflected in journalistic accounts of the land form debate about the use and meaning of the label squaw. The psychological impact of this racial and sexual slur has a significant negative impact on quality of life, perceptions, and opportunities for Native American women (ethnostress) due to the consistent use and reification of the squaw stereotype through more than 400 years of U.S. history. This article is written as part of a larger body of work that argues for an expansion of Schroeder and Borgerson’s (2005, 2008) representational ethics of images to include words. Title: The S-Word: Discourse, Stereotypes, and the American Indian Woman Author: Merskin, Debra Year: 2011, 2010 What’s in a name? Plenty when it comes to the ability of words to establish identity. In 2005 in Oregon, for example, 142 land features carried the name ‘‘squaw’’—Squaw Gulch, Squaw Butte, Squaw Meadows, and Squaw Flat Reservoir (U.S. Geological Survey, 2008). This article examines the term squaw, its presentation in popular culture, and how this framing constructs Native womanhood in the public imagination. Two primary representations are revealed in the discourse defining squaw: as sexual punching bag and as drudge. The opinions and attitudes of reporters, citizens (Indian and non-Indian), government officials, agencies, and tribal representatives are included as reflected in journalistic accounts of the land form debate about the use and meaning of the label squaw. The psychological impact of this racial and sexual slur has a significant negative impact on quality of life, perceptions, and opportunities for Native American women (ethnostress) due to the consistent use and reification of the squaw stereotype through more than 400 years of U.S. history. This article is written as part of a larger body of work that argues for an expansion of Schroeder and Borgerson’s (2005, 2008) representational ethics of images to include words. Close