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• 41. [Article] Neuropeptide Y: A potential Marker for a Life-History Transition in the Red-Sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

  It is essential for organisms to exhibit appropriate behaviors as they transition from one life-history stage to another. While such life-history transitions are critical to both individual survival and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neuropeptide Y: A potential Marker for a Life-History Transition in the Red-Sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) Author: Richards, Daelyn Year: 2014 It is essential for organisms to exhibit appropriate behaviors as they transition from one life-history stage to another. While such life-history transitions are critical to both individual survival and reproductive fitness, we know very little about the underlying mechanisms. This project explores a potential mechanism regulating the transition of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) from reproductive to foraging behavior. After emerging from winter dormancy, male snakes engage in mate searching and mating behavior followed by a transition to foraging. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurohormone that controls appetite and feeding behavior in all organisms studied. We previously demonstrated that NPY cell number in the brain is increased in snakes exhibiting feeding behavior. In this study, we asked if brain NPY is involved in regulating the transition from courtship to foraging behavior under natural field conditions. To address this question, courting and foraging snakes were collected from the field and their behavioral preference confirmed by testing on a Y-maze. Snakes were then euthanized and the brains collected. An immunohistochemistry assay was performed for NPY; immunoreactive cells were counted manually. Quantification of NPY cell number in three different brain regions is currently being finalized (cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus). We hypothesize that male snakes exhibiting feeding behavior will have more NPY cells than male snakes exhibiting mating behavior. If our hypothesis is supported, these data will provide evidence that NPY plays a role in mediating an important life-history transition between reproductive and feeding behaviors under natural field conditions. Title: Neuropeptide Y: A potential Marker for a Life-History Transition in the Red-Sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) Author: Richards, Daelyn Year: 2014 It is essential for organisms to exhibit appropriate behaviors as they transition from one life-history stage to another. While such life-history transitions are critical to both individual survival and reproductive fitness, we know very little about the underlying mechanisms. This project explores a potential mechanism regulating the transition of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) from reproductive to foraging behavior. After emerging from winter dormancy, male snakes engage in mate searching and mating behavior followed by a transition to foraging. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurohormone that controls appetite and feeding behavior in all organisms studied. We previously demonstrated that NPY cell number in the brain is increased in snakes exhibiting feeding behavior. In this study, we asked if brain NPY is involved in regulating the transition from courtship to foraging behavior under natural field conditions. To address this question, courting and foraging snakes were collected from the field and their behavioral preference confirmed by testing on a Y-maze. Snakes were then euthanized and the brains collected. An immunohistochemistry assay was performed for NPY; immunoreactive cells were counted manually. Quantification of NPY cell number in three different brain regions is currently being finalized (cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus). We hypothesize that male snakes exhibiting feeding behavior will have more NPY cells than male snakes exhibiting mating behavior. If our hypothesis is supported, these data will provide evidence that NPY plays a role in mediating an important life-history transition between reproductive and feeding behaviors under natural field conditions. Close

• 42. [Article] Ecosystem Services as Boundary Objects for Transdisciplinary Collaboration

  The ecosystem services (ES) framework has potential to bring transdisciplinary teams together to achieve societal goals. Some label ES as “boundary objects” that help integrate diverse forms of knowledge ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystem Services as Boundary Objects for Transdisciplinary Collaboration Author: Steger, Cara, Hirsch, Shana, Evers, Cody, Branoff, Benjamin, Petrova, Maria, Nielsen-Pincus, Max, Wardropper, Chloe, van Riper, Carena J. Year: 2018 The ecosystem services (ES) framework has potential to bring transdisciplinary teams together to achieve societal goals. Some label ES as “boundary objects” that help integrate diverse forms of knowledge across social groups and organizational scales. However, this classification masks complexities that arise from unique characteristics of ES types (i.e., provisioning, regulating, and cultural), which influence their ability to function as boundary objects. We argue that interpretive flexibility and material structures interact in distinct ways across ES types throughout a boundary object “life cycle.” Viewing a 2015 U.S. federal memorandum as a catalyst, we critically evaluate the evolution of ES and its role as a boundary object. We propose that provisioning and regulating services are transitioning out of boundary object status, moving into a more standardized state. However, we anticipate that cultural services may continue to behave as boundary objects if collaborators maintain them as such. This shift in the functionality of ES as boundary objects is an important consideration for future research that attempts to reach across social worlds and disciplinary perspectives. We urge collaborations to rely on the most relevant disciplinary knowledge, rather than allowing the ease of standardized solutions to dictate the boundary of a given problem. Title: Ecosystem Services as Boundary Objects for Transdisciplinary Collaboration Author: Steger, Cara, Hirsch, Shana, Evers, Cody, Branoff, Benjamin, Petrova, Maria, Nielsen-Pincus, Max, Wardropper, Chloe, van Riper, Carena J. Year: 2018 The ecosystem services (ES) framework has potential to bring transdisciplinary teams together to achieve societal goals. Some label ES as “boundary objects” that help integrate diverse forms of knowledge across social groups and organizational scales. However, this classification masks complexities that arise from unique characteristics of ES types (i.e., provisioning, regulating, and cultural), which influence their ability to function as boundary objects. We argue that interpretive flexibility and material structures interact in distinct ways across ES types throughout a boundary object “life cycle.” Viewing a 2015 U.S. federal memorandum as a catalyst, we critically evaluate the evolution of ES and its role as a boundary object. We propose that provisioning and regulating services are transitioning out of boundary object status, moving into a more standardized state. However, we anticipate that cultural services may continue to behave as boundary objects if collaborators maintain them as such. This shift in the functionality of ES as boundary objects is an important consideration for future research that attempts to reach across social worlds and disciplinary perspectives. We urge collaborations to rely on the most relevant disciplinary knowledge, rather than allowing the ease of standardized solutions to dictate the boundary of a given problem. Close

• 43. [Article] Neoliberal and Neo-Communal Herring Fisheries in Southeast Alaska: Reframing Sustainability in Marine Ecosystems

  The transformation of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) fisheries from communal to commons to neoliberal regulation has had significant impacts on the health and sustainability of marine ecosystems on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neoliberal and Neo-Communal Herring Fisheries in Southeast Alaska: Reframing Sustainability in Marine Ecosystems Author: Thornton, Thomas F., Hebert, Jamie Year: 2015 The transformation of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) fisheries from communal to commons to neoliberal regulation has had significant impacts on the health and sustainability of marine ecosystems on the Northwest Coast of North America. Due to their abundance, seasonality, and sensitivity in disturbance, herring were carefully cultivated and protected by coastal Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian communities. The early industrial fishing era undermined this communalist approach in favor of an unregulated commons for bait and reduction fisheries, attracting non-local fleets and leading to conflicts with local Natives and tragedy of the commons style overexploitation of herring stocks by the mid-twentieth century. Since the 1970s, a re-regulated neoliberal sac roe fishery for Japanese markets has provided new opportunities for limited commercial permit holders, but with further depredations on local spawning populations. This paper uses frame theory and historical and political ecology to show how this transformation was justified by three critical but dubious (re)framings of Southeast herring populations under modern scientific management: (1) a reductionist framing of single species productivity models, expressed as herring “biomass,” within space and time (baseline scale framing); (2) the selective framing and privileging of human industrial predation under maximum sustainable yield (MSY) within a dynamic ecosystem of multiple predator populations (actor relations framing); and (3) the strategic framing of spawning failure events and policy responses to those events by professional fisheries managers (event–response framing). Finally, the paper argues for a new social–ecological systems approach, based on aboriginal models of herring cultivation, to sustain a commercial, subsistence, and restoration economy for the fishery. Title: Neoliberal and Neo-Communal Herring Fisheries in Southeast Alaska: Reframing Sustainability in Marine Ecosystems Author: Thornton, Thomas F., Hebert, Jamie Year: 2015 The transformation of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) fisheries from communal to commons to neoliberal regulation has had significant impacts on the health and sustainability of marine ecosystems on the Northwest Coast of North America. Due to their abundance, seasonality, and sensitivity in disturbance, herring were carefully cultivated and protected by coastal Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian communities. The early industrial fishing era undermined this communalist approach in favor of an unregulated commons for bait and reduction fisheries, attracting non-local fleets and leading to conflicts with local Natives and tragedy of the commons style overexploitation of herring stocks by the mid-twentieth century. Since the 1970s, a re-regulated neoliberal sac roe fishery for Japanese markets has provided new opportunities for limited commercial permit holders, but with further depredations on local spawning populations. This paper uses frame theory and historical and political ecology to show how this transformation was justified by three critical but dubious (re)framings of Southeast herring populations under modern scientific management: (1) a reductionist framing of single species productivity models, expressed as herring “biomass,” within space and time (baseline scale framing); (2) the selective framing and privileging of human industrial predation under maximum sustainable yield (MSY) within a dynamic ecosystem of multiple predator populations (actor relations framing); and (3) the strategic framing of spawning failure events and policy responses to those events by professional fisheries managers (event–response framing). Finally, the paper argues for a new social–ecological systems approach, based on aboriginal models of herring cultivation, to sustain a commercial, subsistence, and restoration economy for the fishery. Close

• 44. [Article] Mitochondria-derived Small Non-coding RNAs in Extreme Anoxia Tolerance

  Mitochondria are critical sensors of oxygen and play a major role in the regulation of the cellular response to oxygen deprivation. Understanding mitochondrial function during transitions into and out ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mitochondria-derived Small Non-coding RNAs in Extreme Anoxia Tolerance Author: Riggs, Claire L., Podrabsky, Jason E. Year: 2017 Mitochondria are critical sensors of oxygen and play a major role in the regulation of the cellular response to oxygen deprivation. Understanding mitochondrial function during transitions into and out of anoxia in species that can tolerate anoxia may lend new insights into the role that mitochondria play in cellular homeostasis in response to fluctuating levels of oxygen. The objective of this study was to examine the potential role of small RNAs in long-term vertebrate anoxia tolerance. Expression patterns of small RNAs were determined using RNAseq in the most anoxia tolerant vertebrate, embryos of the annual killifishAustrofundulus limnaeus. Anoxia tolerance varies during development in this species in a way that allows for the comparison of developmental stages with extreme anoxia tolerance to stages with a more typical vertebrate anoxia tolerance. Embryos of 4 different developmental stages were exposed to anoxia, followed by aerobic recovery, and small RNA expression was determined with Illumina RNAseq under aerobic conditions, anoxia, and during aerobic recovery. A large proportion of the differentially expressed small RNAs were found to be encoded in the mitochondrial genome. About 12% of the unique small RNAs identified were encoded within the mitochondrial genome, and around 20% of the highly differentially expressed RNAs in response to anoxia were mitochondrial in origin. Of the differentially expressed sequences mapping to the mitochondrial genome, small RNAs derived from mitochondrial tRNAs were particularly enriched, with sequences up-regulated during anoxia and aerobic recovery from anoxia. These small RNAs of interest localize to anoxia sensitive tissues, such as the brain and heart, providing further evidence for a potential role in supporting anoxia tolerance. These same small RNAs have been detected in cell cultures derived from A. limnaeus embryos, by RNAseq and in situ hybridization. Cell culture expression patterns corroborated whole-embryo sequence expression patterns. This work highlights a potential new class of small RNAs derived from the mitochondrial genome that may act to mediate and coordinate the physiological response to anoxia in this species. Further understanding the biology of these mitochondrially-derived small RNAs and their role in anoxia tolerance may provide novel insight into combating cellular damage induced by heart attack and stroke, two lethal consequences of heart disease in humans. Title: Mitochondria-derived Small Non-coding RNAs in Extreme Anoxia Tolerance Author: Riggs, Claire L., Podrabsky, Jason E. Year: 2017 Mitochondria are critical sensors of oxygen and play a major role in the regulation of the cellular response to oxygen deprivation. Understanding mitochondrial function during transitions into and out of anoxia in species that can tolerate anoxia may lend new insights into the role that mitochondria play in cellular homeostasis in response to fluctuating levels of oxygen. The objective of this study was to examine the potential role of small RNAs in long-term vertebrate anoxia tolerance. Expression patterns of small RNAs were determined using RNAseq in the most anoxia tolerant vertebrate, embryos of the annual killifishAustrofundulus limnaeus. Anoxia tolerance varies during development in this species in a way that allows for the comparison of developmental stages with extreme anoxia tolerance to stages with a more typical vertebrate anoxia tolerance. Embryos of 4 different developmental stages were exposed to anoxia, followed by aerobic recovery, and small RNA expression was determined with Illumina RNAseq under aerobic conditions, anoxia, and during aerobic recovery. A large proportion of the differentially expressed small RNAs were found to be encoded in the mitochondrial genome. About 12% of the unique small RNAs identified were encoded within the mitochondrial genome, and around 20% of the highly differentially expressed RNAs in response to anoxia were mitochondrial in origin. Of the differentially expressed sequences mapping to the mitochondrial genome, small RNAs derived from mitochondrial tRNAs were particularly enriched, with sequences up-regulated during anoxia and aerobic recovery from anoxia. These small RNAs of interest localize to anoxia sensitive tissues, such as the brain and heart, providing further evidence for a potential role in supporting anoxia tolerance. These same small RNAs have been detected in cell cultures derived from A. limnaeus embryos, by RNAseq and in situ hybridization. Cell culture expression patterns corroborated whole-embryo sequence expression patterns. This work highlights a potential new class of small RNAs derived from the mitochondrial genome that may act to mediate and coordinate the physiological response to anoxia in this species. Further understanding the biology of these mitochondrially-derived small RNAs and their role in anoxia tolerance may provide novel insight into combating cellular damage induced by heart attack and stroke, two lethal consequences of heart disease in humans. Close

• 45. [Article] A Metabolic Hypothesis for the Evolution of Temperature Effects on the Arterial PCO2 and pH of Vertebrate Ectotherms

  Body temperature increases in ectothermic vertebrates characteristically lead to both increases in arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and declines in resting arterial pH (pHa) of about 0.017 pH units/°C increase in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Metabolic Hypothesis for the Evolution of Temperature Effects on the Arterial PCO2 and pH of Vertebrate Ectotherms Author: Hillman, Stanley S., Hedrick, Michael Scott Year: 2017 Body temperature increases in ectothermic vertebrates characteristically lead to both increases in arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and declines in resting arterial pH (pHa) of about 0.017 pH units/°C increase in temperature. This ‘alphastat’ pH pattern has previously been interpreted as being evolutionarily-driven by the maintenance of a constant protonation state on the imidazole moiety of histidine protein residues, hence stabilizing protein structure-function. Analysis of the existing data for interclass responses of ectothermic vertebrates show different degrees of PaCO2 increases and pH declines with temperature between the classes with reptiles>amphibians>fish. The PaCO2 at the temperature where maximal aerobic metabolism (VO2max) is achieved is significantly and positively correlated with temperature for all vertebrate classes. For ectotherms, the PaCO2 where VO2max is greatest is also correlated with VO2max indicating there is an increased driving force for CO2 efflux that is lowest in fish, intermediate in amphibians and highest in reptiles. The pattern of increased PaCO2 and the resultant reduction of pHa to increased body temperature would serve to increase CO2 efflux, O2 delivery, blood buffering capacity and maintain ventilatory scope. This represents a new hypothesis for the selective advantage of arterial pH regulation from a systems physiology perspective in addition to the advantages of maintenance of protein structure-function. Title: A Metabolic Hypothesis for the Evolution of Temperature Effects on the Arterial PCO2 and pH of Vertebrate Ectotherms Author: Hillman, Stanley S., Hedrick, Michael Scott Year: 2017 Body temperature increases in ectothermic vertebrates characteristically lead to both increases in arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and declines in resting arterial pH (pHa) of about 0.017 pH units/°C increase in temperature. This ‘alphastat’ pH pattern has previously been interpreted as being evolutionarily-driven by the maintenance of a constant protonation state on the imidazole moiety of histidine protein residues, hence stabilizing protein structure-function. Analysis of the existing data for interclass responses of ectothermic vertebrates show different degrees of PaCO2 increases and pH declines with temperature between the classes with reptiles>amphibians>fish. The PaCO2 at the temperature where maximal aerobic metabolism (VO2max) is achieved is significantly and positively correlated with temperature for all vertebrate classes. For ectotherms, the PaCO2 where VO2max is greatest is also correlated with VO2max indicating there is an increased driving force for CO2 efflux that is lowest in fish, intermediate in amphibians and highest in reptiles. The pattern of increased PaCO2 and the resultant reduction of pHa to increased body temperature would serve to increase CO2 efflux, O2 delivery, blood buffering capacity and maintain ventilatory scope. This represents a new hypothesis for the selective advantage of arterial pH regulation from a systems physiology perspective in addition to the advantages of maintenance of protein structure-function. Close

• 46. [Article] International Refugee Law

  This article analyzes the international refugee law regime in order to analyze European Union policies towards asylum seekers in light of the Syrian refugee crisis. By comparing the 1951 Refugee Convention ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International Refugee Law Author: Loveland, Olivia A. Year: 2016 This article analyzes the international refugee law regime in order to analyze European Union policies towards asylum seekers in light of the Syrian refugee crisis. By comparing the 1951 Refugee Convention and regional legal instruments such as the European Convention on Human Rights policies such as the Dublin Regulation and border controls are analyzed to determine their legality. These policies on the surface appear to be violating basic principle of International Refugee Law such as non-refoulement, however on closer inspection have legal basis. A trend among States to interpret the law in a way that deters refugees is rampant. With that said, there are cases that have found Human Rights violations. Title: International Refugee Law Author: Loveland, Olivia A. Year: 2016 This article analyzes the international refugee law regime in order to analyze European Union policies towards asylum seekers in light of the Syrian refugee crisis. By comparing the 1951 Refugee Convention and regional legal instruments such as the European Convention on Human Rights policies such as the Dublin Regulation and border controls are analyzed to determine their legality. These policies on the surface appear to be violating basic principle of International Refugee Law such as non-refoulement, however on closer inspection have legal basis. A trend among States to interpret the law in a way that deters refugees is rampant. With that said, there are cases that have found Human Rights violations. Close

• 47. [Article] Gun Control in the United States: an Analysis of Federal and International Policies and Applications

  This paper will examine past and present U.S. gun control policies to better understand the current legal state of gun control, but also to assess gun culture in a nation that was built on its Second Amendment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gun Control in the United States: an Analysis of Federal and International Policies and Applications Author: Hummer, Claire Year: 2016 This paper will examine past and present U.S. gun control policies to better understand the current legal state of gun control, but also to assess gun culture in a nation that was built on its Second Amendment right to bear arms. In addition to U.S. policy, international agreements and gun control policies in other countries will also be analyzed to determine if those policies would be feasible in the U.S., or if the country’s gun culture and legal precedents would simply strike down any attempt to establish more thorough regulations. Title: Gun Control in the United States: an Analysis of Federal and International Policies and Applications Author: Hummer, Claire Year: 2016 This paper will examine past and present U.S. gun control policies to better understand the current legal state of gun control, but also to assess gun culture in a nation that was built on its Second Amendment right to bear arms. In addition to U.S. policy, international agreements and gun control policies in other countries will also be analyzed to determine if those policies would be feasible in the U.S., or if the country’s gun culture and legal precedents would simply strike down any attempt to establish more thorough regulations. Close

• 48. [Article] Trends and Challenges of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems – A Review

  This paper presents a literature review of the recent developments and trends pertaining to Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS). In countries with high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trends and Challenges of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems – A Review Author: Obi, Manasseh, Bass, Robert Year: 2016 This paper presents a literature review of the recent developments and trends pertaining to Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS). In countries with high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) resources, GCPVS have been shown to cause inadvertent stress on the electrical grid. A review of the existing and future standards that addresses the technical challenges associated with the growing number of GCPVS is presented. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Tracking (ST) and the use of transformless inverters can all lead to high efficiency gains of Photovoltaic (PV) systems while ensuring minimal interference with the grid. Inverters that support ancillary services like reactive power control, frequency regulation and energy storage are critical for mitigating the challenges caused by the growing adoption of GCPVS. Title: Trends and Challenges of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems – A Review Author: Obi, Manasseh, Bass, Robert Year: 2016 This paper presents a literature review of the recent developments and trends pertaining to Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS). In countries with high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) resources, GCPVS have been shown to cause inadvertent stress on the electrical grid. A review of the existing and future standards that addresses the technical challenges associated with the growing number of GCPVS is presented. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Tracking (ST) and the use of transformless inverters can all lead to high efficiency gains of Photovoltaic (PV) systems while ensuring minimal interference with the grid. Inverters that support ancillary services like reactive power control, frequency regulation and energy storage are critical for mitigating the challenges caused by the growing adoption of GCPVS. Close

• 49. [Article] Scattering of Light From Graphene-Coated Nanoparticles of Negative Refractive Index

  The recent study of the Lorenz-Mie scattering from a graphene-coated sphere is extended to the case when the sphere is of negative refractive index, focusing on the two intriguing phenomena observed previously ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scattering of Light From Graphene-Coated Nanoparticles of Negative Refractive Index Author: Bian, Tingting, Gao, Xingru, Yu, Shen, Jiang, Lixia Year: 2017 The recent study of the Lorenz-Mie scattering from a graphene-coated sphere is extended to the case when the sphere is of negative refractive index, focusing on the two intriguing phenomena observed previously for a “bare” negative index sphere of sub-wavelength sizes, namely, the non-Rayleigh behavior and the low-frequency resonances. It is observed that while the graphene coating can regulate the non-Rayleigh scattering back towards Rayleigh, manifested with its own low frequency plasmonic resonances in the IR region; the low-frequency peak observed previously can be significantly suppressed with the result rather insensitive to the doping level of the graphene layer. These graphene-induced effects are clarified via a study of the Bohren-Hunt theory in the limit of small size parameters for the negative refracting sphere. Title: Scattering of Light From Graphene-Coated Nanoparticles of Negative Refractive Index Author: Bian, Tingting, Gao, Xingru, Yu, Shen, Jiang, Lixia Year: 2017 The recent study of the Lorenz-Mie scattering from a graphene-coated sphere is extended to the case when the sphere is of negative refractive index, focusing on the two intriguing phenomena observed previously for a “bare” negative index sphere of sub-wavelength sizes, namely, the non-Rayleigh behavior and the low-frequency resonances. It is observed that while the graphene coating can regulate the non-Rayleigh scattering back towards Rayleigh, manifested with its own low frequency plasmonic resonances in the IR region; the low-frequency peak observed previously can be significantly suppressed with the result rather insensitive to the doping level of the graphene layer. These graphene-induced effects are clarified via a study of the Bohren-Hunt theory in the limit of small size parameters for the negative refracting sphere. Close

• 50. [Article] Efforts to Curtail the Spread of Adult Entertainment in Portland, Oregon, through the Use of Public Policy and Urban Planning, 1970-1987

  Like many American cities, Portland attempted to use urban planning and policy to control the geographic spread of adult entertainment during the 1970s. Portland’s efforts, however, were complicated by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Efforts to Curtail the Spread of Adult Entertainment in Portland, Oregon, through the Use of Public Policy and Urban Planning, 1970-1987 Author: Mylott Morehead, Elizabeth Year: 2016 Like many American cities, Portland attempted to use urban planning and policy to control the geographic spread of adult entertainment during the 1970s. Portland’s efforts, however, were complicated by Oregon’s famously liberal state constitution. City Hall, the City Attorney, and the Planning Bureau spent nearly two decades trying to find a solution that would please angry city residents without violating the state constitution. As city officials worked to find a unique solution for their city, the technology used to disseminate adult entertainment was changing. Technological change was more rapid than policy change. The regulations ultimately adopted by the city did not fit the new landscape of adult businesses. Title: Efforts to Curtail the Spread of Adult Entertainment in Portland, Oregon, through the Use of Public Policy and Urban Planning, 1970-1987 Author: Mylott Morehead, Elizabeth Year: 2016 Like many American cities, Portland attempted to use urban planning and policy to control the geographic spread of adult entertainment during the 1970s. Portland’s efforts, however, were complicated by Oregon’s famously liberal state constitution. City Hall, the City Attorney, and the Planning Bureau spent nearly two decades trying to find a solution that would please angry city residents without violating the state constitution. As city officials worked to find a unique solution for their city, the technology used to disseminate adult entertainment was changing. Technological change was more rapid than policy change. The regulations ultimately adopted by the city did not fit the new landscape of adult businesses. Close