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• 21. [Image] Magnetotelluric Studies in Grass Valley, Nevada

  	A program of detailed magnetotelluric soundings was initiated in 1974 in Green Valley, Nevada, as part of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's major study of techniques for geothermal exploration in north ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Magnetotelluric Studies in Grass Valley, Nevada Author: Morrison, H.F. Year: 1979 A program of detailed magnetotelluric soundings was initiated in 1974 in Green Valley, Nevada, as part of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's major study of techniques for geothermal exploration in north central Nevada. The magnetotelluric program had three main goals; the determination of resistivity distribution at depths greater than that conveniently measured with other techniques; a comparison of the interpreted resistivity at shallow depth with the results of the other techniques; and the evaluation of the SQUID or Josephson effect magnetometer in practical field surveys. In addition, new numerical models were developed so that interpretation could be carried out in terms of fairly complex two-dimensional models Title: Magnetotelluric Studies in Grass Valley, Nevada Author: Morrison, H.F. Year: 1979 A program of detailed magnetotelluric soundings was initiated in 1974 in Green Valley, Nevada, as part of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's major study of techniques for geothermal exploration in north central Nevada. The magnetotelluric program had three main goals; the determination of resistivity distribution at depths greater than that conveniently measured with other techniques; a comparison of the interpreted resistivity at shallow depth with the results of the other techniques; and the evaluation of the SQUID or Josephson effect magnetometer in practical field surveys. In addition, new numerical models were developed so that interpretation could be carried out in terms of fairly complex two-dimensional models Close

• 22. [Image] Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States Progress Report, Apr 1, 1977--Jun 30, 1977

  	The objective of this research is to develop and apply targeting procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States Progress Report, Apr 1, 1977--Jun 30, 1977 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1977 The objective of this research is to develop and apply targeting procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. Detailed study of the Winnsboro complex, South Carolina, is continuing as part of a broader project to provide insight into the behavior of uranium and thorium in syn- and postmetamorphic granitic plutons Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States Progress Report, Apr 1, 1977--Jun 30, 1977 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1977 The objective of this research is to develop and apply targeting procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. Detailed study of the Winnsboro complex, South Carolina, is continuing as part of a broader project to provide insight into the behavior of uranium and thorium in syn- and postmetamorphic granitic plutons Close

• 23. [Image] Planning, Drilling, Logging, and Testing of Energy Extraction Hole EE-1, Phases I and II

  	Energy Extraction Hole No. 1 (EE-1) is the second deep hole drilled into the Precambrian-age granitic rocks of the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico. EE-1 was drilled to intersect a hydraulic ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Planning, Drilling, Logging, and Testing of Energy Extraction Hole EE-1, Phases I and II Author: Pettitt, R.A. Year: 1977 Energy Extraction Hole No. 1 (EE-1) is the second deep hole drilled into the Precambrian-age granitic rocks of the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico. EE-1 was drilled to intersect a hydraulic fracture extending outward from near the bottom of previously drilled hole GT-2, thus completing the underground circulation loop required for the hot dry rock geothermal energy extraction experiment. Directional drilling techniques were used to intersect the fracture zone. In addition, high-temperature instrumentation and equipment development, hydraulic fracturing experiments, pressure-flow testing of the fracture systems, and fracture mapping and borehole-ranging technique activities were conducted. The drilling, logging, and testing operations in EE-1 are described Title: Planning, Drilling, Logging, and Testing of Energy Extraction Hole EE-1, Phases I and II Author: Pettitt, R.A. Year: 1977 Energy Extraction Hole No. 1 (EE-1) is the second deep hole drilled into the Precambrian-age granitic rocks of the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico. EE-1 was drilled to intersect a hydraulic fracture extending outward from near the bottom of previously drilled hole GT-2, thus completing the underground circulation loop required for the hot dry rock geothermal energy extraction experiment. Directional drilling techniques were used to intersect the fracture zone. In addition, high-temperature instrumentation and equipment development, hydraulic fracturing experiments, pressure-flow testing of the fracture systems, and fracture mapping and borehole-ranging technique activities were conducted. The drilling, logging, and testing operations in EE-1 are described Close

• 24. [Image] Potential Growth of Electric Power Production from Imperial Valley Geothermal Resources

  	The growth of geothermal electric power operations in Imperial Valley, California is projected over the next 40 years. With commercial power forecast to become available in the 1980's, the scenario considers ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential Growth of Electric Power Production from Imperial Valley Geothermal Resources Author: Ermak, D.L. Year: 1977 The growth of geothermal electric power operations in Imperial Valley, California is projected over the next 40 years. With commercial power forecast to become available in the 1980's, the scenario considers three subsequent growth rates: 40, 100, and 250 MW per year. These growth rates, along with estimates of the total resource size, result in a maximum level of electric power production ranging from 1000 to 8000 MW to be attained in the 2010 to 2020 time period. Power plant siting constraints are developed and used to make siting patterns for the 400- through 8000-MW level of power production. Two geothermal technologies are included in the scenario: flashed steam systems that produce cooling water from the geothermal steam condensate and emit noncondensable gases to the atmosphere; and high pressure, confined flow systems that inject the geothermal fluid back into the ground. An analysis of the scenario is made with regard to well drilling and power plant construction rates, land use, cooling water requirements, and hydrogen sulfide emissions Title: Potential Growth of Electric Power Production from Imperial Valley Geothermal Resources Author: Ermak, D.L. Year: 1977 The growth of geothermal electric power operations in Imperial Valley, California is projected over the next 40 years. With commercial power forecast to become available in the 1980's, the scenario considers three subsequent growth rates: 40, 100, and 250 MW per year. These growth rates, along with estimates of the total resource size, result in a maximum level of electric power production ranging from 1000 to 8000 MW to be attained in the 2010 to 2020 time period. Power plant siting constraints are developed and used to make siting patterns for the 400- through 8000-MW level of power production. Two geothermal technologies are included in the scenario: flashed steam systems that produce cooling water from the geothermal steam condensate and emit noncondensable gases to the atmosphere; and high pressure, confined flow systems that inject the geothermal fluid back into the ground. An analysis of the scenario is made with regard to well drilling and power plant construction rates, land use, cooling water requirements, and hydrogen sulfide emissions Close

• 25. [Image] Geothermal Policy Project. Quarterly Report, September 1, 1980-November 30, 1980

  	Efforts continued to carry forward policy development in existing project states. Follow-up contacts were made with most project states, and state visits and meetings occurred in eight project states. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Policy Project. Quarterly Report, September 1, 1980-November 30, 1980 Author: Connor, T.D. Year: 1981 Efforts continued to carry forward policy development in existing project states. Follow-up contacts were made with most project states, and state visits and meetings occurred in eight project states. Several state-specific documents and one background document, geothermal policies in selected states, were prepared during this reporting period. In Yakima, Washington, the project cosponsored a geothermal symposium with the Washington State Energy Office, in addition to attending several other geothermal meetings and conferences Title: Geothermal Policy Project. Quarterly Report, September 1, 1980-November 30, 1980 Author: Connor, T.D. Year: 1981 Efforts continued to carry forward policy development in existing project states. Follow-up contacts were made with most project states, and state visits and meetings occurred in eight project states. Several state-specific documents and one background document, geothermal policies in selected states, were prepared during this reporting period. In Yakima, Washington, the project cosponsored a geothermal symposium with the Washington State Energy Office, in addition to attending several other geothermal meetings and conferences Close

• 26. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program. Semiannual Report, October 1, 1978-March 31, 1979

  	The potential of energy extracted from hot dry rock (HDR) was investigated as a commercially feasible alternate energy source. Run segments 3 and 4 were completed in the prototype reservoir of the Phase ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program. Semiannual Report, October 1, 1978-March 31, 1979 Author: Brown, M.C. Year: 1979 The potential of energy extracted from hot dry rock (HDR) was investigated as a commercially feasible alternate energy source. Run segments 3 and 4 were completed in the prototype reservoir of the Phase I energy-extraction system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. Results of these tests yielded significant data on the existing system and this information will be applicable to future HDR systems. Plans and operations initiating a Phase II system are underway at the Fenton Hill site. This system, a deeper, hotter commercial-size reservoir, is intended to demonstrate the longevity and economics of an HDR system. Major activity occurred in evaluation of the national resource potential and in characterizing possible future HDR geothermal sites. Work has begun in the institutional and industrial support area to assess the economics and promote commercial interest in HDR systems as an alternate energy source Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program. Semiannual Report, October 1, 1978-March 31, 1979 Author: Brown, M.C. Year: 1979 The potential of energy extracted from hot dry rock (HDR) was investigated as a commercially feasible alternate energy source. Run segments 3 and 4 were completed in the prototype reservoir of the Phase I energy-extraction system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. Results of these tests yielded significant data on the existing system and this information will be applicable to future HDR systems. Plans and operations initiating a Phase II system are underway at the Fenton Hill site. This system, a deeper, hotter commercial-size reservoir, is intended to demonstrate the longevity and economics of an HDR system. Major activity occurred in evaluation of the national resource potential and in characterizing possible future HDR geothermal sites. Work has begun in the institutional and industrial support area to assess the economics and promote commercial interest in HDR systems as an alternate energy source Close

• 27. [Image] Use of Geothermal Heat for Sugar Refining. Final Report, October 1, 1976--May 31, 1977

  	The economic and technical feasibility of applying low grade geothermal heat (less than 300/sup 0/F) in the beet sugar refining industry for both new factory construction and retrofit conversion of existing ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of Geothermal Heat for Sugar Refining. Final Report, October 1, 1976--May 31, 1977 Author: Pearson, R.O. Year: 1977 The economic and technical feasibility of applying low grade geothermal heat (less than 300/sup 0/F) in the beet sugar refining industry for both new factory construction and retrofit conversion of existing factories was assessed. The representative Holly Sugar factory at Brawley, California, was utilized as a baseline primarily because of its centralized location with respect to the known and partially developed geothermal anomalies at Brawley, East Mesa, and Heber. Nominal values for the key parameters of the sugar refining process and typical values for the geothermal fluid parameters representative of geothermal resources in areas of existing or potential future sugar factories were defined, promising points of application were identified, and conceptual designs synthesized for introducing the geothermal heat into the process. The design approaches were then quantified with capital, operating and maintenance costs, and comparative economic evaluations were made with other fuels projected to 1995. In parallel with the detailed study of process conversion to geothermal heat, the existing pattern and potential growth of the sugar refining industry was assessed to estimate the potential market for new factory construction at suitable areas, as well as the potential for retrofit conversion of existing factories. The environmental impact of other geothermal application concepts was also assessed, and expected technological or industry/government policy changes which might affect the potential for conversion to geothermal heat were identified and evaluated. Emphasis was placed on achieving results that would stimulate commercial utilization of geothermal heat for beet sugar refining and related processes Title: Use of Geothermal Heat for Sugar Refining. Final Report, October 1, 1976--May 31, 1977 Author: Pearson, R.O. Year: 1977 The economic and technical feasibility of applying low grade geothermal heat (less than 300/sup 0/F) in the beet sugar refining industry for both new factory construction and retrofit conversion of existing factories was assessed. The representative Holly Sugar factory at Brawley, California, was utilized as a baseline primarily because of its centralized location with respect to the known and partially developed geothermal anomalies at Brawley, East Mesa, and Heber. Nominal values for the key parameters of the sugar refining process and typical values for the geothermal fluid parameters representative of geothermal resources in areas of existing or potential future sugar factories were defined, promising points of application were identified, and conceptual designs synthesized for introducing the geothermal heat into the process. The design approaches were then quantified with capital, operating and maintenance costs, and comparative economic evaluations were made with other fuels projected to 1995. In parallel with the detailed study of process conversion to geothermal heat, the existing pattern and potential growth of the sugar refining industry was assessed to estimate the potential market for new factory construction at suitable areas, as well as the potential for retrofit conversion of existing factories. The environmental impact of other geothermal application concepts was also assessed, and expected technological or industry/government policy changes which might affect the potential for conversion to geothermal heat were identified and evaluated. Emphasis was placed on achieving results that would stimulate commercial utilization of geothermal heat for beet sugar refining and related processes Close

• 28. [Image] Description, Field Test and Data Analysis of a Controlled-Source EM System (EM-60)

  	The three sections describe the transmitter, the receiver, and data interpretations and indicate the advances made toward the development of a large moment electromagnetic (EM) system employing a magnetic ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Description, Field Test and Data Analysis of a Controlled-Source EM System (EM-60) Author: Morrison, H.F. Year: 1978 The three sections describe the transmitter, the receiver, and data interpretations and indicate the advances made toward the development of a large moment electromagnetic (EM) system employing a magnetic dipole source. A brief description is given of the EM-60 transmitter, its general design, and the consideration involved in the selection of a practical coil size and weight for routine field operations. A programmable, multichannel, multi-frequency, phase-sensitive receiver is described. A field test of the EM-60, the data analysis and interpretation procedures, and a comparison between the survey results and the results obtained using other electrical techniques are presented. The Leach Hot Springs area in Grass Valley, Pershing County, Nevada, was chosen for the first field site at which the entire system would be tested. The field tests showed the system capable of obtaining well-defined sounding curves (amplitude and phase of magnetic fields) from 1 kHz down to 0.1 Hz. (MHR) Title: Description, Field Test and Data Analysis of a Controlled-Source EM System (EM-60) Author: Morrison, H.F. Year: 1978 The three sections describe the transmitter, the receiver, and data interpretations and indicate the advances made toward the development of a large moment electromagnetic (EM) system employing a magnetic dipole source. A brief description is given of the EM-60 transmitter, its general design, and the consideration involved in the selection of a practical coil size and weight for routine field operations. A programmable, multichannel, multi-frequency, phase-sensitive receiver is described. A field test of the EM-60, the data analysis and interpretation procedures, and a comparison between the survey results and the results obtained using other electrical techniques are presented. The Leach Hot Springs area in Grass Valley, Pershing County, Nevada, was chosen for the first field site at which the entire system would be tested. The field tests showed the system capable of obtaining well-defined sounding curves (amplitude and phase of magnetic fields) from 1 kHz down to 0.1 Hz. (MHR) Close

• 29. [Image] Engineering and Economic Analysis for the Utilization of Geothermal Fluids in a Cane Sugar Processing Plant. Final Report

  	The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization at the Puna Sugar Company cane sugar processing plant, located in Keaau, Hawaii. A proposed well site area ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Engineering and Economic Analysis for the Utilization of Geothermal Fluids in a Cane Sugar Processing Plant. Final Report Author: Humme, J.T. Year: 1979 The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization at the Puna Sugar Company cane sugar processing plant, located in Keaau, Hawaii. A proposed well site area was selected based on data from surface exploratory surveys. The liquid dominated well flow enters a binary thermal arrangement, which results in an acceptable quality steam for process use. Hydrogen sulfide in the well gases is incinerated, leaving sulfur dioxide in the waste gases. The sulfur dioxide in turn is recovered and Used in the cane juice processing at the sugar factory. The clean geothermal steam from the binary system can be used directly for process requirements. It replaces steam generated by the firing of the waste fibrous product from cane sugar processing. The waste product, called bagasse, has a number of alternative uses, but an evaluation clearly indicated it should continue to be employed for steam generation. This steam, no longer required for process demands, can be directed to increased electric power generation. Revenues gained by the sale of this power to the utility, in addition to other savings developed through the utilization of geothermal energy, can offset the costs associated with hydrothermal utilization Title: Engineering and Economic Analysis for the Utilization of Geothermal Fluids in a Cane Sugar Processing Plant. Final Report Author: Humme, J.T. Year: 1979 The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization at the Puna Sugar Company cane sugar processing plant, located in Keaau, Hawaii. A proposed well site area was selected based on data from surface exploratory surveys. The liquid dominated well flow enters a binary thermal arrangement, which results in an acceptable quality steam for process use. Hydrogen sulfide in the well gases is incinerated, leaving sulfur dioxide in the waste gases. The sulfur dioxide in turn is recovered and Used in the cane juice processing at the sugar factory. The clean geothermal steam from the binary system can be used directly for process requirements. It replaces steam generated by the firing of the waste fibrous product from cane sugar processing. The waste product, called bagasse, has a number of alternative uses, but an evaluation clearly indicated it should continue to be employed for steam generation. This steam, no longer required for process demands, can be directed to increased electric power generation. Revenues gained by the sale of this power to the utility, in addition to other savings developed through the utilization of geothermal energy, can offset the costs associated with hydrothermal utilization Close