Search

Search Results

• 1. [Article] Species Extinction and Cultural Arrogance: The Perils of Ignoring History

  For more than a century, politicians, newspaper editors, tate and federal fisheries managers, and their various constituencies with an interest in salmon have complained,lobbied and petitioned, sought ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Species Extinction and Cultural Arrogance: The Perils of Ignoring History Author: Robbins, William G. Year: 2001 For more than a century, politicians, newspaper editors, tate and federal fisheries managers, and their various constituencies with an interest in salmon have complained,lobbied and petitioned, sought legislative relief, and studied to near extinction the declining runs of the Pacific Northwest’s anadromous fish runs. All to no avail, of course. Management efforts have failed; the attempt to the establish reliable, predictive models has failed; massive federal expenditures to rescue crashing stocks have failed; and endeavors to achieve consensus about future policymaking have failed. And today one can add to the now familiar story of extinct and endangered salmon, similar tales about ocean groundfish, newly impoverished fishing communities, reductions in fleet size, and more federal bailouts. What is fascinating in the unveiling of this most recent story is the sense of history repeating itself as commercial fishers shift from one species to the next. Title: Species Extinction and Cultural Arrogance: The Perils of Ignoring History Author: Robbins, William G. Year: 2001 For more than a century, politicians, newspaper editors, tate and federal fisheries managers, and their various constituencies with an interest in salmon have complained,lobbied and petitioned, sought legislative relief, and studied to near extinction the declining runs of the Pacific Northwest’s anadromous fish runs. All to no avail, of course. Management efforts have failed; the attempt to the establish reliable, predictive models has failed; massive federal expenditures to rescue crashing stocks have failed; and endeavors to achieve consensus about future policymaking have failed. And today one can add to the now familiar story of extinct and endangered salmon, similar tales about ocean groundfish, newly impoverished fishing communities, reductions in fleet size, and more federal bailouts. What is fascinating in the unveiling of this most recent story is the sense of history repeating itself as commercial fishers shift from one species to the next. Close

• 2. [Article] The Bio-Economics of Sea Turtle Use in Mexico: History of Exploitation and Conservation Policies for the Olive Ridly (Lepidochelys olivacea)

  Illegal behavior among fishermen is often explained using models that abstract from the moral and the political realm. These same models may also abstract from the institutional realities of law making ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Bio-Economics of Sea Turtle Use in Mexico: History of Exploitation and Conservation Policies for the Olive Ridly (Lepidochelys olivacea) Author: Wilson, James, Trinidad, Hector Year: 2001 Illegal behavior among fishermen is often explained using models that abstract from the moral and the political realm. These same models may also abstract from the institutional realities of law making and the behavioral realities of small businesses and families. Illegal behavior may be a result of situations where policy shifts are more rapid than the adjustments in consumption and production decisions by resource users. These divergences between what governments would like to see, and what resource users are actually capable of doing, are accentuated in situations where alternatives are limited among users, and where public decision-making is more centralized. The regulation and exploitation of the Olive Ridley sea turtle in Mexico is an example of the relationships between public management objectives of conservation and development of economic opportunity, legislative evolution and inertia, and industrial development. However, providing for economic needs of local communities in the past has played a large role in shaping the path of exploitation seen in recent years. The fact that institutional evolution has a history introduces temporal complexity to the management problem. An examination of the legal, industrial, and customary record may be in order for Mexico, to obtain clues about what should be done in the future. Title: The Bio-Economics of Sea Turtle Use in Mexico: History of Exploitation and Conservation Policies for the Olive Ridly (Lepidochelys olivacea) Author: Wilson, James, Trinidad, Hector Year: 2001 Illegal behavior among fishermen is often explained using models that abstract from the moral and the political realm. These same models may also abstract from the institutional realities of law making and the behavioral realities of small businesses and families. Illegal behavior may be a result of situations where policy shifts are more rapid than the adjustments in consumption and production decisions by resource users. These divergences between what governments would like to see, and what resource users are actually capable of doing, are accentuated in situations where alternatives are limited among users, and where public decision-making is more centralized. The regulation and exploitation of the Olive Ridley sea turtle in Mexico is an example of the relationships between public management objectives of conservation and development of economic opportunity, legislative evolution and inertia, and industrial development. However, providing for economic needs of local communities in the past has played a large role in shaping the path of exploitation seen in recent years. The fact that institutional evolution has a history introduces temporal complexity to the management problem. An examination of the legal, industrial, and customary record may be in order for Mexico, to obtain clues about what should be done in the future. Close

• 3. [Article] Challenging ITQs: Legal and Poltical Action in Iceland, Canada and Latin America

  The research for this paper was triggered by a stunning judgement of the Icelandic Supreme Court in December 1998, which declared as unconstitutional existing fisheries laws on individual transferable ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Challenging ITQs: Legal and Poltical Action in Iceland, Canada and Latin America Author: Copes, Parzival, Palsson, Gisli Year: 2001 The research for this paper was triggered by a stunning judgement of the Icelandic Supreme Court in December 1998, which declared as unconstitutional existing fisheries laws on individual transferable quotas (ITQs), because they privileged those who derived their fishing rights from ownership of vessels during a specific period over which their "fishing history" was established (Pálsson 1999, Copes 1999a, Gudmundsdóttir 1999). In Iceland, as elsewhere, it has been the practice to start up ITQ systems by giving away quotas for free to individuals or companies owning licensed fishing vessels at the time an ITQ regime is introduced. The amount of quota allocated to recipients is usually calculated in relation to their recent catch history. The Court decided that this privileged allocation violates both the constitutional provision against discrimination and the provision concerning the "right to work". This set the stage for intensified legal and political discussions in Iceland about ITQs. There are potential implications for the constitutionality or legality of similar systems elsewhere. The ruling is interesting, in its own right, to legal scholars, anthropologists, political scientists, and investigators concerned with common property regimes and public-trust doctrines. In our paper we explore emerging constitutional and political challenges to ITQ systems in Iceland, Canada and South America. Title: Challenging ITQs: Legal and Poltical Action in Iceland, Canada and Latin America Author: Copes, Parzival, Palsson, Gisli Year: 2001 The research for this paper was triggered by a stunning judgement of the Icelandic Supreme Court in December 1998, which declared as unconstitutional existing fisheries laws on individual transferable quotas (ITQs), because they privileged those who derived their fishing rights from ownership of vessels during a specific period over which their "fishing history" was established (Pálsson 1999, Copes 1999a, Gudmundsdóttir 1999). In Iceland, as elsewhere, it has been the practice to start up ITQ systems by giving away quotas for free to individuals or companies owning licensed fishing vessels at the time an ITQ regime is introduced. The amount of quota allocated to recipients is usually calculated in relation to their recent catch history. The Court decided that this privileged allocation violates both the constitutional provision against discrimination and the provision concerning the "right to work". This set the stage for intensified legal and political discussions in Iceland about ITQs. There are potential implications for the constitutionality or legality of similar systems elsewhere. The ruling is interesting, in its own right, to legal scholars, anthropologists, political scientists, and investigators concerned with common property regimes and public-trust doctrines. In our paper we explore emerging constitutional and political challenges to ITQ systems in Iceland, Canada and South America. Close

• 4. [Article] Climate and Fisheries: Costs and Benefits of Change

  Many records provide the bases for a clearer understanding of the roles of climate regime shifts and short-term perturbations in ecosystem dynamics, hence fisheries responses. Too few have taken the long ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate and Fisheries: Costs and Benefits of Change Author: Klyashtorin, Leonid, Sharp, Gary D., Goodridge, James Year: 2001 Many records provide the bases for a clearer understanding of the roles of climate regime shifts and short-term perturbations in ecosystem dynamics, hence fisheries responses. Too few have taken the long view of the role of humans in this "Grand Fugue". As one of many predators, it is imperative that humans begin to understand that our various activities are subject to basic ecological principles, such as the concepts of growth limitations imposed by scarcities and habitat debilitations. Most of human history (evolution, growth, colonizations, displacements, resource scarcity, competition for resources) are direct consequences of normal, natural climate fluctuations, and local, regional and global ecological responses. Early fisheries were subsistence levels, with some situations where fishing communities bartered or traded for goods from adjacent highlands or forest cultures. We have also become extremely vulnerable to any persistent climate changes. Following the Medieval Warm period (~900-1180), the onset of the Little Ice Age (LIA) brought changes in regional productivity, disease, and death that began the global transition from Feudal society to the "pay as you go" economics that now dominate the world's major economies. Over the recent two to three centuries humans have swarmed over the remaining terrain, and spread out onto the seas. Modern history relates the continuous growth, expansion and generalized superposition of industrial fisheries onto older coastal subsistence communities, initiating extensive competition, overexploitation, and with resultant dwindling resources and habitat destruction. I have started a Timeline of Fisheries Development that provides a framework of information upon which these facts are derived: <.http://www.monterey.edu/faculty/SharpGary/world/FisheryTimeline.html> I will continue to develop the Timeline, so that others might learn how humans resolve the issues of complex aquatic ecosystems, limited resource sharing, or not. Title: Climate and Fisheries: Costs and Benefits of Change Author: Klyashtorin, Leonid, Sharp, Gary D., Goodridge, James Year: 2001 Many records provide the bases for a clearer understanding of the roles of climate regime shifts and short-term perturbations in ecosystem dynamics, hence fisheries responses. Too few have taken the long view of the role of humans in this "Grand Fugue". As one of many predators, it is imperative that humans begin to understand that our various activities are subject to basic ecological principles, such as the concepts of growth limitations imposed by scarcities and habitat debilitations. Most of human history (evolution, growth, colonizations, displacements, resource scarcity, competition for resources) are direct consequences of normal, natural climate fluctuations, and local, regional and global ecological responses. Early fisheries were subsistence levels, with some situations where fishing communities bartered or traded for goods from adjacent highlands or forest cultures. We have also become extremely vulnerable to any persistent climate changes. Following the Medieval Warm period (~900-1180), the onset of the Little Ice Age (LIA) brought changes in regional productivity, disease, and death that began the global transition from Feudal society to the "pay as you go" economics that now dominate the world's major economies. Over the recent two to three centuries humans have swarmed over the remaining terrain, and spread out onto the seas. Modern history relates the continuous growth, expansion and generalized superposition of industrial fisheries onto older coastal subsistence communities, initiating extensive competition, overexploitation, and with resultant dwindling resources and habitat destruction. I have started a Timeline of Fisheries Development that provides a framework of information upon which these facts are derived: <.http://www.monterey.edu/faculty/SharpGary/world/FisheryTimeline.html> I will continue to develop the Timeline, so that others might learn how humans resolve the issues of complex aquatic ecosystems, limited resource sharing, or not. Close

• 5. [Article] The Coral Triangle Initiative: new Climate Change adaptation initiative in fisheries management

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Coral Triangle Initiative: new Climate Change adaptation initiative in fisheries management Author: McElroy, James Kevin, Rudianto, Eko Abstract only. Title: The Coral Triangle Initiative: new Climate Change adaptation initiative in fisheries management Author: McElroy, James Kevin, Rudianto, Eko Abstract only. Close

• 6. [Article] Return to the Nation: Resource Rentals and Cost Recovery

  The evolution of the Quota Management System of fisheries management in New Zealand has been accompanied by four innovations in the specific mechanisms used by government to collect revenue from commercial fishers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Return to the Nation: Resource Rentals and Cost Recovery Author: McClurg, Tom Year: 2001 The evolution of the Quota Management System of fisheries management in New Zealand has been accompanied by four innovations in the specific mechanisms used by government to collect revenue from commercial fishers and quota owners. These are: the introduction of resource rentals, the removal of resource rentals, the introduction of cost recovery and the proposed substantial modification of the cost recovery regime. This paper reviews the history of these innovations and identifies some of the key incentives associated with them. In particular, the interaction between these incentives and the overall incentive set suggested by a framework of secure property rights is examined. Title: Return to the Nation: Resource Rentals and Cost Recovery Author: McClurg, Tom Year: 2001 The evolution of the Quota Management System of fisheries management in New Zealand has been accompanied by four innovations in the specific mechanisms used by government to collect revenue from commercial fishers and quota owners. These are: the introduction of resource rentals, the removal of resource rentals, the introduction of cost recovery and the proposed substantial modification of the cost recovery regime. This paper reviews the history of these innovations and identifies some of the key incentives associated with them. In particular, the interaction between these incentives and the overall incentive set suggested by a framework of secure property rights is examined. Close

• 7. [Article] Van Chai in Binh Thuan province: a form of fisheries management need to be concerned

  Fishery villages (Van Chai) has been formed for about 300 years since pioneered fishers settled in Phan Thiet for their livelihoods. This was a original social professional organization found before official ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Van Chai in Binh Thuan province: a form of fisheries management need to be concerned Author: Luong, Thanh Son Fishery villages (Van Chai) has been formed for about 300 years since pioneered fishers settled in Phan Thiet for their livelihoods. This was a original social professional organization found before official administrative system established. Binh Thuan has more than 30 Van Chai in coastal areas, in which about 20 importantly typical villages. In particular, here Van Thuy Tu shrine exists - a great and oldest fishery temple of Binh Thuan has been preserved and maintained for long time, which is a destination attracting customers and tourists for visit and study. It preserves a greatest skeleton of whale (xuong Ca Ong) in South East Asia and many valuable cultural relics. In spite of experiencing long time for existence with many social changes, Van Chai in Binh Thuan have been remained, maintained and recovered by a great number of fishers. This has proved outstanding advantages of Van Chai in production, social life and belief of fisher community, which need to be considered, studied and development. The paper is to introduce a brief history and existence of Van Chai in Binh Thuan province, their roles in life, production and belief of fisher community as well as considerable issues in coming time. Title: Van Chai in Binh Thuan province: a form of fisheries management need to be concerned Author: Luong, Thanh Son Fishery villages (Van Chai) has been formed for about 300 years since pioneered fishers settled in Phan Thiet for their livelihoods. This was a original social professional organization found before official administrative system established. Binh Thuan has more than 30 Van Chai in coastal areas, in which about 20 importantly typical villages. In particular, here Van Thuy Tu shrine exists - a great and oldest fishery temple of Binh Thuan has been preserved and maintained for long time, which is a destination attracting customers and tourists for visit and study. It preserves a greatest skeleton of whale (xuong Ca Ong) in South East Asia and many valuable cultural relics. In spite of experiencing long time for existence with many social changes, Van Chai in Binh Thuan have been remained, maintained and recovered by a great number of fishers. This has proved outstanding advantages of Van Chai in production, social life and belief of fisher community, which need to be considered, studied and development. The paper is to introduce a brief history and existence of Van Chai in Binh Thuan province, their roles in life, production and belief of fisher community as well as considerable issues in coming time. Close

• 8. [Article] Use Rights in Fishery Systems

  This paper provides an overview of use rights, that sanction fishers, fisher groups and fishing communities to access and use fishery resources. The paper first reviews the various forms of use rights, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use Rights in Fishery Systems Author: Charles, Anthony T. Year: 2001 This paper provides an overview of use rights, that sanction fishers, fisher groups and fishing communities to access and use fishery resources. The paper first reviews the various forms of use rights, ranging from access rights (territorial use rights and limited entry) to quantitative input (effort) and output (harvest) rights. It then explores the factors impacting on the determination of a desirable portfolio of use rights within specific circumstances. Given that there is no universally optimal arrangement, the choice will depend on such factors as (a) society’s objectives for the fishery, (b) the structure, history and traditions of the fishery, and (c) the relevant ecological, social, cultural and economic environment. Finally, the paper explores two major policy issues concerning use rights, concerning the choice between holding rights at the individual versus collective/group levels, and the choice among institutional arrangements for organizing use rights, specifically marketbased versus strategic planning mechanisms. Title: Use Rights in Fishery Systems Author: Charles, Anthony T. Year: 2001 This paper provides an overview of use rights, that sanction fishers, fisher groups and fishing communities to access and use fishery resources. The paper first reviews the various forms of use rights, ranging from access rights (territorial use rights and limited entry) to quantitative input (effort) and output (harvest) rights. It then explores the factors impacting on the determination of a desirable portfolio of use rights within specific circumstances. Given that there is no universally optimal arrangement, the choice will depend on such factors as (a) society’s objectives for the fishery, (b) the structure, history and traditions of the fishery, and (c) the relevant ecological, social, cultural and economic environment. Finally, the paper explores two major policy issues concerning use rights, concerning the choice between holding rights at the individual versus collective/group levels, and the choice among institutional arrangements for organizing use rights, specifically marketbased versus strategic planning mechanisms. Close

• 9. [Article] The Management of High Seas Fishery Resources and the Implementation of the U.N. Fish Agreement of 1995: Problems and Prospects

  Abstract only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Management of High Seas Fishery Resources and the Implementation of the U.N. Fish Agreement of 1995: Problems and Prospects Author: Munro, Gordon, Bjorndal, Trond Year: 2001 Abstract only Title: The Management of High Seas Fishery Resources and the Implementation of the U.N. Fish Agreement of 1995: Problems and Prospects Author: Munro, Gordon, Bjorndal, Trond Year: 2001 Abstract only Close

• 10. [Article] Fisheries Management and Rule of Law

  Fishing is one of the most intensively regulated industries in the U.S. economy. Theoretically, regulating an industry means subjecting it to the rule of law: treating those with an interest in the resource ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fisheries Management and Rule of Law Author: McEvoy, Arthur F. Year: 2001 Fishing is one of the most intensively regulated industries in the U.S. economy. Theoretically, regulating an industry means subjecting it to the rule of law: treating those with an interest in the resource fairly while preserving the public interest in public order, economic efficiency, and conservation. There are, however, two opposing concepts of “rule of law,” each with deep roots in U.S. legal culture, that conflict with each other and frequently stymie efforts to regulate fisheries successfully. One of these concepts is the classical liberal idea of autonomy, which stresses the individual’s right to pursue his/her self-interest free of state interference. Rule of law here means that the state should guarantee private ordering, treat everyone alike, and promote private enterprise. The other is the Jeffersonian, or republican, idea of participation, which stresses the equal participation of all citizens in self-government. Throughout U.S. history, these two norms have co-existed uncomfortably with each other as sources of legitimacy for regulatory regimes. Liberal thinking predominated in the nineteenth century, although it clearly underlies limited-entry and other property-oriented regimes today. Republican thinking has emerged more recently in co-management regimes that stress the participation of user groups in data-gathering, policymaking, and enforcement. Somewhere in between is the New Deal style of governance, on which the Magnuson Act of 1976 is based. Title: Fisheries Management and Rule of Law Author: McEvoy, Arthur F. Year: 2001 Fishing is one of the most intensively regulated industries in the U.S. economy. Theoretically, regulating an industry means subjecting it to the rule of law: treating those with an interest in the resource fairly while preserving the public interest in public order, economic efficiency, and conservation. There are, however, two opposing concepts of “rule of law,” each with deep roots in U.S. legal culture, that conflict with each other and frequently stymie efforts to regulate fisheries successfully. One of these concepts is the classical liberal idea of autonomy, which stresses the individual’s right to pursue his/her self-interest free of state interference. Rule of law here means that the state should guarantee private ordering, treat everyone alike, and promote private enterprise. The other is the Jeffersonian, or republican, idea of participation, which stresses the equal participation of all citizens in self-government. Throughout U.S. history, these two norms have co-existed uncomfortably with each other as sources of legitimacy for regulatory regimes. Liberal thinking predominated in the nineteenth century, although it clearly underlies limited-entry and other property-oriented regimes today. Republican thinking has emerged more recently in co-management regimes that stress the participation of user groups in data-gathering, policymaking, and enforcement. Somewhere in between is the New Deal style of governance, on which the Magnuson Act of 1976 is based. Close