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• 1. [Image] Geothermal Energy: A National Proposal for Geothermal Resources Research

  	Discussions are given for each of the following topics: (1) importance to the Nation of geothermal resources, (2) budget recommendations, (3) overview of geothermal resources, (4) resource exploration, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Energy: A National Proposal for Geothermal Resources Research Author: Denton, J.C. Year: 1972 Discussions are given for each of the following topics: (1) importance to the Nation of geothermal resources, (2) budget recommendations, (3) overview of geothermal resources, (4) resource exploration, (5) resource assessment, (6) resource development and production, (7) utilization technology and economics, (8) environmental effects, (9) institutional considerations, and (10) summary of research needs Title: Geothermal Energy: A National Proposal for Geothermal Resources Research Author: Denton, J.C. Year: 1972 Discussions are given for each of the following topics: (1) importance to the Nation of geothermal resources, (2) budget recommendations, (3) overview of geothermal resources, (4) resource exploration, (5) resource assessment, (6) resource development and production, (7) utilization technology and economics, (8) environmental effects, (9) institutional considerations, and (10) summary of research needs Close

• 2. [Image] Geothermal Energy in Washington: Site Data Base and Development Status

  	This is an attempt to identify the factors which have affected and will continue to affect geothermal assessment and development in the state. The eight potential sites chosen for detailed analysis include: ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Energy in Washington: Site Data Base and Development Status Author: Bloomquist, R.G. Year: 1979 This is an attempt to identify the factors which have affected and will continue to affect geothermal assessment and development in the state. The eight potential sites chosen for detailed analysis include: Indian Heaven KGRA, Mount St. Helens KGRA, Kennedy Hot Springs KGRA, Mount Adams PGRA (Potential Geothermal Resource Area), Mount Rainier PGRA, Mount Baker PGRA, Olympic-Sol Duc Hot Springs, and Yakima. The following information is included for each site: site data, site location and physical description, geological/geophysical description, reservoir characteristics, land ownership and leasing, geothermal development status, institutional characteristics, environmental factors, transportation and utilities, and population. A number of serious impediments to geothermal development were identified which can be solved only by legislative action at the state or federal level and/or changes in attitudes by regulatory agencies. (MHR) Title: Geothermal Energy in Washington: Site Data Base and Development Status Author: Bloomquist, R.G. Year: 1979 This is an attempt to identify the factors which have affected and will continue to affect geothermal assessment and development in the state. The eight potential sites chosen for detailed analysis include: Indian Heaven KGRA, Mount St. Helens KGRA, Kennedy Hot Springs KGRA, Mount Adams PGRA (Potential Geothermal Resource Area), Mount Rainier PGRA, Mount Baker PGRA, Olympic-Sol Duc Hot Springs, and Yakima. The following information is included for each site: site data, site location and physical description, geological/geophysical description, reservoir characteristics, land ownership and leasing, geothermal development status, institutional characteristics, environmental factors, transportation and utilities, and population. A number of serious impediments to geothermal development were identified which can be solved only by legislative action at the state or federal level and/or changes in attitudes by regulatory agencies. (MHR) Close

• 3. [Image] New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification. Consultant Report

  	This study identifies remaining undeveloped geothermal resources in California and western Nevada, and it estimates the Development costs of each. It has relied on public-domain information and such additional ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification. Consultant Report Author: Klein, C.W. Year: 2004 This study identifies remaining undeveloped geothermal resources in California and western Nevada, and it estimates the Development costs of each. It has relied on public-domain information and such additional data as geothermal developers have chosen to make available. Reserve estimation has been performed by volumetric analysis with a probabilistic approach to uncertain input parameters. Incremental geothermal reserves in the California/Nevada study area have a minimum value of 2,800 gross MW and a most-likely value of 4,300 gross MW. For the state of California alone, these values are 2,000 and 3,000 gross MW, respectively. These estimates may be conservative to the extent that they do not take into account resources about which little or no public-domain information is available. The average capital cost of incremental generation capacity is estimated to average $3,100/kW for the California/Nevada study area, and $2,950/kW for the state of California alone. These cost estimates include exploration, confirmation Drilling, Development Drilling, plant construction, and transmission-line costs. For the purposes of this study, a capital cost of $2,400/kW is considered competitive with other renewable resources. The amount of incremental geothermal capacity available at or below $2,400/kW is about 1,700 gross MW for the California/Nevada study area, and the same amount (within 50-MW rounding) for the state of California alone. The capital cost estimates are only approximate, because each developer would bring its own experience, bias, and opportunities to the Development process. Nonetheless, the overall costs per project estimated in this study are believed to be reasonable Title: New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification. Consultant Report Author: Klein, C.W. Year: 2004 This study identifies remaining undeveloped geothermal resources in California and western Nevada, and it estimates the Development costs of each. It has relied on public-domain information and such additional data as geothermal developers have chosen to make available. Reserve estimation has been performed by volumetric analysis with a probabilistic approach to uncertain input parameters. Incremental geothermal reserves in the California/Nevada study area have a minimum value of 2,800 gross MW and a most-likely value of 4,300 gross MW. For the state of California alone, these values are 2,000 and 3,000 gross MW, respectively. These estimates may be conservative to the extent that they do not take into account resources about which little or no public-domain information is available. The average capital cost of incremental generation capacity is estimated to average $3,100/kW for the California/Nevada study area, and $2,950/kW for the state of California alone. These cost estimates include exploration, confirmation Drilling, Development Drilling, plant construction, and transmission-line costs. For the purposes of this study, a capital cost of $2,400/kW is considered competitive with other renewable resources. The amount of incremental geothermal capacity available at or below $2,400/kW is about 1,700 gross MW for the California/Nevada study area, and the same amount (within 50-MW rounding) for the state of California alone. The capital cost estimates are only approximate, because each developer would bring its own experience, bias, and opportunities to the Development process. Nonetheless, the overall costs per project estimated in this study are believed to be reasonable Close

• 4. [Image] Operations Plan, Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1)

  	An investigative program is described, involving the drilling and testing of an exploratory hole to a nominal depth of 4,000 feet with an option to drill to a depth of 6,000 feet. The following are covered: ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Operations Plan, Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) Author: Energy Research and Development Administration, Nevada Operations Office Year: 1977 An investigative program is described, involving the drilling and testing of an exploratory hole to a nominal depth of 4,000 feet with an option to drill to a depth of 6,000 feet. The following are covered: management and organizational concept; program elements--description, detailed drilling program; materials, services, and equipment provided by ERDA, NWC; site selection; site access and security; health and safety; permits and approvals; reporting; environmental impact; funding; schedule of activities; and public information. The license and reporting forms are included in the appendices (MHR) Title: Operations Plan, Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) Author: Energy Research and Development Administration, Nevada Operations Office Year: 1977 An investigative program is described, involving the drilling and testing of an exploratory hole to a nominal depth of 4,000 feet with an option to drill to a depth of 6,000 feet. The following are covered: management and organizational concept; program elements--description, detailed drilling program; materials, services, and equipment provided by ERDA, NWC; site selection; site access and security; health and safety; permits and approvals; reporting; environmental impact; funding; schedule of activities; and public information. The license and reporting forms are included in the appendices (MHR) Close

• 5. [Image] Geothermal Exploration Architecture. Technical Report, Volume 77-2

  	A basic modular exploration sequence which includes a carefully balanced selection of geological, geochemical, and geophysical modules is developed for geothermal prospecting in the eastern Basin and Range. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Exploration Architecture. Technical Report, Volume 77-2 Author: Ward, S.H. Year: 1977 A basic modular exploration sequence which includes a carefully balanced selection of geological, geochemical, and geophysical modules is developed for geothermal prospecting in the eastern Basin and Range. The cost per square mile for application of this exploration architecture is $461.00. If one were to expand this basic system to include virtually all techniques being routinely employed in geothermal prospecting today, then the cost per square mile would increase to $790.00. This latter expenditure rate is difficult to justify, but some increase above the $461.00 basic cost appears to be warranted to make exploration costs about equal to land acquisition costs and model-test drilling costs. Total costs per discovery appear to range from $6M to $27M depending upon assumptions, when the costs of exploring for ''dry'' prospects are included in the costs of the discoveries. Development and operating costs are not included in the analysis. The basic exploration architecture described here is compared with others previously advanced in the literature. If a common basic is used for computing costs of individual exploration modules, then there is no great cost disparity between any of the architectures reviewed Title: Geothermal Exploration Architecture. Technical Report, Volume 77-2 Author: Ward, S.H. Year: 1977 A basic modular exploration sequence which includes a carefully balanced selection of geological, geochemical, and geophysical modules is developed for geothermal prospecting in the eastern Basin and Range. The cost per square mile for application of this exploration architecture is $461.00. If one were to expand this basic system to include virtually all techniques being routinely employed in geothermal prospecting today, then the cost per square mile would increase to $790.00. This latter expenditure rate is difficult to justify, but some increase above the $461.00 basic cost appears to be warranted to make exploration costs about equal to land acquisition costs and model-test drilling costs. Total costs per discovery appear to range from $6M to $27M depending upon assumptions, when the costs of exploring for ''dry'' prospects are included in the costs of the discoveries. Development and operating costs are not included in the analysis. The basic exploration architecture described here is compared with others previously advanced in the literature. If a common basic is used for computing costs of individual exploration modules, then there is no great cost disparity between any of the architectures reviewed Close

• 6. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, August 1, 1977--October 31, 1977

  	Progress in the development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources is reported. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, August 1, 1977--October 31, 1977 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1977 Progress in the development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources is reported. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for a geothermal energy resource map of Arizona has commenced. Geological field work was directed towards obtaining a broad overview of Arizona geology and regional reconnaissance in the Springerville - St. Johns area. All outside projects are on schedule and the Landsat lineament map and report have been completed Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, August 1, 1977--October 31, 1977 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1977 Progress in the development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources is reported. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for a geothermal energy resource map of Arizona has commenced. Geological field work was directed towards obtaining a broad overview of Arizona geology and regional reconnaissance in the Springerville - St. Johns area. All outside projects are on schedule and the Landsat lineament map and report have been completed Close

• 7. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, November 1, 1977--January 31, 1978

  	The Department of Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy, has charged the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geological Survey Branch with development of a cost-effective exploration program for ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, November 1, 1977--January 31, 1978 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1978 The Department of Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy, has charged the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geological Survey Branch with development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for the 1 : 500,000 geothermal energy resource map is continuing. Drafting and data collection for the 1 : 1,000,000 Preliminary map, Geothermal Energy Resources of Arizona, Geothermal Map No. 1, requested the first week in January by DOE/DGE is nearing completion. This preliminary map should be published in March, 1978. All outside projects are either complete or on schedule Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, November 1, 1977--January 31, 1978 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1978 The Department of Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy, has charged the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geological Survey Branch with development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for the 1 : 500,000 geothermal energy resource map is continuing. Drafting and data collection for the 1 : 1,000,000 Preliminary map, Geothermal Energy Resources of Arizona, Geothermal Map No. 1, requested the first week in January by DOE/DGE is nearing completion. This preliminary map should be published in March, 1978. All outside projects are either complete or on schedule Close

• 8. [Image] Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, May 1, 1976--October 31, 1976

  	Progress is reported in the development of procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological geochemical, and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, May 1, 1976--October 31, 1976 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1976 Progress is reported in the development of procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological geochemical, and geophysical data. An optimum site for geothermal development in the tectonically stable eastern United States will probably be associated with crustal igneous rocks containing relatively high concentrations of radiogenic heat-producing elements buried beneath an insulating blanket of sediments of low thermal conductivity. Evaluation of plutonic rocks exposed in the Piedmont will aid in the interpretation of gravity and magnetic data for the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Initial results of determination of heat generation from surface samples in South Caroline are encouraging, especially if granitic igneous rocks of similar heat generation can be found beneath sedimentary insulation. Continues logging of existing wells in Coastal Plain sediments supports earlier conclusion that these sediments do behave as efficient sedimentary insulators. Higher temperatures appear to be reached at shallower depths for wells drilled in Coastal Plain sediments in the vicinity of the Georgetown, South Carolina gravity law. Detailed structural mapping in the vicinity of the warm springs in northwestern Virginia has confirmed structural control of the warm springs, and has revealed the existence of kink bands. The kink bands could be related to the development of zones of vertical permeability which serve as conduits in sedimentary rocks for ascending hot water. Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, May 1, 1976--October 31, 1976 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1976 Progress is reported in the development of procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological geochemical, and geophysical data. An optimum site for geothermal development in the tectonically stable eastern United States will probably be associated with crustal igneous rocks containing relatively high concentrations of radiogenic heat-producing elements buried beneath an insulating blanket of sediments of low thermal conductivity. Evaluation of plutonic rocks exposed in the Piedmont will aid in the interpretation of gravity and magnetic data for the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Initial results of determination of heat generation from surface samples in South Caroline are encouraging, especially if granitic igneous rocks of similar heat generation can be found beneath sedimentary insulation. Continues logging of existing wells in Coastal Plain sediments supports earlier conclusion that these sediments do behave as efficient sedimentary insulators. Higher temperatures appear to be reached at shallower depths for wells drilled in Coastal Plain sediments in the vicinity of the Georgetown, South Carolina gravity law. Detailed structural mapping in the vicinity of the warm springs in northwestern Virginia has confirmed structural control of the warm springs, and has revealed the existence of kink bands. The kink bands could be related to the development of zones of vertical permeability which serve as conduits in sedimentary rocks for ascending hot water. Close

• 9. [Image] Geochemistry of Solid Materials from Two US Geothermal Systems and its Application to Exploration. Final: Volume 77-14

  	Initial development of geochemical techniques for exploration and exploitation of geothermal systems is described. The techniques are based on analysis of solid materials. Distribution of Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geochemistry of Solid Materials from Two US Geothermal Systems and its Application to Exploration. Final: Volume 77-14 Author: Bamford, R.W Year: 1978 Initial development of geochemical techniques for exploration and exploitation of geothermal systems is described. The techniques are based on analysis of solid materials. Distribution of Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, Sb, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Bi, B, Te, In, Sn, and W are determined and evaluated for several sample types in a hot water system (Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah) and a vapor dominated system (Geysers, California). The sample types analyzed are magnetic fractions, whole rock samples, and two different heavy liquid separates derived from cuttings composites from geothermal wells and shallow rotary drill holes. The results show that multi-element geochemical zoning is developed at both a relatively small scale of over hundreds of feet around individual steam entries (SEs) and hot water entries (HWEs) in geothermal wells, and at a larger scale of over thousands of feet both vertically and laterally in geothermal systems. Zoning is surprisingly similar for both hot-water and vapor-dominated systems. Trace elements which display the most consistent and useful zoning characteristics are As, Sb, Pb, Zn, Mn, B, and W. Optimum delineation of the zoning is provided by +3.3 heavy liquid (HL) samples compared to the other sample types evaluated. Utilization of +3.3 samples maximizes detection of hydrothermal trace elements and markedly reduces or eliminates chemical signatures specifically related to rock type Title: Geochemistry of Solid Materials from Two US Geothermal Systems and its Application to Exploration. Final: Volume 77-14 Author: Bamford, R.W Year: 1978 Initial development of geochemical techniques for exploration and exploitation of geothermal systems is described. The techniques are based on analysis of solid materials. Distribution of Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, Sb, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Bi, B, Te, In, Sn, and W are determined and evaluated for several sample types in a hot water system (Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah) and a vapor dominated system (Geysers, California). The sample types analyzed are magnetic fractions, whole rock samples, and two different heavy liquid separates derived from cuttings composites from geothermal wells and shallow rotary drill holes. The results show that multi-element geochemical zoning is developed at both a relatively small scale of over hundreds of feet around individual steam entries (SEs) and hot water entries (HWEs) in geothermal wells, and at a larger scale of over thousands of feet both vertically and laterally in geothermal systems. Zoning is surprisingly similar for both hot-water and vapor-dominated systems. Trace elements which display the most consistent and useful zoning characteristics are As, Sb, Pb, Zn, Mn, B, and W. Optimum delineation of the zoning is provided by +3.3 heavy liquid (HL) samples compared to the other sample types evaluated. Utilization of +3.3 samples maximizes detection of hydrothermal trace elements and markedly reduces or eliminates chemical signatures specifically related to rock type Close

• 10. [Image] Magnetotelluric Studies in Grass Valley, Nevada

  	A program of detailed magnetotelluric soundings was initiated in 1974 in Green Valley, Nevada, as part of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's major study of techniques for geothermal exploration in north ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Magnetotelluric Studies in Grass Valley, Nevada Author: Morrison, H.F. Year: 1979 A program of detailed magnetotelluric soundings was initiated in 1974 in Green Valley, Nevada, as part of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's major study of techniques for geothermal exploration in north central Nevada. The magnetotelluric program had three main goals; the determination of resistivity distribution at depths greater than that conveniently measured with other techniques; a comparison of the interpreted resistivity at shallow depth with the results of the other techniques; and the evaluation of the SQUID or Josephson effect magnetometer in practical field surveys. In addition, new numerical models were developed so that interpretation could be carried out in terms of fairly complex two-dimensional models Title: Magnetotelluric Studies in Grass Valley, Nevada Author: Morrison, H.F. Year: 1979 A program of detailed magnetotelluric soundings was initiated in 1974 in Green Valley, Nevada, as part of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's major study of techniques for geothermal exploration in north central Nevada. The magnetotelluric program had three main goals; the determination of resistivity distribution at depths greater than that conveniently measured with other techniques; a comparison of the interpreted resistivity at shallow depth with the results of the other techniques; and the evaluation of the SQUID or Josephson effect magnetometer in practical field surveys. In addition, new numerical models were developed so that interpretation could be carried out in terms of fairly complex two-dimensional models Close