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• 1. [Image] Determination of the 5 MW Gross Nominal Design Case Binary Cycle for Power Generation at Raft River, Idaho

  	This report documents a series of Rankine Cycle studies for power generation utilizing geothermal fluid as the heat source and isobutane as the working fluid. To find the plant configuration which would ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determination of the 5 MW Gross Nominal Design Case Binary Cycle for Power Generation at Raft River, Idaho Author: Ingvarsson, I.J. Year: 1976 This report documents a series of Rankine Cycle studies for power generation utilizing geothermal fluid as the heat source and isobutane as the working fluid. To find the plant configuration which would most effectively utilize the available energy, a parametric study was performed. The study considered the desirability of supercritical, single boiler or double boiler cycles, and the relative boiler temperatures and percentage isobutane flow split between the boilers in the double cycles for geothermal fluid temperatures of 260°F to 360°F. This study was designed to discover thermodynamic trends which would point to an optimum isobutane cycle for geothermal fluid temperatures in this temperature range. The results of the parametric study were applied to derive a Nominal Design Case for a demonstration plant at Raft River, with a geothermal fluid resource at 290°F. In addition, plant variations due to tolerances applied to thermodynamic properties and other key factors are included Title: Determination of the 5 MW Gross Nominal Design Case Binary Cycle for Power Generation at Raft River, Idaho Author: Ingvarsson, I.J. Year: 1976 This report documents a series of Rankine Cycle studies for power generation utilizing geothermal fluid as the heat source and isobutane as the working fluid. To find the plant configuration which would most effectively utilize the available energy, a parametric study was performed. The study considered the desirability of supercritical, single boiler or double boiler cycles, and the relative boiler temperatures and percentage isobutane flow split between the boilers in the double cycles for geothermal fluid temperatures of 260°F to 360°F. This study was designed to discover thermodynamic trends which would point to an optimum isobutane cycle for geothermal fluid temperatures in this temperature range. The results of the parametric study were applied to derive a Nominal Design Case for a demonstration plant at Raft River, with a geothermal fluid resource at 290°F. In addition, plant variations due to tolerances applied to thermodynamic properties and other key factors are included Close

• 2. [Image] Direct Application of Geothermal Energy

  	The purpose of this report is to present in a single work, an overall treatment of direct geothermal applications with an emphasis on the above ground engineering
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Direct Application of Geothermal Energy Author: Reistad, G.M Year: 1980 The purpose of this report is to present in a single work, an overall treatment of direct geothermal applications with an emphasis on the above ground engineering Title: Direct Application of Geothermal Energy Author: Reistad, G.M Year: 1980 The purpose of this report is to present in a single work, an overall treatment of direct geothermal applications with an emphasis on the above ground engineering Close

• 3. [Image] Proceedings of the Geothermal Power Development Conference, University of California, Berkeley, June 18, 1974

  	The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) is interested in receiving comments, recommendations and suggestions concerning arrangements appropriate to conduct during FY 1975 and into the early 1980's of research ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proceedings of the Geothermal Power Development Conference, University of California, Berkeley, June 18, 1974 Author: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Year: 1974 The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) is interested in receiving comments, recommendations and suggestions concerning arrangements appropriate to conduct during FY 1975 and into the early 1980's of research and development work and pilot projects aimed at establishing the technical, economic and practical feasibility of electric and non-electric power production from geothermal resources, including possible cooperative programs between the AEC and other organizations. Responses received will be utilized in the further development of AEC's long-range geothermal program plan. The geothermal program objective is to stimulate and facilitate early and significant commercial utilization of these resources. This program is a part of the national geothermal energy research and development effort and is designed to contribute toward meeting overall national energy needs Title: Proceedings of the Geothermal Power Development Conference, University of California, Berkeley, June 18, 1974 Author: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Year: 1974 The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) is interested in receiving comments, recommendations and suggestions concerning arrangements appropriate to conduct during FY 1975 and into the early 1980's of research and development work and pilot projects aimed at establishing the technical, economic and practical feasibility of electric and non-electric power production from geothermal resources, including possible cooperative programs between the AEC and other organizations. Responses received will be utilized in the further development of AEC's long-range geothermal program plan. The geothermal program objective is to stimulate and facilitate early and significant commercial utilization of these resources. This program is a part of the national geothermal energy research and development effort and is designed to contribute toward meeting overall national energy needs Close

• 4. [Image] Conceptual Design of Commercial 50 MWe(Net) Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report

  	The scope of work of this study includes conceptual designs, corresponding capital cost estimates and engineering and construction schedules for two 50 MWe (net) commercial-scale geothermal power plants. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conceptual Design of Commercial 50 MWe(Net) Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1976 The scope of work of this study includes conceptual designs, corresponding capital cost estimates and engineering and construction schedules for two 50 MWe (net) commercial-scale geothermal power plants. In order to develop and illustrate the concepts involved, the reservoir and site conditions of the geothermal field near Heber, California, which has moderate-temperature low-salinity brine, were used for one of the power plants. The conditions of the field near Niland, California (or the Salton Sea Geothermal Field), which has high-temperature high-salinity brine, were used for the other plant. Both fields are located in the Imperial Valley in Southern California. The two plants give perspective on plant design and capital costs for the range of hydrothermal resources that are of economic interest for electric power generation Title: Conceptual Design of Commercial 50 MWe(Net) Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1976 The scope of work of this study includes conceptual designs, corresponding capital cost estimates and engineering and construction schedules for two 50 MWe (net) commercial-scale geothermal power plants. In order to develop and illustrate the concepts involved, the reservoir and site conditions of the geothermal field near Heber, California, which has moderate-temperature low-salinity brine, were used for one of the power plants. The conditions of the field near Niland, California (or the Salton Sea Geothermal Field), which has high-temperature high-salinity brine, were used for the other plant. Both fields are located in the Imperial Valley in Southern California. The two plants give perspective on plant design and capital costs for the range of hydrothermal resources that are of economic interest for electric power generation Close

• 5. [Image] Linear Polarization Measurements at High Temperatures in Hypersaline Geothermal Brines

  	The Bureau of Mines conducted a series of in situ linear polarization measurements in high-temperature, high-pressure hypersaline geothermal brines at the Bureau of Mines Geothermal Test Facility in the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Linear Polarization Measurements at High Temperatures in Hypersaline Geothermal Brines Author: Cramer, S.D. Year: 1978 The Bureau of Mines conducted a series of in situ linear polarization measurements in high-temperature, high-pressure hypersaline geothermal brines at the Bureau of Mines Geothermal Test Facility in the Imperial Valley of California. The measurements represented an evaluation of the linear polarization technique for obtaining instantaneous corrosion rates of materials of construction in flowing hypersaline hydrothermal fluids that rapidly form scales on exposed surfaces. A special method was devised for use with the linear polarization technique that resulted in obtaining corrosion rates for 1020 carbon steel, 316 and 430 stainless steel, titanium, various nickel-based alloys, and aluminum 6061 under strong scale-forming conditions. The measurements also provided information on scale-deposition rates in various geothermal environments. Exploratory in situ potentiostatic polarization measurements were made in the flowing brines to qualitatively determine scale-deposition effects on the electrochemical measurements Title: Linear Polarization Measurements at High Temperatures in Hypersaline Geothermal Brines Author: Cramer, S.D. Year: 1978 The Bureau of Mines conducted a series of in situ linear polarization measurements in high-temperature, high-pressure hypersaline geothermal brines at the Bureau of Mines Geothermal Test Facility in the Imperial Valley of California. The measurements represented an evaluation of the linear polarization technique for obtaining instantaneous corrosion rates of materials of construction in flowing hypersaline hydrothermal fluids that rapidly form scales on exposed surfaces. A special method was devised for use with the linear polarization technique that resulted in obtaining corrosion rates for 1020 carbon steel, 316 and 430 stainless steel, titanium, various nickel-based alloys, and aluminum 6061 under strong scale-forming conditions. The measurements also provided information on scale-deposition rates in various geothermal environments. Exploratory in situ potentiostatic polarization measurements were made in the flowing brines to qualitatively determine scale-deposition effects on the electrochemical measurements Close

• 6. [Image] Corrosion of Iron-Base Alloys Versus Alternate Materials in Geothermal Brines, Interim Report October 1977

  	This geothermal corrosion program is to determine why geothermal brines are so corrosive to economical iron-base alloys. Geothermal resources that can be developed with iron-base alloys will have a significant ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Corrosion of Iron-Base Alloys Versus Alternate Materials in Geothermal Brines, Interim Report October 1977 Author: Shannon, D.W. Year: 1977 This geothermal corrosion program is to determine why geothermal brines are so corrosive to economical iron-base alloys. Geothermal resources that can be developed with iron-base alloys will have a significant economic advantage over geothermal sites that would require extensive use of expensive alloys. Data developed in this program will be used to guide selection and design of near-term plants. The program objectives are: O To clarify corrosion factors important to materials selection for geothermal power plants. O To establish a set of brine composition and temperature limits for carbon steels in geothermal brines and report final results by the end of FY 1978. The program involves tests of many materials in high pressure equipment where a wide variety of brine chemistries can be studied. The validity of these lab tests is checked by field tests in actual geothermal brine Title: Corrosion of Iron-Base Alloys Versus Alternate Materials in Geothermal Brines, Interim Report October 1977 Author: Shannon, D.W. Year: 1977 This geothermal corrosion program is to determine why geothermal brines are so corrosive to economical iron-base alloys. Geothermal resources that can be developed with iron-base alloys will have a significant economic advantage over geothermal sites that would require extensive use of expensive alloys. Data developed in this program will be used to guide selection and design of near-term plants. The program objectives are: O To clarify corrosion factors important to materials selection for geothermal power plants. O To establish a set of brine composition and temperature limits for carbon steels in geothermal brines and report final results by the end of FY 1978. The program involves tests of many materials in high pressure equipment where a wide variety of brine chemistries can be studied. The validity of these lab tests is checked by field tests in actual geothermal brine Close

• 7. [Image] Geothermal Well Downhole Heat Exchanger Design Analysis A Thesis

  	This report covers information about the use of Downhole Heat Exchangers in the Klamath Falls, OR area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Well Downhole Heat Exchanger Design Analysis A Thesis Author: Kreitlow, D. K. Year: 1977 This report covers information about the use of Downhole Heat Exchangers in the Klamath Falls, OR area Title: Geothermal Well Downhole Heat Exchanger Design Analysis A Thesis Author: Kreitlow, D. K. Year: 1977 This report covers information about the use of Downhole Heat Exchangers in the Klamath Falls, OR area Close

• 8. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1980

  	Investigation and flow testing of the enlarged Phase I heat-extraction system at Fenton Hill continued throughout FY80. Temperature drawdown observed at that time indicated an effective fracture of approximately ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1980 Author: Cremer, G.M. (comp.) Year: 1981 Investigation and flow testing of the enlarged Phase I heat-extraction system at Fenton Hill continued throughout FY80. Temperature drawdown observed at that time indicated an effective fracture of approximately 40,000 to 60,000 m/sup 2/. In May 1980, hot dry rock (HDR) technology was used to produce electricity in an interface demonstration experiment at Fenton Hill. A 60-kVA binary-cycle electrical generator was installed in the Phase I surface system and heat from about 3 kg/s of geothermal fluid at 132/sup 0/C was used to boil Freon R-114, whose vapor drove a turboalternator. A Phase II system was designed and is now being constructed at Fenton Hill that should approach commercial requirements. Borehole EE-2, the injection well, was completed on May 12, 1980. It was drilled to a vertical depth of about 4500 m, where the rock temperature is approximately 320/sup 0/C. The production well, EE-3 had been drilled to a depth of 3044 m and drilling was continuing. Environmental monitoring of Fenton Hill site continued. Development of equipment, instruments, and materials for technical support at Fenton Hill continued during FY80. Several kinds of models were also developed to understand the behavior of the Phase I system and to develop a predictive capability for future systems. Data from extensive resource investigations were collected, analyzed, and assembled into a geothermal gradient map of the US, and studies were completed on five specific areas as possible locations for HDR Experimental Site 2 Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1980 Author: Cremer, G.M. (comp.) Year: 1981 Investigation and flow testing of the enlarged Phase I heat-extraction system at Fenton Hill continued throughout FY80. Temperature drawdown observed at that time indicated an effective fracture of approximately 40,000 to 60,000 m/sup 2/. In May 1980, hot dry rock (HDR) technology was used to produce electricity in an interface demonstration experiment at Fenton Hill. A 60-kVA binary-cycle electrical generator was installed in the Phase I surface system and heat from about 3 kg/s of geothermal fluid at 132/sup 0/C was used to boil Freon R-114, whose vapor drove a turboalternator. A Phase II system was designed and is now being constructed at Fenton Hill that should approach commercial requirements. Borehole EE-2, the injection well, was completed on May 12, 1980. It was drilled to a vertical depth of about 4500 m, where the rock temperature is approximately 320/sup 0/C. The production well, EE-3 had been drilled to a depth of 3044 m and drilling was continuing. Environmental monitoring of Fenton Hill site continued. Development of equipment, instruments, and materials for technical support at Fenton Hill continued during FY80. Several kinds of models were also developed to understand the behavior of the Phase I system and to develop a predictive capability for future systems. Data from extensive resource investigations were collected, analyzed, and assembled into a geothermal gradient map of the US, and studies were completed on five specific areas as possible locations for HDR Experimental Site 2 Close

• 9. [Image] Downhole Electrical Detection of Hydraulic Fractures in GT-2 and EE-1

  	Electrical geophysical methods including mise a la masse and self-potential (SP) for determination of hydraulic fracture characteristics were used at the hot dry rock geothermal project. Electrical and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Downhole Electrical Detection of Hydraulic Fractures in GT-2 and EE-1 Author: Kintzinger, P.R. Year: 1977 Electrical geophysical methods including mise a la masse and self-potential (SP) for determination of hydraulic fracture characteristics were used at the hot dry rock geothermal project. Electrical and induction logs indicated that the resistivity contrast between the granite and 200/sup 0/C water at the 2926-m (9600-ft) depth is a factor of 1000 or more. Thus the water in a hydraulic fracture, formed to connect two adjacent deep holes, is a good conductor compared to the confining granite. Mise a la masse-type measurements were made to help determine the characteristics for hydraulic fractures formed in each of the two geothermal holes GT-2 and EE-1. Once a hydraulic fracture has been formed, mise a la masse effects are obtained both with the fracture pressurized above hydrostatic and when depressurized to hydrostatic. This indicates that once the fracture has been created, enough natural propping exists that a conductive zone persists even when the fracture is deflated. A fracture was formed in a 18-m (60-ft) zone immediately below 1957 m (6420 ft) in EE-1. Later a set of SP logs was run in this zone with no pressure, with pressure building, with pressure decreasing, and again with the fracture depressurized. Results show that during times of change of parameters in hydraulically fractured regions in the hole, natural SP logging helps to determine the position of the fracture. However, after a fracture has come to equilibrium with fluid parameters such as temperature, pressure, salinity, and pH, an effect of the fracture may not be evident. Self-potential logs provide an excellent method for locating the bottom of steel casing that has been set in the hole Title: Downhole Electrical Detection of Hydraulic Fractures in GT-2 and EE-1 Author: Kintzinger, P.R. Year: 1977 Electrical geophysical methods including mise a la masse and self-potential (SP) for determination of hydraulic fracture characteristics were used at the hot dry rock geothermal project. Electrical and induction logs indicated that the resistivity contrast between the granite and 200/sup 0/C water at the 2926-m (9600-ft) depth is a factor of 1000 or more. Thus the water in a hydraulic fracture, formed to connect two adjacent deep holes, is a good conductor compared to the confining granite. Mise a la masse-type measurements were made to help determine the characteristics for hydraulic fractures formed in each of the two geothermal holes GT-2 and EE-1. Once a hydraulic fracture has been formed, mise a la masse effects are obtained both with the fracture pressurized above hydrostatic and when depressurized to hydrostatic. This indicates that once the fracture has been created, enough natural propping exists that a conductive zone persists even when the fracture is deflated. A fracture was formed in a 18-m (60-ft) zone immediately below 1957 m (6420 ft) in EE-1. Later a set of SP logs was run in this zone with no pressure, with pressure building, with pressure decreasing, and again with the fracture depressurized. Results show that during times of change of parameters in hydraulically fractured regions in the hole, natural SP logging helps to determine the position of the fracture. However, after a fracture has come to equilibrium with fluid parameters such as temperature, pressure, salinity, and pH, an effect of the fracture may not be evident. Self-potential logs provide an excellent method for locating the bottom of steel casing that has been set in the hole Close

• 10. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1983

  	Emphasis was on hydraulic-fracturing experiments at depths around 3.5 km (11,473 ft) in the two inclined wells of the Phase II system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico; on improved facilities and techniques for ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1983 Author: Smith, M.C. (comp.) Year: 1985 Emphasis was on hydraulic-fracturing experiments at depths around 3.5 km (11,473 ft) in the two inclined wells of the Phase II system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico; on improved facilities and techniques for mapping the source locations of acoustic signals generated by the fracturing events; on mathematical modeling of the fracture systems produced in these and earlier experiments; and on development of a family of slimline high-temperature downhole instruments that can be used within or through relatively small-diameter pressure tubing. Hydraulic fracturing at a vertical depth of approximately 3500 m (11,500 ft) in well EE-2, the deeper well, produced fractures that, in acoustic maps, appear to occupy a large, roughly ellipsoidal volume whose major axis is directed to the north of the other well, EE-3. Hydraulic fracturing from EE-3 at a similar depth produced another set of fractures that appear to be approximately parallel to and centered about 180 m (600 ft) east of the earlier set. Subsequent fluid injections reduced the distance between the two sets, but no hydraulic connection between them was established. Modeling the silica concentrations of fluid circulated through the earlier Phase I system indicates that this type of permeation also contributes significantly to heat extraction during system operation. The precision and accuracy of locating the sources of acoustic signals detected during hydraulic-fracturing operations have been increased by improvements in equipment, drilling of another deep hole for geophone emplacement, and additional station calibrations. Analysis of the signals has also been improved and broadened. Development of slimline downhole instruments has included a detonator tool, a geophone package, and final design of a high-temperature borehole acoustic televiewer. A crosswell acoustic transceiver has also been developed for investigating rock type and structure between wellbores. 32 refs., 35 figs. Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1983 Author: Smith, M.C. (comp.) Year: 1985 Emphasis was on hydraulic-fracturing experiments at depths around 3.5 km (11,473 ft) in the two inclined wells of the Phase II system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico; on improved facilities and techniques for mapping the source locations of acoustic signals generated by the fracturing events; on mathematical modeling of the fracture systems produced in these and earlier experiments; and on development of a family of slimline high-temperature downhole instruments that can be used within or through relatively small-diameter pressure tubing. Hydraulic fracturing at a vertical depth of approximately 3500 m (11,500 ft) in well EE-2, the deeper well, produced fractures that, in acoustic maps, appear to occupy a large, roughly ellipsoidal volume whose major axis is directed to the north of the other well, EE-3. Hydraulic fracturing from EE-3 at a similar depth produced another set of fractures that appear to be approximately parallel to and centered about 180 m (600 ft) east of the earlier set. Subsequent fluid injections reduced the distance between the two sets, but no hydraulic connection between them was established. Modeling the silica concentrations of fluid circulated through the earlier Phase I system indicates that this type of permeation also contributes significantly to heat extraction during system operation. The precision and accuracy of locating the sources of acoustic signals detected during hydraulic-fracturing operations have been increased by improvements in equipment, drilling of another deep hole for geophone emplacement, and additional station calibrations. Analysis of the signals has also been improved and broadened. Development of slimline downhole instruments has included a detonator tool, a geophone package, and final design of a high-temperature borehole acoustic televiewer. A crosswell acoustic transceiver has also been developed for investigating rock type and structure between wellbores. 32 refs., 35 figs. Close