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• 1. [Article] The Bull Run River–Reservoir System Model

  The Bull Run watershed is located 41.8 kilometers east of Portland, Oregon in the Mt. Hood National Forest and consists of two reservoirs supplying drinking water to over 840,000 people in the Portland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Bull Run River–Reservoir System Model Author: Annear, Robert Leslie, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 The Bull Run watershed is located 41.8 kilometers east of Portland, Oregon in the Mt. Hood National Forest and consists of two reservoirs supplying drinking water to over 840,000 people in the Portland metropolitan area. In March 1998 Steelhead and Spring Chinook were listed as threatened in the Lower Columbia basin under the Endangered Species Act. Historical reservoir operations during the summer released no water downstream resulting in stream temperatures exceeding the state water quality standard for salmonids. CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 is a two-dimensional water quality and hydrodynamic model capable of modeling watersheds with interconnected rivers, reservoirs and estuaries. CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 was used to model temperature in the reservoirs and river to investigate management strategies to meet water demand and fish habitat requirements. Management strategies evaluated included adding selective withdrawal, increasing reservoir size, constructing a new water supply reservoir, and altering selective withdrawal operations from historical patterns. Title: The Bull Run River–Reservoir System Model Author: Annear, Robert Leslie, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 The Bull Run watershed is located 41.8 kilometers east of Portland, Oregon in the Mt. Hood National Forest and consists of two reservoirs supplying drinking water to over 840,000 people in the Portland metropolitan area. In March 1998 Steelhead and Spring Chinook were listed as threatened in the Lower Columbia basin under the Endangered Species Act. Historical reservoir operations during the summer released no water downstream resulting in stream temperatures exceeding the state water quality standard for salmonids. CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 is a two-dimensional water quality and hydrodynamic model capable of modeling watersheds with interconnected rivers, reservoirs and estuaries. CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 was used to model temperature in the reservoirs and river to investigate management strategies to meet water demand and fish habitat requirements. Management strategies evaluated included adding selective withdrawal, increasing reservoir size, constructing a new water supply reservoir, and altering selective withdrawal operations from historical patterns. Close

• 2. [Article] Streamflow Modeling of Johnson Creek Subwatersheds Using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System

  Johnson Creek, in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region, has several pollutants on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 303(d) list including excess heat, low dissolved oxygen, and harmful ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Streamflow Modeling of Johnson Creek Subwatersheds Using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System Author: Malone, Theophilus M Year: 2014 Johnson Creek, in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region, has several pollutants on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 303(d) list including excess heat, low dissolved oxygen, and harmful bacteria. Understanding streamflow response to precipitation events is an important component to evaluating water quality trends and calculating the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for pollutants of concern. Investigating the streamflow-precipitation relationship on the subwatershed scale can give insight to the hydrologic response of a given watershed. However, developing rating curves for several subwatersheds can be cost and time prohibitive. The objective of this project was to develop a hydrologic model using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to validate streamflow estimates for subwatersheds lacking a significant period of record. ESRI’s ArcMap, a geographic information system (GIS), was used to characterize the target drainage basins and extract basin-specific parameters for upper watersheds of Johnson Creek. The Johnson Creek Upper Watershed (JCUW) model was calibrated to an existing streamflow gage at Regner Road, in Gresham, Oregon. Calibrated parameters were substituted into a second PRMS model characterizing the Sunshine Creek Subwatershed, which lies within the JCUW. The Sunshine Creek model was used to validate a flow time-series derived from a pressure transducer and a rating curve. Title: Streamflow Modeling of Johnson Creek Subwatersheds Using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System Author: Malone, Theophilus M Year: 2014 Johnson Creek, in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region, has several pollutants on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 303(d) list including excess heat, low dissolved oxygen, and harmful bacteria. Understanding streamflow response to precipitation events is an important component to evaluating water quality trends and calculating the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for pollutants of concern. Investigating the streamflow-precipitation relationship on the subwatershed scale can give insight to the hydrologic response of a given watershed. However, developing rating curves for several subwatersheds can be cost and time prohibitive. The objective of this project was to develop a hydrologic model using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to validate streamflow estimates for subwatersheds lacking a significant period of record. ESRI’s ArcMap, a geographic information system (GIS), was used to characterize the target drainage basins and extract basin-specific parameters for upper watersheds of Johnson Creek. The Johnson Creek Upper Watershed (JCUW) model was calibrated to an existing streamflow gage at Regner Road, in Gresham, Oregon. Calibrated parameters were substituted into a second PRMS model characterizing the Sunshine Creek Subwatershed, which lies within the JCUW. The Sunshine Creek model was used to validate a flow time-series derived from a pressure transducer and a rating curve. Close

• 3. [Article] Theoretical Basis for the CE-QUAL-W2 River Basin Model

  The primary objective of this research is to integrate a riverine model into the existing W2 code that would provide the capability for modeling entire watersheds. This task was accomplished by the following ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Theoretical Basis for the CE-QUAL-W2 River Basin Model Author: Wells, Scott A., Cole, Thomas M. Year: 2000 The primary objective of this research is to integrate a riverine model into the existing W2 code that would provide the capability for modeling entire watersheds. This task was accomplished by the following steps: • Formal derivation of governing equations and solution algorithm with general channel slope • Detailed analysis of algorithm for linking branches and smooth implementation of boundary conditions between branches • Algorithm development and changes to basic model code (including branch definitions with slope, slope correction to solution algorithm, transfer of momentum between internal branches) These tasks were performed with the following constraints and initiatives: • Utilize the same solution algorithms as the existing code for hydrodynamics and water quality for the riverine system • Allow momentum transfer between adjacent branches for internal head boundary conditions • Refine the turbulence closure hypothesis for riverine sections Title: Theoretical Basis for the CE-QUAL-W2 River Basin Model Author: Wells, Scott A., Cole, Thomas M. Year: 2000 The primary objective of this research is to integrate a riverine model into the existing W2 code that would provide the capability for modeling entire watersheds. This task was accomplished by the following steps: • Formal derivation of governing equations and solution algorithm with general channel slope • Detailed analysis of algorithm for linking branches and smooth implementation of boundary conditions between branches • Algorithm development and changes to basic model code (including branch definitions with slope, slope correction to solution algorithm, transfer of momentum between internal branches) These tasks were performed with the following constraints and initiatives: • Utilize the same solution algorithms as the existing code for hydrodynamics and water quality for the riverine system • Allow momentum transfer between adjacent branches for internal head boundary conditions • Refine the turbulence closure hypothesis for riverine sections Close

• 4. [Article] Continuous Deflection Separation of Stormwater Particulates

  Capture of stormwater particulate matter is of concern to watershed managers trying to meet water quality guidelines by removing toxics associated with particulates from natural water bodies. A laboratory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous Deflection Separation of Stormwater Particulates Author: Schwarz, Tracy S., Wells, Scott A. Year: 1999 Capture of stormwater particulate matter is of concern to watershed managers trying to meet water quality guidelines by removing toxics associated with particulates from natural water bodies. A laboratory investigation into particle removal efficiency of a prototype Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS) device was made in the laboratory. Particle size distributions were obtained for roadway drainage surfaces. These distributions were used to assess the predicted performance of a CDS unit in the field. Flow rates in the laboratory tests ranged from 125 GPM (7.9 l/s) to 270 GPM (17.0 l/s). Screen sizes used for testing were 1200 m and 2400 m. Using four different sand types and the two screen sizes, particle capture rates were determined for the CDS unit. Internal velocities were measured at seventy-two measuring positions within the main chamber of the CDS unit. At 270 GPM capture rates based on particle size ranged from 12% to 100% with the 2400 m screen, and 22% to 100% with the 1200 m screen. Cumulative mass capture rates were 73% and 70% for the 1200 m and 2400 m screens, respectively, at 270 gpm and 84% at 125 gpm for the given particle distribution used. Title: Continuous Deflection Separation of Stormwater Particulates Author: Schwarz, Tracy S., Wells, Scott A. Year: 1999 Capture of stormwater particulate matter is of concern to watershed managers trying to meet water quality guidelines by removing toxics associated with particulates from natural water bodies. A laboratory investigation into particle removal efficiency of a prototype Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS) device was made in the laboratory. Particle size distributions were obtained for roadway drainage surfaces. These distributions were used to assess the predicted performance of a CDS unit in the field. Flow rates in the laboratory tests ranged from 125 GPM (7.9 l/s) to 270 GPM (17.0 l/s). Screen sizes used for testing were 1200 m and 2400 m. Using four different sand types and the two screen sizes, particle capture rates were determined for the CDS unit. Internal velocities were measured at seventy-two measuring positions within the main chamber of the CDS unit. At 270 GPM capture rates based on particle size ranged from 12% to 100% with the 2400 m screen, and 22% to 100% with the 1200 m screen. Cumulative mass capture rates were 73% and 70% for the 1200 m and 2400 m screens, respectively, at 270 gpm and 84% at 125 gpm for the given particle distribution used. Close

• 5. [Article] Waldo Lake Research in 2003

  This report summarizes the first year of an effort to develop a more complete understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that drive the ecological processes of Waldo Lake. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Waldo Lake Research in 2003 Author: Sytsma, Mark D., Rueter, John, Petersen, Richard, Koch, Roy, Wells, Scott A., Miller, Rich, Johnson, Laura, Annear, Robert Leslie Year: 2004 This report summarizes the first year of an effort to develop a more complete understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that drive the ecological processes of Waldo Lake. Modern limnology recognizes the importance of watershed processes as well as in- lake processes in lake ecosystem functioning. Therefore, the approach included consideration of watershed hydrology and forcing functions that determine hydrodynamics of the system as well physical and chemical factors that may be important in regulating primary production in the lake. Data collected since 1998 was summarized and bathymetry of the basin was mapped using state-of-the-art digital depth sounding and GPS technology. A hypothesis that UV light may play an important role in regulating phytoplankton efficiency was examined in an effort to move toward more hypothesis-driven investigations to elucidate the factors controlling productivity. A Quality Assurance/Quality Control Plan was developed to guide data collection for long-term monitoring of the lake. Lastly, initial steps were made in the development of a model of lake hydrodynamics and primary production to aid in integration of the physical, chemical, and biological data that has been collected on the lake. Title: Waldo Lake Research in 2003 Author: Sytsma, Mark D., Rueter, John, Petersen, Richard, Koch, Roy, Wells, Scott A., Miller, Rich, Johnson, Laura, Annear, Robert Leslie Year: 2004 This report summarizes the first year of an effort to develop a more complete understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that drive the ecological processes of Waldo Lake. Modern limnology recognizes the importance of watershed processes as well as in- lake processes in lake ecosystem functioning. Therefore, the approach included consideration of watershed hydrology and forcing functions that determine hydrodynamics of the system as well physical and chemical factors that may be important in regulating primary production in the lake. Data collected since 1998 was summarized and bathymetry of the basin was mapped using state-of-the-art digital depth sounding and GPS technology. A hypothesis that UV light may play an important role in regulating phytoplankton efficiency was examined in an effort to move toward more hypothesis-driven investigations to elucidate the factors controlling productivity. A Quality Assurance/Quality Control Plan was developed to guide data collection for long-term monitoring of the lake. Lastly, initial steps were made in the development of a model of lake hydrodynamics and primary production to aid in integration of the physical, chemical, and biological data that has been collected on the lake. Close

• 6. [Article] Modeling the Bull Run River-Reservoir System

  The City of Portland, Water Bureau currently operates 2 Bull Run reservoirs, Reservoir #2 and Reservoir #1 as a water supply source in the Bull Run watershed shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The Water Bureau ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the Bull Run River-Reservoir System Author: Wells, Scott A. Year: 2000 The City of Portland, Water Bureau currently operates 2 Bull Run reservoirs, Reservoir #2 and Reservoir #1 as a water supply source in the Bull Run watershed shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The Water Bureau wants to operate their water supply system in order to meet both water supply objectives and fish habitat objectives downstream of the Bull Run reservoirs in Bull Run River. In addition, a third Bull Run reservoir has been proposed as an additional water supply source. This reservoir also may be used to meet water supply and fish habitat objectives in Bull Run River. This proposal addresses performing the following tasks to evaluate these objectives: Gather data to construct a computer simulation model of the Bull Run system including Bull Run River, Bull Run Reservoirs #1 through #3 and the river basin without reservoirs. Ensure that the model accurately represents the system physics, chemistry and biology. Use the model to evaluate how to meet water supply and fish habitat objectives by implementation of management scenarios. Title: Modeling the Bull Run River-Reservoir System Author: Wells, Scott A. Year: 2000 The City of Portland, Water Bureau currently operates 2 Bull Run reservoirs, Reservoir #2 and Reservoir #1 as a water supply source in the Bull Run watershed shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The Water Bureau wants to operate their water supply system in order to meet both water supply objectives and fish habitat objectives downstream of the Bull Run reservoirs in Bull Run River. In addition, a third Bull Run reservoir has been proposed as an additional water supply source. This reservoir also may be used to meet water supply and fish habitat objectives in Bull Run River. This proposal addresses performing the following tasks to evaluate these objectives: Gather data to construct a computer simulation model of the Bull Run system including Bull Run River, Bull Run Reservoirs #1 through #3 and the river basin without reservoirs. Ensure that the model accurately represents the system physics, chemistry and biology. Use the model to evaluate how to meet water supply and fish habitat objectives by implementation of management scenarios. Close

• 7. [Article] Spokane River in Idaho and Washington TMDL Water Quality and Hydrodynamic Modeling Quality Assurance Project Plan -- DRAFT

  The focus of this present study is to perform the following tasks: • Converting the Upper Spokane River CE‐QUAL‐W2 models (Washington and Idaho) to version 3.6 • Combining the Washington and Idaho models • ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spokane River in Idaho and Washington TMDL Water Quality and Hydrodynamic Modeling Quality Assurance Project Plan -- DRAFT Author: Wells, Scott A., Berger, Chris Year: 2009 The focus of this present study is to perform the following tasks: • Converting the Upper Spokane River CE‐QUAL‐W2 models (Washington and Idaho) to version 3.6 • Combining the Washington and Idaho models • Reviewing and updating model boundary conditions • Check model calibration • Meet with stakeholders • Develop and Run Modeling Scenarios • Create reports on calibration and scenario runs Title: Spokane River in Idaho and Washington TMDL Water Quality and Hydrodynamic Modeling Quality Assurance Project Plan -- DRAFT Author: Wells, Scott A., Berger, Chris Year: 2009 The focus of this present study is to perform the following tasks: • Converting the Upper Spokane River CE‐QUAL‐W2 models (Washington and Idaho) to version 3.6 • Combining the Washington and Idaho models • Reviewing and updating model boundary conditions • Check model calibration • Meet with stakeholders • Develop and Run Modeling Scenarios • Create reports on calibration and scenario runs Close

• 8. [Article] CE-QUAL-W2: A Two-dimensional, Laterally Averaged, Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model, Version 3.1

  CE-QUAL-W2 is a two-dimensional, longitudinal/vertical, hydrodynamic and water quality model. Because the model assumes lateral homogeneity, it is best suited for relatively long and narrow waterbodies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CE-QUAL-W2: A Two-dimensional, Laterally Averaged, Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model, Version 3.1 Author: Cole, Thomas M., Wells, Scott A. Year: 2003 CE-QUAL-W2 is a two-dimensional, longitudinal/vertical, hydrodynamic and water quality model. Because the model assumes lateral homogeneity, it is best suited for relatively long and narrow waterbodies exhibiting longitudinal and vertical water quality gradients. The model has been applied to rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, and combinations thereof. The application of CE-QUAL-W2 requires knowledge in the following areas: 1. Hydrodynamics 2. Aquatic biology 3. Aquatic chemistry 4. Numerical methods 5. Computers and FORTRAN coding 6. Statistics 7. Data assembly and reconstruction. Water quality modeling is in many ways an art requiring not only knowledge in these areas but also experience in their integration. A word of caution to the first time user - model application is a complicated and time-consuming task. Title: CE-QUAL-W2: A Two-dimensional, Laterally Averaged, Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model, Version 3.1 Author: Cole, Thomas M., Wells, Scott A. Year: 2003 CE-QUAL-W2 is a two-dimensional, longitudinal/vertical, hydrodynamic and water quality model. Because the model assumes lateral homogeneity, it is best suited for relatively long and narrow waterbodies exhibiting longitudinal and vertical water quality gradients. The model has been applied to rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, and combinations thereof. The application of CE-QUAL-W2 requires knowledge in the following areas: 1. Hydrodynamics 2. Aquatic biology 3. Aquatic chemistry 4. Numerical methods 5. Computers and FORTRAN coding 6. Statistics 7. Data assembly and reconstruction. Water quality modeling is in many ways an art requiring not only knowledge in these areas but also experience in their integration. A word of caution to the first time user - model application is a complicated and time-consuming task. Close

• 9. [Article] Willamette River and Columbia River Waste Load Allocation Model

  A hydrodynamic and water quality model of the Lower Willamette River was developed to evaluate management alternatives designed to improve water quality. The Lower Willamette River is located in Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette River and Columbia River Waste Load Allocation Model Author: Berger, Chris, Annear, Robert Leslie, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 A hydrodynamic and water quality model of the Lower Willamette River was developed to evaluate management alternatives designed to improve water quality. The Lower Willamette River is located in Oregon and drains a watershed covering 11500 square miles consisting of forested, agricultural, and urban lands. Inflows include treated municipal wastes and industrial effluents along with non-point sources from agricultural, silvicultural and urbanized land. The model was designed to address temperature, dissolved oxygen, algae, pH and bacteria concerns. The Corps of Engineers two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model CE-QUAL-W2, Version 3 was applied. CE-QUAL-W2 consists of directly coupled hydrodynamic and water quality transport models and simulates parameters such as temperature, algae concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, nutrient concentrations and residence time. The model domain covers a total of about 126 river miles, including the Lower Willamette River from its intersection with the Columbia River upstream to Canby Ferry (RM 35.0) and the Columbia River from Bonneville Dam (RM 144.5) to Beaver Army Terminal (River Mile 53.8). Modeling of the Columbia River was necessary to simulate tidal fluctuations and influxes of Columbia River water into the Lower Willamette. Major tributaries and major NPDES point sources were point inflows to the system model. The ability to model multiple water bodies was a feature of CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 and allows the simulation of river, reservoir or estuary sections with varying bottom slopes separated by dams and other hydraulic structures. The model was calibrated for the summers of 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, and 1999. Hydrodynamics were calibrated first followed by temperature and water quality. Root mean square error of model water level predictions was generally less than 0.05 m. Because of the short residence time within the model domain, the development of accurate boundary conditions was essential for good model calibration. Title: Willamette River and Columbia River Waste Load Allocation Model Author: Berger, Chris, Annear, Robert Leslie, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 A hydrodynamic and water quality model of the Lower Willamette River was developed to evaluate management alternatives designed to improve water quality. The Lower Willamette River is located in Oregon and drains a watershed covering 11500 square miles consisting of forested, agricultural, and urban lands. Inflows include treated municipal wastes and industrial effluents along with non-point sources from agricultural, silvicultural and urbanized land. The model was designed to address temperature, dissolved oxygen, algae, pH and bacteria concerns. The Corps of Engineers two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model CE-QUAL-W2, Version 3 was applied. CE-QUAL-W2 consists of directly coupled hydrodynamic and water quality transport models and simulates parameters such as temperature, algae concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, nutrient concentrations and residence time. The model domain covers a total of about 126 river miles, including the Lower Willamette River from its intersection with the Columbia River upstream to Canby Ferry (RM 35.0) and the Columbia River from Bonneville Dam (RM 144.5) to Beaver Army Terminal (River Mile 53.8). Modeling of the Columbia River was necessary to simulate tidal fluctuations and influxes of Columbia River water into the Lower Willamette. Major tributaries and major NPDES point sources were point inflows to the system model. The ability to model multiple water bodies was a feature of CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 and allows the simulation of river, reservoir or estuary sections with varying bottom slopes separated by dams and other hydraulic structures. The model was calibrated for the summers of 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, and 1999. Hydrodynamics were calibrated first followed by temperature and water quality. Root mean square error of model water level predictions was generally less than 0.05 m. Because of the short residence time within the model domain, the development of accurate boundary conditions was essential for good model calibration. Close

• 10. [Article] A Review of Urban Water Body Challenges and Approaches: (1) Rehabilitation and Remediation

  We review how urbanization alters aquatic ecosystems, as well as actions that managers can take to remediate urban waters. Urbanization affects streams by fundamentally altering longitudinal and lateral ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Review of Urban Water Body Challenges and Approaches: (1) Rehabilitation and Remediation Author: Hughes, Robert M., Dunham, Susie, Maas-Hebner, Kathleen G., Yeakley, J. Alan, Schreck, Carl B., Harte, Michael, Molina, Nancy, Shock, Clinton C., Kaczynski, Victor W., Schaeffer, Jeff Year: 2014 We review how urbanization alters aquatic ecosystems, as well as actions that managers can take to remediate urban waters. Urbanization affects streams by fundamentally altering longitudinal and lateral processes that in turn alter hydrology, habitat, and water chemistry; these effects create physical and chemical stressors that in turn affect the biota. Urban streams often suffer from multiple stressor effects that have collectively been termed an “urban stream syndrome,” in which no single factor dominates degraded conditions. Resource managers have multiple ways of combating the urban stream syndrome. These approaches range from whole-watershed protection to reach-scale habitat rehabilitation, but the prescription must be matched to the scale of the factors that are causing the problem, and results will likely not be immediate because of lengthy recovery times. Although pristine or reference conditions are far from attainable, urban stream rehabilitation is a worthy goal because appropriate actions can provide ecosystem improvements as well as increased ecosystem service benefits for human society. Title: A Review of Urban Water Body Challenges and Approaches: (1) Rehabilitation and Remediation Author: Hughes, Robert M., Dunham, Susie, Maas-Hebner, Kathleen G., Yeakley, J. Alan, Schreck, Carl B., Harte, Michael, Molina, Nancy, Shock, Clinton C., Kaczynski, Victor W., Schaeffer, Jeff Year: 2014 We review how urbanization alters aquatic ecosystems, as well as actions that managers can take to remediate urban waters. Urbanization affects streams by fundamentally altering longitudinal and lateral processes that in turn alter hydrology, habitat, and water chemistry; these effects create physical and chemical stressors that in turn affect the biota. Urban streams often suffer from multiple stressor effects that have collectively been termed an “urban stream syndrome,” in which no single factor dominates degraded conditions. Resource managers have multiple ways of combating the urban stream syndrome. These approaches range from whole-watershed protection to reach-scale habitat rehabilitation, but the prescription must be matched to the scale of the factors that are causing the problem, and results will likely not be immediate because of lengthy recovery times. Although pristine or reference conditions are far from attainable, urban stream rehabilitation is a worthy goal because appropriate actions can provide ecosystem improvements as well as increased ecosystem service benefits for human society. Close