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• 1. [Article] Demographic analysis of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, an endangered plant species of the Willamette Valley, Oregon: 1999 Field Studies

  Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, known only from the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, is listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by the state of Oregon. In 1993 a long-term ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demographic analysis of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, an endangered plant species of the Willamette Valley, Oregon: 1999 Field Studies Author: Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, known only from the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, is listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by the state of Oregon. In 1993 a long-term population monitoring program for Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens was initiated at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge (Polk County). The objectives were to assess long-term population trends, particularly patterns of reproduction, recruitment, and mortality. This report presents the results of the demographic monitoring from 1993-1999. Considered together the following demographic parameters indicate that the measured population at Baskett Butte (Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge) is declining. 1. The population size decreased every year but one with the 1999 population only 48% of the 1993 population. 2. Increasing mortality rates exceeded recruitment rates every year but one. 3. The percentage of the population that flowered generally decreased every year. 4. The average number of heads per flowering plant decreased each year beginning in 1995 to 3.4 heads per flowering plant in 1999. 5. The pattern of average basal area per plant varied but the 1999 average basal area is only 63% of that measured in 1993. To stabilize the population, adaptive management strategies need to be developed in conjunction with experimental approaches that will determine the factors responsible for the population decline. A second approach to aid in the recovery of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens is to increase the population by transplanting cuttings or plants grown from seed under greenhouse conditions or by sowing seeds in the field under more controlled conditions. It is strongly recommended that future efforts to stabilize the population at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge be coordinated with other agencies in the Valley who are also responsible for management of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens populations. Title: Demographic analysis of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, an endangered plant species of the Willamette Valley, Oregon: 1999 Field Studies Author: Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, known only from the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, is listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by the state of Oregon. In 1993 a long-term population monitoring program for Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens was initiated at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge (Polk County). The objectives were to assess long-term population trends, particularly patterns of reproduction, recruitment, and mortality. This report presents the results of the demographic monitoring from 1993-1999. Considered together the following demographic parameters indicate that the measured population at Baskett Butte (Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge) is declining. 1. The population size decreased every year but one with the 1999 population only 48% of the 1993 population. 2. Increasing mortality rates exceeded recruitment rates every year but one. 3. The percentage of the population that flowered generally decreased every year. 4. The average number of heads per flowering plant decreased each year beginning in 1995 to 3.4 heads per flowering plant in 1999. 5. The pattern of average basal area per plant varied but the 1999 average basal area is only 63% of that measured in 1993. To stabilize the population, adaptive management strategies need to be developed in conjunction with experimental approaches that will determine the factors responsible for the population decline. A second approach to aid in the recovery of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens is to increase the population by transplanting cuttings or plants grown from seed under greenhouse conditions or by sowing seeds in the field under more controlled conditions. It is strongly recommended that future efforts to stabilize the population at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge be coordinated with other agencies in the Valley who are also responsible for management of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens populations. Close

• 2. [Article] Final report: Restoration of Fender’s blue butterfly and its prairie ecosystem: Management applications of fire to Baskett Slough NWR

  We tested the recolonization ability of the Fender’s blue butterfly and monitored the vegetation response to a management-scale prescribed fire at the Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge, western Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final report: Restoration of Fender’s blue butterfly and its prairie ecosystem: Management applications of fire to Baskett Slough NWR Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- We tested the recolonization ability of the Fender’s blue butterfly and monitored the vegetation response to a management-scale prescribed fire at the Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge, western Oregon. The prescribed fire successfully cut shrub cover in half, but also reduced the size of Festuca roemeri, a dominant native grass. Although the fire killed all Fender’s blue butterfly larvae, as expected, adult females were able to recolonize the burned area from a nearby, unburned patch. These results support predictions that the Fender’s blue butterfly can recolonize burned areas for a distance of at least 100 m. Title: Final report: Restoration of Fender’s blue butterfly and its prairie ecosystem: Management applications of fire to Baskett Slough NWR Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- We tested the recolonization ability of the Fender’s blue butterfly and monitored the vegetation response to a management-scale prescribed fire at the Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge, western Oregon. The prescribed fire successfully cut shrub cover in half, but also reduced the size of Festuca roemeri, a dominant native grass. Although the fire killed all Fender’s blue butterfly larvae, as expected, adult females were able to recolonize the burned area from a nearby, unburned patch. These results support predictions that the Fender’s blue butterfly can recolonize burned areas for a distance of at least 100 m. Close

• 3. [Article] Final Report: Controlling Tall Oatgrass in Fender’s Blue Butterfly Habitats

  We report final results from a five-year field experiment evaluating the effects of different mowing regimes on groups of native and non-native grasses and forbs. The study site was a degraded prairie ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final Report: Controlling Tall Oatgrass in Fender’s Blue Butterfly Habitats Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- We report final results from a five-year field experiment evaluating the effects of different mowing regimes on groups of native and non-native grasses and forbs. The study site was a degraded prairie at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge dominated by the pest plant Arrhenatherum elatius (tall oatgrass). Mowing treatments differed in time of year they were applied, mowing height, and removal of cut material. Treatments started in 1994 and continued through 1998. Title: Final Report: Controlling Tall Oatgrass in Fender’s Blue Butterfly Habitats Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- We report final results from a five-year field experiment evaluating the effects of different mowing regimes on groups of native and non-native grasses and forbs. The study site was a degraded prairie at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge dominated by the pest plant Arrhenatherum elatius (tall oatgrass). Mowing treatments differed in time of year they were applied, mowing height, and removal of cut material. Treatments started in 1994 and continued through 1998. Close

• 4. [Article] Restoration of native upland prairies: Habitat for Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi)

  Our project goal is to promote the abundance of the endangered Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) by recreating upland prairie habitat in former agricultural land at Finley National ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration of native upland prairies: Habitat for Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Our project goal is to promote the abundance of the endangered Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) by recreating upland prairie habitat in former agricultural land at Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Corvallis, Oregon. To achieve this goal we initiated the following three studies. Study One: Experimental Investigation on the Effectiveness of Restoration Treatments Our approach was to set up experimental field plots in a former agricultural field into which we sowed seeds of native grasses and dicots in the fall for two years, 2003 and 2004. Objective one: Investigate the effect of carbon banding on abundance of sowed native species and non-native species. Carbon banding is a treatment used by Willamette Valley grass seed farmers to promote seedling establishment of agricultural grasses and inhibit seedling establishment of weeds. Objective two: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of native dicot and grass species on the abundance and species richness of the sowed species. Our experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. Objective three: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of the native dicot and grass species on the abundance of non-native species. Study Two: Monoculture Sowing of Native Species Compare the cover of non-native species and the cover of native species one and two years after sowing native species in monocultures. Study Three: Buffer Sowing of Native Grasses Monitor the abundance of the native grasses sowed in the buffer areas outside the experimental plots. Carbon banding had no significant effect on cover of non-native species or on cover and species richness of sowed native dicots or grasses after both the first and second growing seasons. However, carbon banding tended to reduce the cover of the annual Clarkia rhomboidea after the first growing season. Our results supported the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. The sowing sequences tested did not affect cover and species richness of grasses but did affect cover and species richness of dicot species. Both dicot cover and dicot species richness were greater when sowed a year ahead of the grasses. Eriophyllum lanatum had significantly greater cover when sowed a year before the grasses. Average cover of sowed dicots was significantly greater when dicots were sowed with grasses compared to when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. In particular, Madia gracilis and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata had less cover when sowed into the existing stand of grass. Species richness of all native species (grasses + dicots) was significantly less when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. However, total cover and species richness of sowed native species (grasses + dicots) were not significantly different whether dicots were sowed a year ahead of the grasses or whether dicots and grasses were sowed together. Average cover of sowed native dicots after two years was always greater than the cover of sowed native grasses except when dicots were sowed a year after the grasses. After two growing seasons, non-native cover did not significantly vary among the three sowing sequences of sowing grasses and dicots at the same time, sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation, and sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation. The first year after sowing the monocultures (Study two), Collinsia grandiflora had the highest cover, greatly surpassing the next top performers, Sanguisorba occidentalis and Madia gracilis, all of which are annual species. In general, the cover of individual species sowed in monocultures decreased the second year after sowing. Only seven species, all of which were perennials, out of the 26 sowed species increased in cover. Two of these species Eriophyllum lanatum and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata were the top performers for 2005, but their cover did not reach the levels of the top performers in 2004. Title: Restoration of native upland prairies: Habitat for Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Our project goal is to promote the abundance of the endangered Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) by recreating upland prairie habitat in former agricultural land at Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Corvallis, Oregon. To achieve this goal we initiated the following three studies. Study One: Experimental Investigation on the Effectiveness of Restoration Treatments Our approach was to set up experimental field plots in a former agricultural field into which we sowed seeds of native grasses and dicots in the fall for two years, 2003 and 2004. Objective one: Investigate the effect of carbon banding on abundance of sowed native species and non-native species. Carbon banding is a treatment used by Willamette Valley grass seed farmers to promote seedling establishment of agricultural grasses and inhibit seedling establishment of weeds. Objective two: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of native dicot and grass species on the abundance and species richness of the sowed species. Our experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. Objective three: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of the native dicot and grass species on the abundance of non-native species. Study Two: Monoculture Sowing of Native Species Compare the cover of non-native species and the cover of native species one and two years after sowing native species in monocultures. Study Three: Buffer Sowing of Native Grasses Monitor the abundance of the native grasses sowed in the buffer areas outside the experimental plots. Carbon banding had no significant effect on cover of non-native species or on cover and species richness of sowed native dicots or grasses after both the first and second growing seasons. However, carbon banding tended to reduce the cover of the annual Clarkia rhomboidea after the first growing season. Our results supported the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. The sowing sequences tested did not affect cover and species richness of grasses but did affect cover and species richness of dicot species. Both dicot cover and dicot species richness were greater when sowed a year ahead of the grasses. Eriophyllum lanatum had significantly greater cover when sowed a year before the grasses. Average cover of sowed dicots was significantly greater when dicots were sowed with grasses compared to when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. In particular, Madia gracilis and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata had less cover when sowed into the existing stand of grass. Species richness of all native species (grasses + dicots) was significantly less when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. However, total cover and species richness of sowed native species (grasses + dicots) were not significantly different whether dicots were sowed a year ahead of the grasses or whether dicots and grasses were sowed together. Average cover of sowed native dicots after two years was always greater than the cover of sowed native grasses except when dicots were sowed a year after the grasses. After two growing seasons, non-native cover did not significantly vary among the three sowing sequences of sowing grasses and dicots at the same time, sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation, and sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation. The first year after sowing the monocultures (Study two), Collinsia grandiflora had the highest cover, greatly surpassing the next top performers, Sanguisorba occidentalis and Madia gracilis, all of which are annual species. In general, the cover of individual species sowed in monocultures decreased the second year after sowing. Only seven species, all of which were perennials, out of the 26 sowed species increased in cover. Two of these species Eriophyllum lanatum and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata were the top performers for 2005, but their cover did not reach the levels of the top performers in 2004. Close

• 5. [Image] Endangered species consultation handbook : procedures for conducting consultation and conference activities under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act

  	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (Act) [16 U.S.C. 1531 etseq.] outlines the procedures for Federal interagency cooperation to conserve Federally listed species and designated critical ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Endangered species consultation handbook : procedures for conducting consultation and conference activities under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Year: 1998, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (Act) [16 U.S.C. 1531 etseq.] outlines the procedures for Federal interagency cooperation to conserve Federally listed species and designated critical habitats. Proactive Conservation Efforts by Federal Agencies Section 7(a)(l) directs the Secretary (Secretary of the Interior/Secretary of Commerce) to review other programs administered by them and utilize such programs to further the purposes of the Act. It also directs all other Federal agencies to utilize their authorities in furtherance of the purposes of the Act by carrying out programs for the conservation of species listed pursuant to the Act. This section of the Act makes it clear that all Federal agencies should participate in the conservation and recovery of listed threatened and endangered species. Under this provision, Federal agencies often enter into partnerships and Memoranda of Understanding with the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) for implementing and funding conservation agreements, management plans, and recovery plans developed for listed species. Biologists for the Services should encourage the development of these types of partnerships and planning efforts to develop pro-active approaches to listed species management. Avoiding Adverse Effects of Federal Actions Section 7(a)(2) states that each Federal agency shall, in consultation with the Secretary, insure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat. In fulfilling these requirements, each agency must use the best scientific and commercial data available. This section of the Act defines the consultation process, which is further developed in regulations promulgated at 50 CFR ?402. The Handbook This handbook was primarily developed to aid FWS and NMFS biologists implementing the section 7 consultation process. The purpose of the handbook is to provide information and guidance on the various consultation processes outlined in the regulations. Additionally, the handbook will ensure consistent implementation of consultation procedures by those biologists responsible for carrying out section 7 activities. Chapters of the handbook deal with major consultation processes, including Informal, Formal, Emergency, and Special Consultations; and Conferences. Standardized language is provided for incorporation into Biological Opinion documents to achieve consistency and to ensure that all consultation documents are complete from a regulatory standpoint. Background information and example documents are provided in Appendices. Although primarily targeted towards employees of the Services, other groups participating in the consultation process, including other Federal agencies; State, local, and tribal governments; and private individuals, consultants, and industry groups should find the handbook helpful in explaining section 7 processes and providing examples of various types of consultations. This handbook will be updated periodically as new regulations and policies are developed affecting implementation of the section 7 regulations, or as new consultation or assessment techniques evolve, and as additional examples or graphics become available. The Washington Offices of the Services have the lead for preparation of the handbook. Regional offices are encouraged to develop example documents appropriate for their geographical area and individual situations, and to coordinate with other Federal and State agencies in distributing these documents. Consultation Framework Use of Sound Science An overriding factor in carrying out consultations should always be the use of the best available scientific and commercial data to make findings regarding the status of a listed species, the effects of a proposed action on the species or critical habitat, and the determination of jeopardy/no jeopardy to listed species or destruction or adverse modification/no destruction or adverse modification to designated critical habitats. The Services have jointly published a policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species Act [59 FR 34271 (July 1, 1994)]. This policy calls for review of all scientific and other information used by the Services to prepare biological opinions, incidental take statements, and biological assessments, to ensure that any information used by the Services to implement the Act is reliable, credible, and represents the best scientific and commercial data available. Flexibility and Innovation The section 7 process achieves greatest flexibility when coordination between all involved agencies and non-Federal representatives, and the Services, begins early. Often, proposed actions can be modified so there is no need for formal consultation. The Services should ensure that all information needed to make an informed decision is made available. It is particularly critical when formal consultation begins that all parties are fully involved in providing information and discussing project options. Although it is the responsibility of the Services to make the determination of jeopardy or destruction/adverse modification in the biological opinion, action agencies and applicants should be fully informed and involved in the development of Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives, Reasonable and Prudent Measures, and Terms and Conditions to minimize the impacts of incidental take. Biologists should be creative in problem solving and look for ways to conserve listed species while still accommodating project goals. Coordination The Services have a policy to ensure coordination with State Agencies for gathering information in implementing the consultation program. [59 FR 34274-34275 (July 1, 1994)] The Services have a joint policy on coordination with tribal governments. Secretarial Order #32306 (June 5, 1997) entitled "American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act" recognizes that the consultation process should include input from affected tribal governments. State and tribal government biologists often have information available that is pertinent to the description of the action area or to the species of interest in the consultation. Shortening Timeframes Recently, the Services have been implementing measures to streamline consultation processes. Examples include projects reviewed under the Northwest Forest Plan and nationwide Timber Salvage Program. These procedures have been able to effectively shorten consultation timeframes without giving up any protection for listed species/designated critical habitats or the use and review of the best available information. This has been achieved through enhanced interagency coordination, development of guidelines for implementation of a larger program (i.e. timber salvage) which can tier to an individual project (timber sale), and by providing consultation simultaneously with project analysis under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Biologists for the Services are encouraged to review examples of these streamlined consultations and to look for ways to incorporate streamlining techniques into other consultation procedures. Title: Endangered species consultation handbook : procedures for conducting consultation and conference activities under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Year: 1998, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (Act) [16 U.S.C. 1531 etseq.] outlines the procedures for Federal interagency cooperation to conserve Federally listed species and designated critical habitats. Proactive Conservation Efforts by Federal Agencies Section 7(a)(l) directs the Secretary (Secretary of the Interior/Secretary of Commerce) to review other programs administered by them and utilize such programs to further the purposes of the Act. It also directs all other Federal agencies to utilize their authorities in furtherance of the purposes of the Act by carrying out programs for the conservation of species listed pursuant to the Act. This section of the Act makes it clear that all Federal agencies should participate in the conservation and recovery of listed threatened and endangered species. Under this provision, Federal agencies often enter into partnerships and Memoranda of Understanding with the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) for implementing and funding conservation agreements, management plans, and recovery plans developed for listed species. Biologists for the Services should encourage the development of these types of partnerships and planning efforts to develop pro-active approaches to listed species management. Avoiding Adverse Effects of Federal Actions Section 7(a)(2) states that each Federal agency shall, in consultation with the Secretary, insure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat. In fulfilling these requirements, each agency must use the best scientific and commercial data available. This section of the Act defines the consultation process, which is further developed in regulations promulgated at 50 CFR ?402. The Handbook This handbook was primarily developed to aid FWS and NMFS biologists implementing the section 7 consultation process. The purpose of the handbook is to provide information and guidance on the various consultation processes outlined in the regulations. Additionally, the handbook will ensure consistent implementation of consultation procedures by those biologists responsible for carrying out section 7 activities. Chapters of the handbook deal with major consultation processes, including Informal, Formal, Emergency, and Special Consultations; and Conferences. Standardized language is provided for incorporation into Biological Opinion documents to achieve consistency and to ensure that all consultation documents are complete from a regulatory standpoint. Background information and example documents are provided in Appendices. Although primarily targeted towards employees of the Services, other groups participating in the consultation process, including other Federal agencies; State, local, and tribal governments; and private individuals, consultants, and industry groups should find the handbook helpful in explaining section 7 processes and providing examples of various types of consultations. This handbook will be updated periodically as new regulations and policies are developed affecting implementation of the section 7 regulations, or as new consultation or assessment techniques evolve, and as additional examples or graphics become available. The Washington Offices of the Services have the lead for preparation of the handbook. Regional offices are encouraged to develop example documents appropriate for their geographical area and individual situations, and to coordinate with other Federal and State agencies in distributing these documents. Consultation Framework Use of Sound Science An overriding factor in carrying out consultations should always be the use of the best available scientific and commercial data to make findings regarding the status of a listed species, the effects of a proposed action on the species or critical habitat, and the determination of jeopardy/no jeopardy to listed species or destruction or adverse modification/no destruction or adverse modification to designated critical habitats. The Services have jointly published a policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species Act [59 FR 34271 (July 1, 1994)]. This policy calls for review of all scientific and other information used by the Services to prepare biological opinions, incidental take statements, and biological assessments, to ensure that any information used by the Services to implement the Act is reliable, credible, and represents the best scientific and commercial data available. Flexibility and Innovation The section 7 process achieves greatest flexibility when coordination between all involved agencies and non-Federal representatives, and the Services, begins early. Often, proposed actions can be modified so there is no need for formal consultation. The Services should ensure that all information needed to make an informed decision is made available. It is particularly critical when formal consultation begins that all parties are fully involved in providing information and discussing project options. Although it is the responsibility of the Services to make the determination of jeopardy or destruction/adverse modification in the biological opinion, action agencies and applicants should be fully informed and involved in the development of Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives, Reasonable and Prudent Measures, and Terms and Conditions to minimize the impacts of incidental take. Biologists should be creative in problem solving and look for ways to conserve listed species while still accommodating project goals. Coordination The Services have a policy to ensure coordination with State Agencies for gathering information in implementing the consultation program. [59 FR 34274-34275 (July 1, 1994)] The Services have a joint policy on coordination with tribal governments. Secretarial Order #32306 (June 5, 1997) entitled "American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act" recognizes that the consultation process should include input from affected tribal governments. State and tribal government biologists often have information available that is pertinent to the description of the action area or to the species of interest in the consultation. Shortening Timeframes Recently, the Services have been implementing measures to streamline consultation processes. Examples include projects reviewed under the Northwest Forest Plan and nationwide Timber Salvage Program. These procedures have been able to effectively shorten consultation timeframes without giving up any protection for listed species/designated critical habitats or the use and review of the best available information. This has been achieved through enhanced interagency coordination, development of guidelines for implementation of a larger program (i.e. timber salvage) which can tier to an individual project (timber sale), and by providing consultation simultaneously with project analysis under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Biologists for the Services are encouraged to review examples of these streamlined consultations and to look for ways to incorporate streamlining techniques into other consultation procedures. Close