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• 1. [Article] Effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley and wheat

  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). The effects of nitrogen application on chemical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley and wheat Author: Lopez, Arturo The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). The effects of nitrogen application on chemical and morphological characteristics of the seed were also studied. Seeds of 'Casbon' winter barley and 'Nugaines' winter wheat with different protein content were obtained by field applications of various amounts of nitrogen at seeding time (fall) and tillering time (spring). The increase in protein content from high nitrogen rates was accompanied by a decrease in seed size and yield. The protein increase occurred primarily in the endosperm. Neither protein content nor size of the embryo was affected by rates of nitrogen application. The effect of seed protein content on plant growth was evaluated in terms of inhibition and respiration, speed of germination and subsequent seedling growth, root and shoot elongation at 15, 20 and 25C, and dry matter production when grown in low and high nitrogen soils in the green house. A positive relationship was found between seed protein content and plant performance. The rates of water absorption and oxygen consumption of germinating barley and wheat seed increased as a result of high protein content. High protein seed had a faster speed of germination and developed into larger seedlings with a higher dry matter content when grown in nitrogen-deficient soil. In nitrogen-enriched soil, seed protein content had little effect on seedling growth. The beneficial effects of seed protein content are more clearly expressed under stress conditions and are more evident when plant growth depends on the nutrients available from the seed. During initiation of germination, temperature influences the expression of the protein effect. After the seedling has formed and is capable of photosynthesis, the nitrogen availability in the soil influences the effect of seed protein content on plant growth. The relationship between seed protein content and plant growth can be an important factor in crop production because the increase in protein can be controlled by field application of nitrogen. However, since the high rates of nitrogen necessary to produce high seed protein levels are not consistent with the optimum nitrogen rates for yield, growers would probably be reluctant to apply such high rates unless some type of incentive were given them to do so. For seed production, it could still be important to strive for high protein levels in spite of some loss in yield if improved performance from high protein seeds proves to be of economic value. The results of this study indicate that producing and planting seeds rich in protein may be an effective method of achieving faster stand establishment of cereal crops. Additional research will determine the effects of high protein on yield. Title: Effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley and wheat Author: Lopez, Arturo The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). The effects of nitrogen application on chemical and morphological characteristics of the seed were also studied. Seeds of 'Casbon' winter barley and 'Nugaines' winter wheat with different protein content were obtained by field applications of various amounts of nitrogen at seeding time (fall) and tillering time (spring). The increase in protein content from high nitrogen rates was accompanied by a decrease in seed size and yield. The protein increase occurred primarily in the endosperm. Neither protein content nor size of the embryo was affected by rates of nitrogen application. The effect of seed protein content on plant growth was evaluated in terms of inhibition and respiration, speed of germination and subsequent seedling growth, root and shoot elongation at 15, 20 and 25C, and dry matter production when grown in low and high nitrogen soils in the green house. A positive relationship was found between seed protein content and plant performance. The rates of water absorption and oxygen consumption of germinating barley and wheat seed increased as a result of high protein content. High protein seed had a faster speed of germination and developed into larger seedlings with a higher dry matter content when grown in nitrogen-deficient soil. In nitrogen-enriched soil, seed protein content had little effect on seedling growth. The beneficial effects of seed protein content are more clearly expressed under stress conditions and are more evident when plant growth depends on the nutrients available from the seed. During initiation of germination, temperature influences the expression of the protein effect. After the seedling has formed and is capable of photosynthesis, the nitrogen availability in the soil influences the effect of seed protein content on plant growth. The relationship between seed protein content and plant growth can be an important factor in crop production because the increase in protein can be controlled by field application of nitrogen. However, since the high rates of nitrogen necessary to produce high seed protein levels are not consistent with the optimum nitrogen rates for yield, growers would probably be reluctant to apply such high rates unless some type of incentive were given them to do so. For seed production, it could still be important to strive for high protein levels in spite of some loss in yield if improved performance from high protein seeds proves to be of economic value. The results of this study indicate that producing and planting seeds rich in protein may be an effective method of achieving faster stand establishment of cereal crops. Additional research will determine the effects of high protein on yield. Close

• 2. [Article] Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars

  This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars Author: Gomez-Pando, Luz This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and 2) to evaluate the possible association between grain yield and grain protein as influenced by different cultivars, nitrogen levels and available moisture. Five wheat and four barley cultivars were selected based on their diverse genetic backgrounds and potential differences for the 12 attributes measured. These experimental materials were grown at low and high rainfall sites and under two different nitrogen levels. In wheat a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves was found as the plants developed. The highest values were observed at the boot stage. In contrast, the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves of barley was observed at anthesis. Wheat cultivars which had the greatest genetic potential for grain protein usually had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves at the boot stage and the lowest percentage in the vegetative tissue at harvest. This was especially true under high rainfall conditions. A similar relationship was found for the barley cultivars. At both experimental sites higher grain yields were accompanied by negative associations with grain protein for wheat. However, for barley no association was found between these two traits at either site or fertility level. Higher grain protein values were found for both wheat and barley at the high rainfall site. Title: Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars Author: Gomez-Pando, Luz This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and 2) to evaluate the possible association between grain yield and grain protein as influenced by different cultivars, nitrogen levels and available moisture. Five wheat and four barley cultivars were selected based on their diverse genetic backgrounds and potential differences for the 12 attributes measured. These experimental materials were grown at low and high rainfall sites and under two different nitrogen levels. In wheat a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves was found as the plants developed. The highest values were observed at the boot stage. In contrast, the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves of barley was observed at anthesis. Wheat cultivars which had the greatest genetic potential for grain protein usually had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves at the boot stage and the lowest percentage in the vegetative tissue at harvest. This was especially true under high rainfall conditions. A similar relationship was found for the barley cultivars. At both experimental sites higher grain yields were accompanied by negative associations with grain protein for wheat. However, for barley no association was found between these two traits at either site or fertility level. Higher grain protein values were found for both wheat and barley at the high rainfall site. Close

• 3. [Article] From the Oregon Wolfe Barley to fall-sown food barley : markers, maps, marker-assisted selection and quantitative trait loci

  Understanding complex traits is a fundamental challenge in plant genetics and a prerequisite for molecular breeding. Tools for trait dissection are markers, maps, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From the Oregon Wolfe Barley to fall-sown food barley : markers, maps, marker-assisted selection and quantitative trait loci Author: Chutimanitsakun, Yada Understanding complex traits is a fundamental challenge in plant genetics and a prerequisite for molecular breeding. Tools for trait dissection are markers, maps, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an application that integrates these tools. In this thesis research, a new sequence-based marker was evaluated, maps were constructed and used, and QTLs were detected using two types of populations. Marker-assisted selection was used to develop a novel class of barley. Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD), a sequence based-marker technology, allows for simultaneous high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery and genotyping. We assessed the value of RAD markers for linkage map construction using the Oregon Wolfe Barley (OWB) mapping population. We compared a RAD-based map to a map generated using Illumina GoldenGate Assay (EST-based SNPs). The RAD markers generated a high quality map with complete genome coverage. We then used the RAD map to locate QTL for agronomic fitness traits. A paper describing this research was published (Chutimanitsakun et al., 2011). Marker-assisted selection was used to rapidly develop fall-sown barley germplasm for human food uses. The target traits were high grain β-glucan, vernalization sensitivity (VS) and low temperature tolerance (LTT). The target loci were WX and VRN-H2. Marker-assisted selection was effective in fixing target alleles at both loci and waxy starch led to increase in grain β-glucan. Unexpected segregation at VRN-H1 and VRN-H3, revealed by genome-wide association mapping (GW-AM), led to unanticipated phenotypic variation in VS and LTT. We found that GW-AM is an efficient and powerful method for identifying the genome coordinates of genes determining target traits. Precise information is obtained with perfect markers; additional research may be needed when multiple alleles are segregating at target loci and significant associations are with markers in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the target loci. A paper describing this research will be submitted for publication. Title: From the Oregon Wolfe Barley to fall-sown food barley : markers, maps, marker-assisted selection and quantitative trait loci Author: Chutimanitsakun, Yada Understanding complex traits is a fundamental challenge in plant genetics and a prerequisite for molecular breeding. Tools for trait dissection are markers, maps, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an application that integrates these tools. In this thesis research, a new sequence-based marker was evaluated, maps were constructed and used, and QTLs were detected using two types of populations. Marker-assisted selection was used to develop a novel class of barley. Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD), a sequence based-marker technology, allows for simultaneous high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery and genotyping. We assessed the value of RAD markers for linkage map construction using the Oregon Wolfe Barley (OWB) mapping population. We compared a RAD-based map to a map generated using Illumina GoldenGate Assay (EST-based SNPs). The RAD markers generated a high quality map with complete genome coverage. We then used the RAD map to locate QTL for agronomic fitness traits. A paper describing this research was published (Chutimanitsakun et al., 2011). Marker-assisted selection was used to rapidly develop fall-sown barley germplasm for human food uses. The target traits were high grain β-glucan, vernalization sensitivity (VS) and low temperature tolerance (LTT). The target loci were WX and VRN-H2. Marker-assisted selection was effective in fixing target alleles at both loci and waxy starch led to increase in grain β-glucan. Unexpected segregation at VRN-H1 and VRN-H3, revealed by genome-wide association mapping (GW-AM), led to unanticipated phenotypic variation in VS and LTT. We found that GW-AM is an efficient and powerful method for identifying the genome coordinates of genes determining target traits. Precise information is obtained with perfect markers; additional research may be needed when multiple alleles are segregating at target loci and significant associations are with markers in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the target loci. A paper describing this research will be submitted for publication. Close

• 4. [Article] Inheritance of plant height in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Emed. LAM.)

  Four, six-rowed, spring barley cultivars were used as parental material in this study. The parents were distinctly different in plant height. Washington-6124-62 is a standard height selection while Short ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Inheritance of plant height in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Emed. LAM.) Author: Bayraktar, Ali Four, six-rowed, spring barley cultivars were used as parental material in this study. The parents were distinctly different in plant height. Washington-6124-62 is a standard height selection while Short Wocus and Minn. 66-102 are intermediate. The fourth parent was a dwarf selection obtained from India. The two intermediate cultivars and the dwarf cultivar were crossed to the tall parent, Wa-6124-62, with a portion of the F₁ progeny backcrossed to the shorter parent. In addition, the intermediate parent, Short Wocus, was crossed to Indian Dwarf. The following generations were available for study: parents, BC₁F₁, F₁, and F₂. The purpose of this study was to obtain information concerning the inheritance of plant height and to determine when selection for this trait could be made in the breeding program most effectively. To achieve this objective heritability and the mode of gene action were studied as well as number of genes segregating for plant height. The effect of temperature on plant height was also investigated in a growth chamber utilizing two temperature levels, 19° C and 30° C. Plant height was recorded on an individual plant basis at two sites that were distinctly different environmentally and in the growth chamber. The number of nodes were counted, and the length of internodes measured for genetic interpretation of culm length. Broad sense heritability values for plant height of each cross were estimated by using the variance of parents, F₁'s and F₂' s. Heritability values were quite high in the F₂ generation ranging from 50 to 90 percent, and suggest that plant phenotype gave a relatively good indication of the genotype for plant height. Height of the F₁ plants was between the mid-parent and tall parent indicating partial dominance for tall culm length. In earlier studies, many investigators found that additive gene action was the major component of genetic variability for plant height. Results obtained from this study suggest that the nature of gene action is a function of the parents used. Where large differences exist between parents, plant height appeared to be largely influenced by non-additive gene action. When the parents were similar in height the trait was controlled mainly by additive gene action. Fairly discrete height classes in the segregating populations indicated that plant height was controlled by only a few genetic factors in these populations. Ratios obtained from segregating populations suggested the presence of three recessive genetic factors for short height in the dwarf parent (Indian Dwarf). The tall parent, Wa-6124-62, and intermediate parent, Minn. 66-102, appeared to differ for plant height by one major genetic factor. Difference in height among the cultivars was mostly due to difference in internode length rather than the number of nodes. It was concluded that the rather simple inheritance of plant height in barley will allow effective selection in the F₂ generation for short stature, and progress to develop semi-dwarf barley cultivars should be possible if stiffness of straw can also be obtained along with short stature. In the cross between the tall and dwarf parent, selection for intermediate plant height would be more effective if delayed for several generations of selfing due to the relatively large dominance component of genetic variance. Title: Inheritance of plant height in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Emed. LAM.) Author: Bayraktar, Ali Four, six-rowed, spring barley cultivars were used as parental material in this study. The parents were distinctly different in plant height. Washington-6124-62 is a standard height selection while Short Wocus and Minn. 66-102 are intermediate. The fourth parent was a dwarf selection obtained from India. The two intermediate cultivars and the dwarf cultivar were crossed to the tall parent, Wa-6124-62, with a portion of the F₁ progeny backcrossed to the shorter parent. In addition, the intermediate parent, Short Wocus, was crossed to Indian Dwarf. The following generations were available for study: parents, BC₁F₁, F₁, and F₂. The purpose of this study was to obtain information concerning the inheritance of plant height and to determine when selection for this trait could be made in the breeding program most effectively. To achieve this objective heritability and the mode of gene action were studied as well as number of genes segregating for plant height. The effect of temperature on plant height was also investigated in a growth chamber utilizing two temperature levels, 19° C and 30° C. Plant height was recorded on an individual plant basis at two sites that were distinctly different environmentally and in the growth chamber. The number of nodes were counted, and the length of internodes measured for genetic interpretation of culm length. Broad sense heritability values for plant height of each cross were estimated by using the variance of parents, F₁'s and F₂' s. Heritability values were quite high in the F₂ generation ranging from 50 to 90 percent, and suggest that plant phenotype gave a relatively good indication of the genotype for plant height. Height of the F₁ plants was between the mid-parent and tall parent indicating partial dominance for tall culm length. In earlier studies, many investigators found that additive gene action was the major component of genetic variability for plant height. Results obtained from this study suggest that the nature of gene action is a function of the parents used. Where large differences exist between parents, plant height appeared to be largely influenced by non-additive gene action. When the parents were similar in height the trait was controlled mainly by additive gene action. Fairly discrete height classes in the segregating populations indicated that plant height was controlled by only a few genetic factors in these populations. Ratios obtained from segregating populations suggested the presence of three recessive genetic factors for short height in the dwarf parent (Indian Dwarf). The tall parent, Wa-6124-62, and intermediate parent, Minn. 66-102, appeared to differ for plant height by one major genetic factor. Difference in height among the cultivars was mostly due to difference in internode length rather than the number of nodes. It was concluded that the rather simple inheritance of plant height in barley will allow effective selection in the F₂ generation for short stature, and progress to develop semi-dwarf barley cultivars should be possible if stiffness of straw can also be obtained along with short stature. In the cross between the tall and dwarf parent, selection for intermediate plant height would be more effective if delayed for several generations of selfing due to the relatively large dominance component of genetic variance. Close

• 5. [Article] Chemical and genetic evaluation of high lysine and protein in selected barley crosses

  Four agronomically and genetically diverse spring barleys were used in a crossing program to study the inheritance of lysine in barley and to determine its possible association with certain agronomic and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chemical and genetic evaluation of high lysine and protein in selected barley crosses Author: Helm, James Henry, 1944- Four agronomically and genetically diverse spring barleys were used in a crossing program to study the inheritance of lysine in barley and to determine its possible association with certain agronomic and morphological characters. The cultivar Hiproly was used as the source of high protein and lysine. Characters measured included plant height, head type, awn type, lemma color, number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, seed weight, and plant yield. Soluble protein content was determined by the Lowry colorimetric method. Lysine was analyzed by two methods: (1) enzyme hydrolysis and colorimetric determination with 2-chloro, 3, 5- dinitropyridine; (2) Udy dye-binding colorimetric method. The F₁, F₂, and F₃ progenies were classified for the Hiproly endosperm character by histochemical techniques using Udy Orange G dye as a staining agent. Fractionation of the soluble proteins into the Mendal- Osborn fraction was used to determine the effects of the Hiproly gene on kernel proteins. High lysine content in Hiproly was found to be inherited by one recessive gene. In addition several minor factors were indicated in all crosses. The recessive gene was associated with the recessive Hiproly endosperm gene with a recombination value of 22.45 percent. It is suggested that the gene designations for the two recessive genes be (lys) for the high lysine gene and (stb) for the starch binding endosperm gene. High lysine was negatively associated with protein content; however, the association was not strong enough to limit selection for high lysine, high protein lines. No associations were found between lysine and any of the morphological or agronomic characters studied. It was concluded that it is possible to breed high yielding, high protein and lysine barleys using Hiproly as a source of high protein and lysine. Other parental lines can be selected to complement the Hiproly gene to obtain even better nutritional balance. Title: Chemical and genetic evaluation of high lysine and protein in selected barley crosses Author: Helm, James Henry, 1944- Four agronomically and genetically diverse spring barleys were used in a crossing program to study the inheritance of lysine in barley and to determine its possible association with certain agronomic and morphological characters. The cultivar Hiproly was used as the source of high protein and lysine. Characters measured included plant height, head type, awn type, lemma color, number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, seed weight, and plant yield. Soluble protein content was determined by the Lowry colorimetric method. Lysine was analyzed by two methods: (1) enzyme hydrolysis and colorimetric determination with 2-chloro, 3, 5- dinitropyridine; (2) Udy dye-binding colorimetric method. The F₁, F₂, and F₃ progenies were classified for the Hiproly endosperm character by histochemical techniques using Udy Orange G dye as a staining agent. Fractionation of the soluble proteins into the Mendal- Osborn fraction was used to determine the effects of the Hiproly gene on kernel proteins. High lysine content in Hiproly was found to be inherited by one recessive gene. In addition several minor factors were indicated in all crosses. The recessive gene was associated with the recessive Hiproly endosperm gene with a recombination value of 22.45 percent. It is suggested that the gene designations for the two recessive genes be (lys) for the high lysine gene and (stb) for the starch binding endosperm gene. High lysine was negatively associated with protein content; however, the association was not strong enough to limit selection for high lysine, high protein lines. No associations were found between lysine and any of the morphological or agronomic characters studied. It was concluded that it is possible to breed high yielding, high protein and lysine barleys using Hiproly as a source of high protein and lysine. Other parental lines can be selected to complement the Hiproly gene to obtain even better nutritional balance. Close

• 6. [Article] Hare barley (Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum) biology and management in cool season perennial grass pastures of western Oregon

  Hare barley (Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum) is a cool season annual grass that invades pastures and range areas around the world. A documented weed management issue in several Oregon counties, hare barley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hare barley (Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum) biology and management in cool season perennial grass pastures of western Oregon Author: Haavisto, Jessica Lee Hare barley (Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum) is a cool season annual grass that invades pastures and range areas around the world. A documented weed management issue in several Oregon counties, hare barley may infest several thousand acres in western Oregon. This study was conducted to investigate the biology and develop management options for hare barley in cool season, established perennial grass pastures. Field and laboratory studies were initiated in the fall of 2008 to generate this information for hare barley management. Experiments were conducted to evaluate herbicide treatments applied before and after hare barley emergence in perennial grass pastures. Multi-year applications of a labeled pasture herbicide, aminopyralid, and non pasture labeled herbicides, imazamox and imazamox + MCPA ester, were the only treatments that consistently resulted in a high level of hare barley control with acceptable crop safety. A laboratory experiment was initiated to develop a growing degree day model to understand when viable seed is produced in hare barley. We determined that viable seed set depends on cumulative growing degree days (GDD) regardless of the location from which the seeds were collected. The majority of hare barley seed becomes viable after accumulating approximately 2300 GDD. This result indicates that individual pasture owners and hay producers can monitor growing degree days in their respective farming locations and base their management strategies for controlling hare barley and for preventing the spread of hare barley to other locations prior to viable seed production. A survey conducted to understand the distribution of hare barley across Oregon indicated that hare barley distribution is limited to western Oregon while two other species in the Hordeum murinum complex, ssp. glaucum and ssp. murinum, can also be found in the state of Oregon. Title: Hare barley (Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum) biology and management in cool season perennial grass pastures of western Oregon Author: Haavisto, Jessica Lee Hare barley (Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum) is a cool season annual grass that invades pastures and range areas around the world. A documented weed management issue in several Oregon counties, hare barley may infest several thousand acres in western Oregon. This study was conducted to investigate the biology and develop management options for hare barley in cool season, established perennial grass pastures. Field and laboratory studies were initiated in the fall of 2008 to generate this information for hare barley management. Experiments were conducted to evaluate herbicide treatments applied before and after hare barley emergence in perennial grass pastures. Multi-year applications of a labeled pasture herbicide, aminopyralid, and non pasture labeled herbicides, imazamox and imazamox + MCPA ester, were the only treatments that consistently resulted in a high level of hare barley control with acceptable crop safety. A laboratory experiment was initiated to develop a growing degree day model to understand when viable seed is produced in hare barley. We determined that viable seed set depends on cumulative growing degree days (GDD) regardless of the location from which the seeds were collected. The majority of hare barley seed becomes viable after accumulating approximately 2300 GDD. This result indicates that individual pasture owners and hay producers can monitor growing degree days in their respective farming locations and base their management strategies for controlling hare barley and for preventing the spread of hare barley to other locations prior to viable seed production. A survey conducted to understand the distribution of hare barley across Oregon indicated that hare barley distribution is limited to western Oregon while two other species in the Hordeum murinum complex, ssp. glaucum and ssp. murinum, can also be found in the state of Oregon. Close

• 7. [Article] Methods of evaluation, effects of intermating and results of one cycle of S₁ family recurrent selection in barley

  The focus of this study was to determine if S₁ family recurrent selection might be successfully used for barley improvement. Objectives were: 1) to identify suitable methods of evaluating grain yield in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Methods of evaluation, effects of intermating and results of one cycle of S₁ family recurrent selection in barley Author: Mareck, James The focus of this study was to determine if S₁ family recurrent selection might be successfully used for barley improvement. Objectives were: 1) to identify suitable methods of evaluating grain yield in small plots, 2) to study the effects of intermating on mean values and variances of selected agronomic characters, and 3) to evaluate the response to one cycle of S₁ family selection for grain yield. Genetic materials included parents, random F₃ lines from four single cross populations, and random S₁ lines from the Cycle 0 (C-0) population which was developed by intermating the four single crosses for two generations. Heading date, plant height, and grain yield were measured on F₃ and S₁ lines grown in unreplicated small (0.7 m²) two row plots in two locations in 1979. The same traits were measured on bulk progenies of F₃ and S₁ lines grown in unreplicated large (6.0 m²) plots in three locations in 1980. Moving mean technique, which uses the mean grain yield of a number of adjacent plots as a covariable in an analysis of covariance, improved the precision of yield trials. Error mean square of replicated parents was reduced between 0 and 80 percent at different experimental sites, depending on the magnitude of field variation. Comparison of grain yield of parents grown in both large and small plots in the same year-location indicated that grain yield in small plots was affected by competition effects associated with plant height. Additional evidence for the inaccuracy of small plot yield data was supplied by the higher positive correlation between grain yield and plant height in small plots as compared to large plots. Breakup of favorably interacting associations of alleles by intermating was studied by comparing the mean of the four single crosses with the mean of the C-0 population. Two generations of intermating did not affect the mean values for plant height or grain yield, however the C-0 population headed significantly earlier due to the effect of rapid generation advancement in the intermating process. Two generations of intermating increased genetic variance for heading date and plant height, but no effect could be detected for grain yield. While some of the estimates of genetic variance for grain yield were negative, most were small and non-significant. Lack of genetic variation for grain yield is believed to be due to common parentage of the genetic materials in this study. Response to selection for grain yield was evaluated with Cycle 1 (C-1) S₁ lines developed by intermating the highest yielding 10% of C-0 S₁ lines. The C-1 population was significantly higher yielding than parents and significantly taller than parents and the C-0 population. Since little genetic variation for grain yield was found in this study, the response to selection for grain yield shown in small plot tests is believed to be a manifestation of competition effects associated with the increased plant height of the C-1 population. Successful S₁ family recurrent selection in barley may require the development of populations with greater genetic variation for grain yield. If populations with more diverse parentage and greater genetic variability are developed, then S₁ family selection in concert with improved field plot techniques may result in continued grain yield improvement in barley. Title: Methods of evaluation, effects of intermating and results of one cycle of S₁ family recurrent selection in barley Author: Mareck, James The focus of this study was to determine if S₁ family recurrent selection might be successfully used for barley improvement. Objectives were: 1) to identify suitable methods of evaluating grain yield in small plots, 2) to study the effects of intermating on mean values and variances of selected agronomic characters, and 3) to evaluate the response to one cycle of S₁ family selection for grain yield. Genetic materials included parents, random F₃ lines from four single cross populations, and random S₁ lines from the Cycle 0 (C-0) population which was developed by intermating the four single crosses for two generations. Heading date, plant height, and grain yield were measured on F₃ and S₁ lines grown in unreplicated small (0.7 m²) two row plots in two locations in 1979. The same traits were measured on bulk progenies of F₃ and S₁ lines grown in unreplicated large (6.0 m²) plots in three locations in 1980. Moving mean technique, which uses the mean grain yield of a number of adjacent plots as a covariable in an analysis of covariance, improved the precision of yield trials. Error mean square of replicated parents was reduced between 0 and 80 percent at different experimental sites, depending on the magnitude of field variation. Comparison of grain yield of parents grown in both large and small plots in the same year-location indicated that grain yield in small plots was affected by competition effects associated with plant height. Additional evidence for the inaccuracy of small plot yield data was supplied by the higher positive correlation between grain yield and plant height in small plots as compared to large plots. Breakup of favorably interacting associations of alleles by intermating was studied by comparing the mean of the four single crosses with the mean of the C-0 population. Two generations of intermating did not affect the mean values for plant height or grain yield, however the C-0 population headed significantly earlier due to the effect of rapid generation advancement in the intermating process. Two generations of intermating increased genetic variance for heading date and plant height, but no effect could be detected for grain yield. While some of the estimates of genetic variance for grain yield were negative, most were small and non-significant. Lack of genetic variation for grain yield is believed to be due to common parentage of the genetic materials in this study. Response to selection for grain yield was evaluated with Cycle 1 (C-1) S₁ lines developed by intermating the highest yielding 10% of C-0 S₁ lines. The C-1 population was significantly higher yielding than parents and significantly taller than parents and the C-0 population. Since little genetic variation for grain yield was found in this study, the response to selection for grain yield shown in small plot tests is believed to be a manifestation of competition effects associated with the increased plant height of the C-1 population. Successful S₁ family recurrent selection in barley may require the development of populations with greater genetic variation for grain yield. If populations with more diverse parentage and greater genetic variability are developed, then S₁ family selection in concert with improved field plot techniques may result in continued grain yield improvement in barley. Close

• 8. [Article] Sequencing of 15 622 gene-bearing BACs clarifies the gene-dense regions of the barley genome

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sequencing of 15 622 gene-bearing BACs clarifies the gene-dense regions of the barley genome Author: Muñoz‐Amatriaín, Maria, Hayes, Patrick M., Cooper, Laurel, Luo, MingCheng, et al., Lonardi, Stefano To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-313X Title: Sequencing of 15 622 gene-bearing BACs clarifies the gene-dense regions of the barley genome Author: Muñoz‐Amatriaín, Maria, Hayes, Patrick M., Cooper, Laurel, Luo, MingCheng, et al., Lonardi, Stefano To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-313X Close

• 9. [Article] Enhancement of 'Scio' barley seed protein by late foliar applications of urea-ammonium nitrate

  Foliar applications of urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) around anthesis increased seed protein content by about 40% in 1983 and 1984 in 'Scio' barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In exploring the mode and the mechanism ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enhancement of 'Scio' barley seed protein by late foliar applications of urea-ammonium nitrate Author: Turley, Robert H. Foliar applications of urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) around anthesis increased seed protein content by about 40% in 1983 and 1984 in 'Scio' barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In exploring the mode and the mechanism of this increase, agronomic and physiological studies were conducted. The late N applications did not affect yield or harvest index, but elevated the seed amino acid content and reduced the sugar content. The 40% increase of total seed protein was unevenly distributed to globulin-albumin, hordein, and glutelin fractions by 27, 67, and 40%, respectively. No new protein subunits were observed after the treatment as revealed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein fractions. The approximate molecular weights of the hordein subunits were 33, 35.5, 38, 40.5, 42, 44, 50, 52, 54, 57, 61, 72, and 79 kD. The physiological responses to repeated foliar-UAN sprays were monitored in young and mature leaves. The absorbed urea and ammonia were metabolized in 2 days and stimulated the endogenous activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and urease from 2- to 77-fold within hours with the higher activity of NR sustained for several days. The activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase were also increased but much less in extent. These enhanced activities and added N substrates resulted in an increase of leaf contents of amino acids, chlorophyll, soluble protein, and a small decrease of sugars. Eight hours after the UAN spray, when amino acid content was highest in sprayed-seedling leaves, the absolute weights of glutamine, asparagine, alanine, glutamate, serine, glycine, valine, and histidine were 2535, 511, 460, 373, 361, 240, 129, and 59 ng g⁻¹ fresh weight over the control, respectively. The highest increase in weight percent of the extract was found in glycine, which is different from the results of ammonia or nitrate treated leaves, indicating that the absorbed urea may enhance the photorespiratory synthesis of glycine or reduce the degradation of glycine due to the high concentration of ammonia produced by urease hydrolysis of the influxed urea. Title: Enhancement of 'Scio' barley seed protein by late foliar applications of urea-ammonium nitrate Author: Turley, Robert H. Foliar applications of urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) around anthesis increased seed protein content by about 40% in 1983 and 1984 in 'Scio' barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In exploring the mode and the mechanism of this increase, agronomic and physiological studies were conducted. The late N applications did not affect yield or harvest index, but elevated the seed amino acid content and reduced the sugar content. The 40% increase of total seed protein was unevenly distributed to globulin-albumin, hordein, and glutelin fractions by 27, 67, and 40%, respectively. No new protein subunits were observed after the treatment as revealed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein fractions. The approximate molecular weights of the hordein subunits were 33, 35.5, 38, 40.5, 42, 44, 50, 52, 54, 57, 61, 72, and 79 kD. The physiological responses to repeated foliar-UAN sprays were monitored in young and mature leaves. The absorbed urea and ammonia were metabolized in 2 days and stimulated the endogenous activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and urease from 2- to 77-fold within hours with the higher activity of NR sustained for several days. The activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase were also increased but much less in extent. These enhanced activities and added N substrates resulted in an increase of leaf contents of amino acids, chlorophyll, soluble protein, and a small decrease of sugars. Eight hours after the UAN spray, when amino acid content was highest in sprayed-seedling leaves, the absolute weights of glutamine, asparagine, alanine, glutamate, serine, glycine, valine, and histidine were 2535, 511, 460, 373, 361, 240, 129, and 59 ng g⁻¹ fresh weight over the control, respectively. The highest increase in weight percent of the extract was found in glycine, which is different from the results of ammonia or nitrate treated leaves, indicating that the absorbed urea may enhance the photorespiratory synthesis of glycine or reduce the degradation of glycine due to the high concentration of ammonia produced by urease hydrolysis of the influxed urea. Close