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• 1. [Article] Water uptake in biochars: The roles of porosity and hydrophobicity

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water uptake in biochars: The roles of porosity and hydrophobicity Author: Kleber, Markus, Gray, Myles, Dragila, Maria I., Johnson, Mark G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/biomass-and-bioenergy/. Title: Water uptake in biochars: The roles of porosity and hydrophobicity Author: Kleber, Markus, Gray, Myles, Dragila, Maria I., Johnson, Mark G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/biomass-and-bioenergy/. Close

• 2. [Article] KeiluweitMarcoCropSoilSciAromaticityDegreeAromatic.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: KeiluweitMarcoCropSoilSciAromaticityDegreeAromatic.pdf Author: Kleber, Markus, Wiedemeier, Daniel B., Hockaday, William C., Keiluweit, Marco, Abiven, Samuel, et al. Title: KeiluweitMarcoCropSoilSciAromaticityDegreeAromatic.pdf Author: Kleber, Markus, Wiedemeier, Daniel B., Hockaday, William C., Keiluweit, Marco, Abiven, Samuel, et al. Close

• 3. [Article] KeiluweitMarcoCropSoilSciAromaticityDegreeAromatic_SupplementaryData.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: KeiluweitMarcoCropSoilSciAromaticityDegreeAromatic_SupplementaryData.pdf Author: Kleber, Markus, Wiedemeier, Daniel B., Hockaday, William C., Keiluweit, Marco, Abiven, Samuel, et al. Title: KeiluweitMarcoCropSoilSciAromaticityDegreeAromatic_SupplementaryData.pdf Author: Kleber, Markus, Wiedemeier, Daniel B., Hockaday, William C., Keiluweit, Marco, Abiven, Samuel, et al. Close

• 4. [Article] Aromaticity and degree of aromatic condensation of char

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aromaticity and degree of aromatic condensation of char Author: Kleber, Markus, Wiedemeier, Daniel B., Hockaday, William C., Keiluweit, Marco, Abiven, Samuel, et al. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/organic-geochemistry. Title: Aromaticity and degree of aromatic condensation of char Author: Kleber, Markus, Wiedemeier, Daniel B., Hockaday, William C., Keiluweit, Marco, Abiven, Samuel, et al. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/organic-geochemistry. Close

• 5. [Article] Characterization of Biochar for Use in Treating Copper (II) Polluted Stormwater

  Recent studies have discovered that salmon, specifically juvenile Coho Salmon, have their olfactory senses inhibited by the presence of low concentrations of copper concentrations at very low concentrations. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of Biochar for Use in Treating Copper (II) Polluted Stormwater Author: Gerould, Joy-Marie Danielle Recent studies have discovered that salmon, specifically juvenile Coho Salmon, have their olfactory senses inhibited by the presence of low concentrations of copper concentrations at very low concentrations. Much of this copper is deposited on roadways by car brake pads during their use. The copper is carried with stormwater into nearby waterways during rainfall events and placed into contact with salmon populations. Many different types of adsorbent materials are being investigated as possible methods to remediate the copper in stormwater before it reaches nearby waterways. Biochar, similar to granular activated carbon (GAC), is one of these adsorbent materials and can be made as a byproduct of bioenergy production, which makes it less expensive than many other adsorbents. Biochars can be made from various different feedstocks and under varying production conditions, allowing them to have a wide range of properties. This study assesses six different biochars (hazelnut shells and Douglas fir feedstocks at 3 different pyrolysis temperatures) for their ability to adsorb copper and determines through characterization experiments which properties of the biochars are correlated to the best copper adsorption. Knowing which properties are important to the biochar’s ability to adsorb copper allows biochars to be tailored toward the real life application of remediating the copper polluted stormwater. Batch isotherm experiments were performed and the data was analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. For the copper concentrations relevant to stormwater remediation H700 (hazelnut shells at 700°C), H500, and D700 biochars performed the best. Copper adsorption was observed to increase with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The addition of natural organic matter (NOM) to mimic realistic stormwater conditions reduced the copper adsorption by the biochar due to the copper complexing with the NOM. Other trends noted were that increased adsorption of copper onto biochars correlates to higher biochar pH, increased fixed carbon content, and higher surface area. Although increased surface area does correlate to improved adsorption of copper by biochars, it does not appear to be the determining factor as the Douglas Fir biochars had a higher surface area (SA) compared to the Hazelnut shell biochars, but did not adsorb the copper as well. Based off FTIR spectra results for the hazelnut chars, aliphatic hydrocarbons are the only functional group type present at all three of the pyrolysis temperatures in addition to being the only functional group measured in the H700 char. Further investigation is recommended into the functional group analysis to determine if a specific group is responsible for increased copper adsorption. Overall, the H500 and H700 biochars performed the best out of all six and it is recommended that these be used for any future testing related to implementing them in-situ to remediate stormwater. Title: Characterization of Biochar for Use in Treating Copper (II) Polluted Stormwater Author: Gerould, Joy-Marie Danielle Recent studies have discovered that salmon, specifically juvenile Coho Salmon, have their olfactory senses inhibited by the presence of low concentrations of copper concentrations at very low concentrations. Much of this copper is deposited on roadways by car brake pads during their use. The copper is carried with stormwater into nearby waterways during rainfall events and placed into contact with salmon populations. Many different types of adsorbent materials are being investigated as possible methods to remediate the copper in stormwater before it reaches nearby waterways. Biochar, similar to granular activated carbon (GAC), is one of these adsorbent materials and can be made as a byproduct of bioenergy production, which makes it less expensive than many other adsorbents. Biochars can be made from various different feedstocks and under varying production conditions, allowing them to have a wide range of properties. This study assesses six different biochars (hazelnut shells and Douglas fir feedstocks at 3 different pyrolysis temperatures) for their ability to adsorb copper and determines through characterization experiments which properties of the biochars are correlated to the best copper adsorption. Knowing which properties are important to the biochar’s ability to adsorb copper allows biochars to be tailored toward the real life application of remediating the copper polluted stormwater. Batch isotherm experiments were performed and the data was analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. For the copper concentrations relevant to stormwater remediation H700 (hazelnut shells at 700°C), H500, and D700 biochars performed the best. Copper adsorption was observed to increase with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The addition of natural organic matter (NOM) to mimic realistic stormwater conditions reduced the copper adsorption by the biochar due to the copper complexing with the NOM. Other trends noted were that increased adsorption of copper onto biochars correlates to higher biochar pH, increased fixed carbon content, and higher surface area. Although increased surface area does correlate to improved adsorption of copper by biochars, it does not appear to be the determining factor as the Douglas Fir biochars had a higher surface area (SA) compared to the Hazelnut shell biochars, but did not adsorb the copper as well. Based off FTIR spectra results for the hazelnut chars, aliphatic hydrocarbons are the only functional group type present at all three of the pyrolysis temperatures in addition to being the only functional group measured in the H700 char. Further investigation is recommended into the functional group analysis to determine if a specific group is responsible for increased copper adsorption. Overall, the H500 and H700 biochars performed the best out of all six and it is recommended that these be used for any future testing related to implementing them in-situ to remediate stormwater. Close

• 6. [Article] Biochar as a cover for dairy manure lagoons: reducing odor and gas emissions while capturing nutrients

  Liquid manure lagoons are known to be sources of odor and environmentally damaging gas emissions. Land application of the manure slurry after storage can lead to detrimental nutrient runoff and leaching. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biochar as a cover for dairy manure lagoons: reducing odor and gas emissions while capturing nutrients Author: Dougherty, Brian Liquid manure lagoons are known to be sources of odor and environmentally damaging gas emissions. Land application of the manure slurry after storage can lead to detrimental nutrient runoff and leaching. Floating lagoon covers (biocovers) are one option for reducing emissions, but to date they have only been used to address odors and emissions but not to address the problem of nutrient loss. This study evaluated the potential of floating biochar covers to reduce odor and gas emissions while simultaneously capturing nutrients from liquid dairy manure. The unique physical and chemical properties of biochars make them promising materials for odor, gas, and nutrient sorption. This new approach has the potential to mitigate multiple environmental problems. Two biochars were used to test this approach: one made from Douglas-fir chips under a low oxygen combustion environment at 650°C (FC650), and the other made from Douglas-fir hog fuel pyrolyzed at 600°C (HF600). The HF600 biocover reduced mean headspace ammonia (NH₃) concentration by 7.5 to 13.6 μL/L. No significant reduction was found with the FC650 biocover. These biochars were able to sorb and hold nutrients while floating on the surface. Nutrient uptake by the two biochars ranged from 0.21 to 4.88 mg nitrogen g biochar⁻¹ and 0.64 to 2.70 mg phosphorus g biochar⁻¹. Potassium ranged from a loss of 4.52 to a gain of 2.65 mg g biochar⁻¹. The biochars also sorbed calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, aluminum, manganese, and silicon. In a separate experiment, a panel of judges evaluated the odor offensiveness (-10 to 10 scale) and odor threshold (1 to 10 scale) of five cover treatments including four biochars. Mean odor offensiveness ranged from -0.4 to -1.4 vs. -2.1 for the control. Mean odor threshold ranged from 1.6 to 2.1 vs. 2.6 for the control. These results show that biochar covers hold promise as an effective means for reducing odor and gas emissions while sorbing nutrients from liquid dairy manure. More research is needed to determine optimal biochar feedstock, production temperature, pH, and particle size distribution for use as a biocover material. Title: Biochar as a cover for dairy manure lagoons: reducing odor and gas emissions while capturing nutrients Author: Dougherty, Brian Liquid manure lagoons are known to be sources of odor and environmentally damaging gas emissions. Land application of the manure slurry after storage can lead to detrimental nutrient runoff and leaching. Floating lagoon covers (biocovers) are one option for reducing emissions, but to date they have only been used to address odors and emissions but not to address the problem of nutrient loss. This study evaluated the potential of floating biochar covers to reduce odor and gas emissions while simultaneously capturing nutrients from liquid dairy manure. The unique physical and chemical properties of biochars make them promising materials for odor, gas, and nutrient sorption. This new approach has the potential to mitigate multiple environmental problems. Two biochars were used to test this approach: one made from Douglas-fir chips under a low oxygen combustion environment at 650°C (FC650), and the other made from Douglas-fir hog fuel pyrolyzed at 600°C (HF600). The HF600 biocover reduced mean headspace ammonia (NH₃) concentration by 7.5 to 13.6 μL/L. No significant reduction was found with the FC650 biocover. These biochars were able to sorb and hold nutrients while floating on the surface. Nutrient uptake by the two biochars ranged from 0.21 to 4.88 mg nitrogen g biochar⁻¹ and 0.64 to 2.70 mg phosphorus g biochar⁻¹. Potassium ranged from a loss of 4.52 to a gain of 2.65 mg g biochar⁻¹. The biochars also sorbed calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, aluminum, manganese, and silicon. In a separate experiment, a panel of judges evaluated the odor offensiveness (-10 to 10 scale) and odor threshold (1 to 10 scale) of five cover treatments including four biochars. Mean odor offensiveness ranged from -0.4 to -1.4 vs. -2.1 for the control. Mean odor threshold ranged from 1.6 to 2.1 vs. 2.6 for the control. These results show that biochar covers hold promise as an effective means for reducing odor and gas emissions while sorbing nutrients from liquid dairy manure. More research is needed to determine optimal biochar feedstock, production temperature, pH, and particle size distribution for use as a biocover material. Close

• 7. [Article] Biochar : saturated hydraulic conductivity and methylene blue sorption characteristics as applied to storm water treatment

  This study evaluates the use and efficacy of biochar for treatment of source and nonpoint source pollutants in storm water. Biochar is the solid byproduct of incomplete combustion of biomass under low-oxygen ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biochar : saturated hydraulic conductivity and methylene blue sorption characteristics as applied to storm water treatment Author: Morrow, Perry R. This study evaluates the use and efficacy of biochar for treatment of source and nonpoint source pollutants in storm water. Biochar is the solid byproduct of incomplete combustion of biomass under low-oxygen and elevated temperature conditions (Keiluweit, 2010, Beesley and Dickinson, 2011, Bracmort, 2010). The source stock for tested biochar was chicken litter (500 °C), Douglas fir (550 °C) and gasification derived biochar (700 °C). This study involved screening three distinct biochars to investigate particle size characteristics, performing constant head column studies to measure saturated hydraulic conductivity, and investigating the sorption rates of three biochars using methylene blue solute batch studies for three different weights (2, 5, and 10 [and 20 g for chicken litter]). Results of the hydraulic conductivity test revealed hydraulic conductivity values of 0.32 cm/s for Douglas fir (r² 0.93), 0.10 cm/s for gasification (r² 0.76) and 9.0 for chicken litter derived biochar (r² 0.34). Although it is likely that the conductivity reading for chicken litter was invalid due to turbulence. The methylene blue sorption studies results indicate that each biochar showed slightly different sorption rates. Compared to the two other biochars gasification derived biochar had the greatest adsorption rate of methylene blue dye. Douglas fir had the next highest adsorption rate and chicken litter derived biochar had the lowest adsorption rate. Title: Biochar : saturated hydraulic conductivity and methylene blue sorption characteristics as applied to storm water treatment Author: Morrow, Perry R. This study evaluates the use and efficacy of biochar for treatment of source and nonpoint source pollutants in storm water. Biochar is the solid byproduct of incomplete combustion of biomass under low-oxygen and elevated temperature conditions (Keiluweit, 2010, Beesley and Dickinson, 2011, Bracmort, 2010). The source stock for tested biochar was chicken litter (500 °C), Douglas fir (550 °C) and gasification derived biochar (700 °C). This study involved screening three distinct biochars to investigate particle size characteristics, performing constant head column studies to measure saturated hydraulic conductivity, and investigating the sorption rates of three biochars using methylene blue solute batch studies for three different weights (2, 5, and 10 [and 20 g for chicken litter]). Results of the hydraulic conductivity test revealed hydraulic conductivity values of 0.32 cm/s for Douglas fir (r² 0.93), 0.10 cm/s for gasification (r² 0.76) and 9.0 for chicken litter derived biochar (r² 0.34). Although it is likely that the conductivity reading for chicken litter was invalid due to turbulence. The methylene blue sorption studies results indicate that each biochar showed slightly different sorption rates. Compared to the two other biochars gasification derived biochar had the greatest adsorption rate of methylene blue dye. Douglas fir had the next highest adsorption rate and chicken litter derived biochar had the lowest adsorption rate. Close