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• 1. [Image] Statement of the 8th session of the global biodiversity forum

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statement of the 8th session of the global biodiversity forum Year: 1997 Title: Statement of the 8th session of the global biodiversity forum Year: 1997 Close

• 2. [Article] Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Macmillan Publishers Limited and the Nature Publishing Group and can be found at: http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html. To ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas Author: Lovett, Jon, Arroyo-Rodriguez, Victor, Ewango, Corneille, Rendeiro, Julio, Dirzo, Rodolfo, Poulsen, John, Corlett, Richard, Waltert, Matthias, Cords, Marina, Goodale, Uromi, Struhsaker, Thomas, Terborgh, John, Magnusson, William, Schaab, Gertrud, Banki, Olaf, Babweteera, Fred, Foster, Mercedes, Rainey, Hugo, De Dijn, Bart, Herbinger, Ilka, Janovec, John, Montag, Luciano, Stanford, Craig, Lugo, Ariel, Guix, Juan C., Sun, I. Fang, Cannon, Charles H., Silman, Miles R., Kasangaki, Aventino, Wang, Benjamin, Surbeck, Martin, Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh, Maisels, Fiona, Lindsell, Jeremy, Nielsen, Martin R., Krishnaswamy, Jagdish, Savini, Tommaso, Parthasarathy, N., Auzel, Philippe, Killeen, Timothy, de Almeida, Samuel Soares, Abernethy, Kate, Benitez-Malvido, Julieta, de Castilho, Carolina Volkmer, Venn, Linda, Umapathy, Govindaswamy, Carroll, Richard, Pisciotta, Katia, Arias-G, Juan Carlos, Wright, Patricia, Baker, Patrick, Jin, Chen, Round, Philip, Bruehl, Carsten A., Linsenmair, K. Eduard, McNab, Roan, Huang, Zhongliang, Itoh, Akira, Scatena, Frederick, Sloan, Sean P., Schulze, Christian, Klop, Erik, McGraw, W. Scott, Pearson, Richard, Laval, Richard, Karpanty, Sarah, Sanaiotti, Tania, Roedel, Mark-Oliver, Ickes, Kalan, Ashton, Peter, Diesmos, Arvin, Guthiga, Paul, Coates, Rosamond, Nepal, Sanjay, Kone, Inza, Plumptre, Andrew, Williams, Stephen, Goodman, Steven, van der Ploeg, Jan, Pitman, Nigel, Lattke, John, Mack, Andrew L., Brockelman, Warren, Haber, William, Wright, Debra D., Clark, Connie J., Chellam, Ravi, Smith, Thomas B., Zamzani, Franky, Reynolds, Glen, Edwards, David, Chapman, Colin, Quesada, Mauricio, Knott, Cheryl, Rajathurai, Subaraj, Renton, Katherine, Danielsen, Finn, Jiangming, Mo, Whitney, Ken, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Bila-Isia, Inogwabini, Estrada, Alejandro, Ivanauskas, Natalia, Whitacre, David, Timm, Robert, Congdon, Robert, Kalko, Elisabeth, Harris, David, Stewart, Kristine, Xiankai, Lu, Jackes, Betsy, da Silva, Rosa de Nazarepaes, Martins, Marlucia, Kalka, Margareta, Rivera, Jorge Vega, King, Hen-biau, Turkalo, Andrea, Clavijo, Jose, Wilkie, David, Wright, S. Joseph, Cao, Min, Sodhi, Navjot, Janzen, Daniel, Mudappa, Divya, Laurance, Susan G., Stoner, Kathryn E., Rovero, Francesco, McClearn, Deedra, Eaton, Mitchell, Hamer, Keith, Parker, Kenneth, Leal, Miguel, Norconk, Marilyn, Gale, George, Stokes, Emma, Hill, Jane, van Weerd, Merlijn, Logsdon, Willis, Fedigan, Linda, Alvarez, Patricia, Brokaw, Nicholas, Marshall, Andrew R., Dave, Chittaranjan, Seidensticker, John, Edwards, Felicity, Campbell, Mason, Useche, D. Carolina, Feer, Francois, Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob, Di Fiore, Anthony, Ouboter, Paul, Yonzon, Pralad, Watts, David, Laurance, William F., Davies, Glyn, Arroyo, Luzmila, Kudavidanage, Enoka, Blake, Stephen, Hart, John, Verea, Carlos, Tobler, Mathias, Willis, Jacalyn Giacalone, Forget, Pierre-Michel, Lentino, Miguel, Lawton, Robert, Roetgers, Christiane, Blom, Allard, Robinson, Douglas, Opiang, Muse, Tscharntke, Teja, Ribeiro, Jose Lahoz da Silva, Thompson, Jo Myers, Losos, Elizabeth, Babaasa, Dennis, Rothman, Jessica, Chao, Jung-Tai, Doran-Sheehy, Diane, Dinerstein, Eric, Harrison, Rhett, Ling-Ling, Lee, O'Donnell, Sean, Donnelly, Maureen A., Reichard, Ulrich, Leonel, Cristiane, Leighton, Mark, Bobo, Kadiri S., Kress, W. John, Fruth, Barbara, Pringle, Catherine, Thomas, Duncan, Justiniano, Hermes, Farwig, Nina, Bradshaw, Corey J. A., Sukumar, Raman, Venkataraman, Meena, Lwanga, Jeremiah, Ashton, Mark, Reynolds, Vernon, Sheil, Douglas, Riley, Erin, Siaka, Alhaji, Nakagawa, Michiko, Fashing, Peter, Urbina-Cardona, J. Nicolas, Beisiegel, Beatriz de Mello, Emmons, Louise, Weber, William, West, Paige, Reinartz, Gay, Dattaraja, H. S., Chave, Jerome, Prawiradilaga, Dewi, Jones, Trevor, Sakai, Shoko, Bass, Margot, Novotny, Vojtech This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Macmillan Publishers Limited and the Nature Publishing Group and can be found at: http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas Author: Lovett, Jon, Arroyo-Rodriguez, Victor, Ewango, Corneille, Rendeiro, Julio, Dirzo, Rodolfo, Poulsen, John, Corlett, Richard, Waltert, Matthias, Cords, Marina, Goodale, Uromi, Struhsaker, Thomas, Terborgh, John, Magnusson, William, Schaab, Gertrud, Banki, Olaf, Babweteera, Fred, Foster, Mercedes, Rainey, Hugo, De Dijn, Bart, Herbinger, Ilka, Janovec, John, Montag, Luciano, Stanford, Craig, Lugo, Ariel, Guix, Juan C., Sun, I. Fang, Cannon, Charles H., Silman, Miles R., Kasangaki, Aventino, Wang, Benjamin, Surbeck, Martin, Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh, Maisels, Fiona, Lindsell, Jeremy, Nielsen, Martin R., Krishnaswamy, Jagdish, Savini, Tommaso, Parthasarathy, N., Auzel, Philippe, Killeen, Timothy, de Almeida, Samuel Soares, Abernethy, Kate, Benitez-Malvido, Julieta, de Castilho, Carolina Volkmer, Venn, Linda, Umapathy, Govindaswamy, Carroll, Richard, Pisciotta, Katia, Arias-G, Juan Carlos, Wright, Patricia, Baker, Patrick, Jin, Chen, Round, Philip, Bruehl, Carsten A., Linsenmair, K. Eduard, McNab, Roan, Huang, Zhongliang, Itoh, Akira, Scatena, Frederick, Sloan, Sean P., Schulze, Christian, Klop, Erik, McGraw, W. Scott, Pearson, Richard, Laval, Richard, Karpanty, Sarah, Sanaiotti, Tania, Roedel, Mark-Oliver, Ickes, Kalan, Ashton, Peter, Diesmos, Arvin, Guthiga, Paul, Coates, Rosamond, Nepal, Sanjay, Kone, Inza, Plumptre, Andrew, Williams, Stephen, Goodman, Steven, van der Ploeg, Jan, Pitman, Nigel, Lattke, John, Mack, Andrew L., Brockelman, Warren, Haber, William, Wright, Debra D., Clark, Connie J., Chellam, Ravi, Smith, Thomas B., Zamzani, Franky, Reynolds, Glen, Edwards, David, Chapman, Colin, Quesada, Mauricio, Knott, Cheryl, Rajathurai, Subaraj, Renton, Katherine, Danielsen, Finn, Jiangming, Mo, Whitney, Ken, Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Bila-Isia, Inogwabini, Estrada, Alejandro, Ivanauskas, Natalia, Whitacre, David, Timm, Robert, Congdon, Robert, Kalko, Elisabeth, Harris, David, Stewart, Kristine, Xiankai, Lu, Jackes, Betsy, da Silva, Rosa de Nazarepaes, Martins, Marlucia, Kalka, Margareta, Rivera, Jorge Vega, King, Hen-biau, Turkalo, Andrea, Clavijo, Jose, Wilkie, David, Wright, S. Joseph, Cao, Min, Sodhi, Navjot, Janzen, Daniel, Mudappa, Divya, Laurance, Susan G., Stoner, Kathryn E., Rovero, Francesco, McClearn, Deedra, Eaton, Mitchell, Hamer, Keith, Parker, Kenneth, Leal, Miguel, Norconk, Marilyn, Gale, George, Stokes, Emma, Hill, Jane, van Weerd, Merlijn, Logsdon, Willis, Fedigan, Linda, Alvarez, Patricia, Brokaw, Nicholas, Marshall, Andrew R., Dave, Chittaranjan, Seidensticker, John, Edwards, Felicity, Campbell, Mason, Useche, D. Carolina, Feer, Francois, Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob, Di Fiore, Anthony, Ouboter, Paul, Yonzon, Pralad, Watts, David, Laurance, William F., Davies, Glyn, Arroyo, Luzmila, Kudavidanage, Enoka, Blake, Stephen, Hart, John, Verea, Carlos, Tobler, Mathias, Willis, Jacalyn Giacalone, Forget, Pierre-Michel, Lentino, Miguel, Lawton, Robert, Roetgers, Christiane, Blom, Allard, Robinson, Douglas, Opiang, Muse, Tscharntke, Teja, Ribeiro, Jose Lahoz da Silva, Thompson, Jo Myers, Losos, Elizabeth, Babaasa, Dennis, Rothman, Jessica, Chao, Jung-Tai, Doran-Sheehy, Diane, Dinerstein, Eric, Harrison, Rhett, Ling-Ling, Lee, O'Donnell, Sean, Donnelly, Maureen A., Reichard, Ulrich, Leonel, Cristiane, Leighton, Mark, Bobo, Kadiri S., Kress, W. John, Fruth, Barbara, Pringle, Catherine, Thomas, Duncan, Justiniano, Hermes, Farwig, Nina, Bradshaw, Corey J. A., Sukumar, Raman, Venkataraman, Meena, Lwanga, Jeremiah, Ashton, Mark, Reynolds, Vernon, Sheil, Douglas, Riley, Erin, Siaka, Alhaji, Nakagawa, Michiko, Fashing, Peter, Urbina-Cardona, J. Nicolas, Beisiegel, Beatriz de Mello, Emmons, Louise, Weber, William, West, Paige, Reinartz, Gay, Dattaraja, H. S., Chave, Jerome, Prawiradilaga, Dewi, Jones, Trevor, Sakai, Shoko, Bass, Margot, Novotny, Vojtech This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Macmillan Publishers Limited and the Nature Publishing Group and can be found at: http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 3. [Article] Cryptogam communities in forest and steppe ecosystems of Oregon, USA

  I focus on addressing knowledge gaps relating to management of cryptogams in Oregon's public lands in Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophylla forests on the west side of the Cascade Range and dryland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cryptogam communities in forest and steppe ecosystems of Oregon, USA Author: Root, Heather T. I focus on addressing knowledge gaps relating to management of cryptogams in Oregon's public lands in Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophylla forests on the west side of the Cascade Range and dryland steppe in the Cascade Range's rainshadow. While a great deal of research has illustrated the importance of late-successional forests for maintaining biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest of North America, over 76% of the forests in the region are less than 100 years old. To preserve landscape-level biodiversity, forest managers are increasingly interested in how young stands can be manipulated to favor late-successional species. At two sites in moist conifer forests of western Oregon, lichen community monitoring plots were established prior to treatment and resampled approximately 10 years after alternative thinning treatments aimed at promoting late-successional strucural characteristics. At both sites, hardwood gaps and open-grown trees were positively associated with cyanolichen species richness. At one site, thinned plots hosted more Bryoria, Candelaria concolor, Leptogium polycarpum, Peltigera collina, Nephroma laevigatum and Physcia tenella than had been observed prior to thinning. I concluded that thinning treatments retaining remnants, open-grown trees and hardwood gaps have potential to favor lichen communities rich in cyanolichen and alectorioid species. In the same sites, I sought to understand how stand-level gradients in canopy structure relate to dominant forest floor bryophyte and lichen species composition and abundance. At the one site, I found no strong associations between forest floor communities and stand structural characteristics. At the the other, lichens, particularly Cladonia, were negatively associated with canopy cover whereas bryophyte abundance was positively associated with Tsuga basal area. This relationship was stronger in the thinned stands, which had a different community composition than those left unthinned. Overall, the forest floor communities were fairly homogeneous at both sites and relationships with stand structural variables were subtle, indicating that thinning did not have a strong impact. Biological soil crusts are ecosystem engineers in arid and semi-arid habitats; they affect soil chemistry, stability, and vegetation. Little is known about regional variation in biotic crust communities of North America. I explored how biotic crust lichen community composition and richness related to vascular plant, soil and climate characteristics in Oregon. In 59 0.4-ha plots, I found 99 biotic crust lichen taxa, one-third of which were observed only once, 33 of which occurred in only one plot and seven of which were new to Oregon. I compiled records from herbaria and other studies to evaluate the rarity of 124 biotic crust lichen species and conclude that 37 are rare or uncommon. Many of these appear to be associated with calcareous substrates. I modeled occurrences in relation to climate and soil variables for four uncommon biotic crust lichens: Acarospora schleicheri, Fuscopannaria cyanolepra, Rhizocarpon diploschistidina, and Texosporium sancti-jacobi. Based on climate and soils, I mapped regions of Oregon that may support new populations of these species and overlay habitats unsuitable for biotic crusts due to development and agriculture. These species, except Fuscopannaria cyanolepra, are strongly associated with the fine soils along the Columbia and Treasure Valleys that are most intensively used for agriculture. Biotic crust lichen communities rich in cyanolichens characterized Juniperus stands whereas warm grasslands were home to regionally uncommon species including Texosporium sancti-jacobi and Rhizocarpon diploschistidina. I discerned biotic crust communities in sandy Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis sites from those loamy A. arbuscula sites. Hotspots of biotic crust diversity were geographically scattered, weakly negatively associated with abundance of shrubs of disturbed sites, Gutierrezia and Chrysothamnus. The poorest sites for biotic crust lichen richness were heavily grazed, burned plots with Gutierrezia in the grassy north, unstable steep talus slopes at the center, and sandy, grazed sites with Chrysothamnus in the southern portion of our region. Overall, regional patterns in biotic crust lichen communities were strongly associated with vegetation, soils, and climate. I hope that my findings will promote intentional management of epiphytic and forest floor cryptogams of western Oregon forests and monitoring of biotic lichen communities in eastern Oregon. Title: Cryptogam communities in forest and steppe ecosystems of Oregon, USA Author: Root, Heather T. I focus on addressing knowledge gaps relating to management of cryptogams in Oregon's public lands in Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophylla forests on the west side of the Cascade Range and dryland steppe in the Cascade Range's rainshadow. While a great deal of research has illustrated the importance of late-successional forests for maintaining biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest of North America, over 76% of the forests in the region are less than 100 years old. To preserve landscape-level biodiversity, forest managers are increasingly interested in how young stands can be manipulated to favor late-successional species. At two sites in moist conifer forests of western Oregon, lichen community monitoring plots were established prior to treatment and resampled approximately 10 years after alternative thinning treatments aimed at promoting late-successional strucural characteristics. At both sites, hardwood gaps and open-grown trees were positively associated with cyanolichen species richness. At one site, thinned plots hosted more Bryoria, Candelaria concolor, Leptogium polycarpum, Peltigera collina, Nephroma laevigatum and Physcia tenella than had been observed prior to thinning. I concluded that thinning treatments retaining remnants, open-grown trees and hardwood gaps have potential to favor lichen communities rich in cyanolichen and alectorioid species. In the same sites, I sought to understand how stand-level gradients in canopy structure relate to dominant forest floor bryophyte and lichen species composition and abundance. At the one site, I found no strong associations between forest floor communities and stand structural characteristics. At the the other, lichens, particularly Cladonia, were negatively associated with canopy cover whereas bryophyte abundance was positively associated with Tsuga basal area. This relationship was stronger in the thinned stands, which had a different community composition than those left unthinned. Overall, the forest floor communities were fairly homogeneous at both sites and relationships with stand structural variables were subtle, indicating that thinning did not have a strong impact. Biological soil crusts are ecosystem engineers in arid and semi-arid habitats; they affect soil chemistry, stability, and vegetation. Little is known about regional variation in biotic crust communities of North America. I explored how biotic crust lichen community composition and richness related to vascular plant, soil and climate characteristics in Oregon. In 59 0.4-ha plots, I found 99 biotic crust lichen taxa, one-third of which were observed only once, 33 of which occurred in only one plot and seven of which were new to Oregon. I compiled records from herbaria and other studies to evaluate the rarity of 124 biotic crust lichen species and conclude that 37 are rare or uncommon. Many of these appear to be associated with calcareous substrates. I modeled occurrences in relation to climate and soil variables for four uncommon biotic crust lichens: Acarospora schleicheri, Fuscopannaria cyanolepra, Rhizocarpon diploschistidina, and Texosporium sancti-jacobi. Based on climate and soils, I mapped regions of Oregon that may support new populations of these species and overlay habitats unsuitable for biotic crusts due to development and agriculture. These species, except Fuscopannaria cyanolepra, are strongly associated with the fine soils along the Columbia and Treasure Valleys that are most intensively used for agriculture. Biotic crust lichen communities rich in cyanolichens characterized Juniperus stands whereas warm grasslands were home to regionally uncommon species including Texosporium sancti-jacobi and Rhizocarpon diploschistidina. I discerned biotic crust communities in sandy Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis sites from those loamy A. arbuscula sites. Hotspots of biotic crust diversity were geographically scattered, weakly negatively associated with abundance of shrubs of disturbed sites, Gutierrezia and Chrysothamnus. The poorest sites for biotic crust lichen richness were heavily grazed, burned plots with Gutierrezia in the grassy north, unstable steep talus slopes at the center, and sandy, grazed sites with Chrysothamnus in the southern portion of our region. Overall, regional patterns in biotic crust lichen communities were strongly associated with vegetation, soils, and climate. I hope that my findings will promote intentional management of epiphytic and forest floor cryptogams of western Oregon forests and monitoring of biotic lichen communities in eastern Oregon. Close

• 4. [Article] Increased Taxonomic and Functional Similarity Does Not Increase the Trophic Similarity of Communities

  Aim: Despite a long-standing research interest in the association between the biodiversity (i.e. taxonomic and functional composition) and trophic structure of communities, our understanding of the relationship ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Increased Taxonomic and Functional Similarity Does Not Increase the Trophic Similarity of Communities Author: Pool, Thomas K., Cucherousset, Julien, Boulêtreau, Stéphanie, Villéger, Sébastien, Strecker, Angela L., Grenouillet, Gaël Year: 2015 Aim: Despite a long-standing research interest in the association between the biodiversity (i.e. taxonomic and functional composition) and trophic structure of communities, our understanding of the relationship remains limited. Community assembly theory predicts that niche partitioning will result in communities with a diverse array of functional traits, which in turn may facilitate a correspondingly diverse array of trophic interactions that define the trophic niche of those communities. The aim of our study is to test this prediction. Methods: We built a database composed of functional traits and stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) for 63 freshwater fish communities containing 109 species in 34 lentic and 29 lotic ecosystems. First, using linear mixed models (i.e. an alpha-diversity approach), we tested whether the taxonomic diversity of communities was positively associated with their functional diversity and if their functional diversity was positively associated with their trophic diversity. Second, we assessed the taxonomic, functional and trophic similarity of communities using multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM) and their respective ‘turnover’ and ‘nestedness-resultant’ components to test if the taxonomic similarity of communities was positively correlated with their functional similarity and if their functional similarity was positively associated with their trophic similarity (i.e. a beta-diversity approach). Results: We found that the functional diversity of communities increased as their taxonomic diversity increased. Similarly, the trophic diversity of communities increased as their functional diversity increased. The pairwise taxonomic and functional similarity of communities were also positively associated, but there was a weak relationship between the functional and trophic similarities of communities. Main conclusions: Our study demonstrates that communities with similar functional characteristics can have disparate food web structures, suggesting that additional site-specific factors influence community variation in trophic niche geometry. Determining the relative importance of functional characteristics and site-specific factors in shaping trophic interactions is crucial for a better understanding of how future species loss and species introductions will affect food web structure and ecosystem functioning. Title: Increased Taxonomic and Functional Similarity Does Not Increase the Trophic Similarity of Communities Author: Pool, Thomas K., Cucherousset, Julien, Boulêtreau, Stéphanie, Villéger, Sébastien, Strecker, Angela L., Grenouillet, Gaël Year: 2015 Aim: Despite a long-standing research interest in the association between the biodiversity (i.e. taxonomic and functional composition) and trophic structure of communities, our understanding of the relationship remains limited. Community assembly theory predicts that niche partitioning will result in communities with a diverse array of functional traits, which in turn may facilitate a correspondingly diverse array of trophic interactions that define the trophic niche of those communities. The aim of our study is to test this prediction. Methods: We built a database composed of functional traits and stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) for 63 freshwater fish communities containing 109 species in 34 lentic and 29 lotic ecosystems. First, using linear mixed models (i.e. an alpha-diversity approach), we tested whether the taxonomic diversity of communities was positively associated with their functional diversity and if their functional diversity was positively associated with their trophic diversity. Second, we assessed the taxonomic, functional and trophic similarity of communities using multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM) and their respective ‘turnover’ and ‘nestedness-resultant’ components to test if the taxonomic similarity of communities was positively correlated with their functional similarity and if their functional similarity was positively associated with their trophic similarity (i.e. a beta-diversity approach). Results: We found that the functional diversity of communities increased as their taxonomic diversity increased. Similarly, the trophic diversity of communities increased as their functional diversity increased. The pairwise taxonomic and functional similarity of communities were also positively associated, but there was a weak relationship between the functional and trophic similarities of communities. Main conclusions: Our study demonstrates that communities with similar functional characteristics can have disparate food web structures, suggesting that additional site-specific factors influence community variation in trophic niche geometry. Determining the relative importance of functional characteristics and site-specific factors in shaping trophic interactions is crucial for a better understanding of how future species loss and species introductions will affect food web structure and ecosystem functioning. Close

• 5. [Article] Ecological Homogenization of Urban USA

  A visually apparent but scientifically untested outcome of land-use change is homogenization across urban areas, where neighborhoods in different parts of the country have similar patterns of roads, residential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological Homogenization of Urban USA Author: Groffman, Peter M., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Bettez, Neil D., Grove, J. Morgan, Hall, Sharon J., Heffernan, James B., Hobbie, Sarah E., Larson, Kelli L., Morse, Jennifer L., Neill, Christopher, Nelson, Kristen C., O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath, Pataki, Diane E., Polsky, Colin, Chowdhury, Rinku Roy, Steele, Meredith K. Year: 2014 A visually apparent but scientifically untested outcome of land-use change is homogenization across urban areas, where neighborhoods in different parts of the country have similar patterns of roads, residential lots, commercial areas, and aquatic features. We hypothesize that this homogenization extends to ecological structure and also to ecosystem functions such as carbon dynamics and microclimate, with continental-scale implications. Further, we suggest that understanding urban homogenization will provide the basis for understanding the impacts of urban land-use change from local to continental scales. Here, we show how multi-scale, multi-disciplinary datasets from six metropolitan areas that cover the major climatic regions of the US (Phoenix, AZ; Miami, FL; Baltimore, MD; Boston, MA; Minneapolis–St Paul, MN; and Los Angeles, CA) can be used to determine how household and neighborhood characteristics correlate with land-management practices, land-cover composition, and landscape structure and ecosystem functions at local, regional, and continental scales. Title: Ecological Homogenization of Urban USA Author: Groffman, Peter M., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Bettez, Neil D., Grove, J. Morgan, Hall, Sharon J., Heffernan, James B., Hobbie, Sarah E., Larson, Kelli L., Morse, Jennifer L., Neill, Christopher, Nelson, Kristen C., O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath, Pataki, Diane E., Polsky, Colin, Chowdhury, Rinku Roy, Steele, Meredith K. Year: 2014 A visually apparent but scientifically untested outcome of land-use change is homogenization across urban areas, where neighborhoods in different parts of the country have similar patterns of roads, residential lots, commercial areas, and aquatic features. We hypothesize that this homogenization extends to ecological structure and also to ecosystem functions such as carbon dynamics and microclimate, with continental-scale implications. Further, we suggest that understanding urban homogenization will provide the basis for understanding the impacts of urban land-use change from local to continental scales. Here, we show how multi-scale, multi-disciplinary datasets from six metropolitan areas that cover the major climatic regions of the US (Phoenix, AZ; Miami, FL; Baltimore, MD; Boston, MA; Minneapolis–St Paul, MN; and Los Angeles, CA) can be used to determine how household and neighborhood characteristics correlate with land-management practices, land-cover composition, and landscape structure and ecosystem functions at local, regional, and continental scales. Close

• 6. [Article] A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Individual Species- Area Relationship in Temperate and Tropical Tree Communities

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Individual Species- Area Relationship in Temperate and Tropical Tree Communities Author: Kenfack, David, Howe, Robert, Cao, Min, Ewango, Corneille E. N., Chuyong, George B., Swenson, Nathan G., Lin, Luxiang, Yang, Jie, Thomas, Duncan, Wolf, Amy This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Title: A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Individual Species- Area Relationship in Temperate and Tropical Tree Communities Author: Kenfack, David, Howe, Robert, Cao, Min, Ewango, Corneille E. N., Chuyong, George B., Swenson, Nathan G., Lin, Luxiang, Yang, Jie, Thomas, Duncan, Wolf, Amy This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Close

• 7. [Article] Indirect effects of fishing on predators and their prey

  Predators are fundamentally important for regulating and driving prey population dynamics as well as structuring ecological communities. Over-exploitation of marine resources has caused dramatic depletions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indirect effects of fishing on predators and their prey Author: Stallings, Christopher Derek Predators are fundamentally important for regulating and driving prey population dynamics as well as structuring ecological communities. Over-exploitation of marine resources has caused dramatic depletions of predatory fish species and shifts in marine community composition, with attendant declines in productivity and diversity of marine ecosystems. Despite the important ramifications of these patterns for humankind, the specific ecological mechanisms and potential indirect effects underlying these trends have been largely unexplored. I combined small-scale experiments and broad-scale observations to investigate how fishing can affect interactions among predators and subsequently be transferred to interactions between predators and their prey. Previous observations had indicated that small, unfished predators increase in abundance on reefs where large, fished predators are removed. To test the effects of such shifts in relative abundance of different predatory fishes on community structure of lower trophic-level species, I manipulated the presence of fished and unfished predatory species on coral patch reefs in the Bahamas. This controlled field experiment demonstrated that different predatory fishes, which are often assumed to have similar effects on prey species, in fact had remarkably different effects on prey diversity and abundance. In a second field experiment, I found that increased abundance of a large, fished predatory species on coral reefs decreased the activity and growth of smaller, unfished predators. Although small, unfished predators had strong, negative effects on lower trophic-level prey on reefs with low abundances of larger, fished predators, these effects were reduced with increasing abundance of the fished species. Lastly, I used observational data from volunteer SCUBA-diver surveys to investigate how the structure of predatory fish communities on coral reefs across the greater Caribbean region has been affected by fishing. I used density of human populations as a proxy for fishing intensity. I found that, as human density increases, overall predator abundance and diversity decreases, and reef communities became dominated by only a few, small species. This research indicates that the effects of fishing on larger predatory species can permeate throughout ecological communities, well beyond simple reductions in the abundance of fished species. In light of these community-wide effects, ecosystem-based approaches are necessary for successful management of fisheries and conservation of coral reefs. Title: Indirect effects of fishing on predators and their prey Author: Stallings, Christopher Derek Predators are fundamentally important for regulating and driving prey population dynamics as well as structuring ecological communities. Over-exploitation of marine resources has caused dramatic depletions of predatory fish species and shifts in marine community composition, with attendant declines in productivity and diversity of marine ecosystems. Despite the important ramifications of these patterns for humankind, the specific ecological mechanisms and potential indirect effects underlying these trends have been largely unexplored. I combined small-scale experiments and broad-scale observations to investigate how fishing can affect interactions among predators and subsequently be transferred to interactions between predators and their prey. Previous observations had indicated that small, unfished predators increase in abundance on reefs where large, fished predators are removed. To test the effects of such shifts in relative abundance of different predatory fishes on community structure of lower trophic-level species, I manipulated the presence of fished and unfished predatory species on coral patch reefs in the Bahamas. This controlled field experiment demonstrated that different predatory fishes, which are often assumed to have similar effects on prey species, in fact had remarkably different effects on prey diversity and abundance. In a second field experiment, I found that increased abundance of a large, fished predatory species on coral reefs decreased the activity and growth of smaller, unfished predators. Although small, unfished predators had strong, negative effects on lower trophic-level prey on reefs with low abundances of larger, fished predators, these effects were reduced with increasing abundance of the fished species. Lastly, I used observational data from volunteer SCUBA-diver surveys to investigate how the structure of predatory fish communities on coral reefs across the greater Caribbean region has been affected by fishing. I used density of human populations as a proxy for fishing intensity. I found that, as human density increases, overall predator abundance and diversity decreases, and reef communities became dominated by only a few, small species. This research indicates that the effects of fishing on larger predatory species can permeate throughout ecological communities, well beyond simple reductions in the abundance of fished species. In light of these community-wide effects, ecosystem-based approaches are necessary for successful management of fisheries and conservation of coral reefs. Close