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• 71. [Article] American Sign Language Education Programs for Parents: Effectiveness and Accessibility for Local Programing

  61 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Communication Disorders and Sciences and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: American Sign Language Education Programs for Parents: Effectiveness and Accessibility for Local Programing Author: Smith, Laurel Alexandra Year: 2017 61 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Communication Disorders and Sciences and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2017 Title: American Sign Language Education Programs for Parents: Effectiveness and Accessibility for Local Programing Author: Smith, Laurel Alexandra Year: 2017 61 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Communication Disorders and Sciences and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2017 Close

• 72. [Article] Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952

  This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952 Author: Jessie, Alison Leigh Year: 2015 This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers on the West Coast. The anti-Japanese movement was much larger in California, but this paper focuses on the attitudes in Oregon, which at times echoed sentiments in California but at other times conveyed support for Japanese naturalization. Naturalization laws at the turn of the century were vague, leaving the task of defining who was white, and thus eligible for naturalization, to the courts. Japanese applicants were often denied, but until the federal government clarified which immigrants could or could not become citizens, the subject remained open to debate. "Ineligibility to naturalization" was often used as a code for "Japanese" in discriminatory land use laws and similar legislation at the state level in California and in other western states. This study highlights several factors which influenced Oregonian editorials on the subject. First, the fear of offending Japan and provoking war with that empire was a foremost concern of Oregonian editors. California's moves to use naturalization law to prevent Japanese immigrants from owning land were seen as dangerous because they damaged relations with Japan and could lead to war. The Oregonian went so far as to recommend Japanese naturalization during the First World War. However, war and foreign relations were federal issues, thus the second theme seen throughout Oregonian editorials was deference to federal authority on questions related to naturalization. While suggesting that naturalization for existing immigrants might be good policy, the Oregonian urged the federal government to settle the matter. Once the Supreme Court ruled against Asian naturalization in 1922 and 1923, the Oregonian dropped its push for such rights. Nativism was another theme that influenced opinions at this time, and before 1923 the Oregonian generally opposed extreme nativist positions, while at the same time advocating for limits to Japanese immigration and against mixed marriages. This paper does not deal with the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II because naturalization was not the issue for the anti-exclusion movement at the time. Citizenship did not give the Nisei, second generation Japanese American citizens, any protection against their wartime removal from the West Coast. This study returns to the issue of naturalization for Japanese immigrants after the war, as a number of Issei, first generation Japanese immigrants, still lived in the United States but were denied citizenship, even though most had been in the country for decades at that point. There was less opposition to Japanese naturalization after the war due to the noted loyalty of the Japanese during the war, the focus on human rights as an issue promoted by the new United Nations, and Cold War politics which demanded better relations with Japan and thus fairer treatment of Japanese living in the United States. The Oregonian editorials reflected the shift in public opinion throughout the country in favor of lifting the racial bar to citizenship. Japanese Americans in Oregon were active in the campaign to change U.S. naturalization law. The issue was more important to the Japanese American community than it was to the Oregonian editorial board by then, as other Cold War events took precedence on the front and op-ed pages of the newspaper. Title: Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952 Author: Jessie, Alison Leigh Year: 2015 This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers on the West Coast. The anti-Japanese movement was much larger in California, but this paper focuses on the attitudes in Oregon, which at times echoed sentiments in California but at other times conveyed support for Japanese naturalization. Naturalization laws at the turn of the century were vague, leaving the task of defining who was white, and thus eligible for naturalization, to the courts. Japanese applicants were often denied, but until the federal government clarified which immigrants could or could not become citizens, the subject remained open to debate. "Ineligibility to naturalization" was often used as a code for "Japanese" in discriminatory land use laws and similar legislation at the state level in California and in other western states. This study highlights several factors which influenced Oregonian editorials on the subject. First, the fear of offending Japan and provoking war with that empire was a foremost concern of Oregonian editors. California's moves to use naturalization law to prevent Japanese immigrants from owning land were seen as dangerous because they damaged relations with Japan and could lead to war. The Oregonian went so far as to recommend Japanese naturalization during the First World War. However, war and foreign relations were federal issues, thus the second theme seen throughout Oregonian editorials was deference to federal authority on questions related to naturalization. While suggesting that naturalization for existing immigrants might be good policy, the Oregonian urged the federal government to settle the matter. Once the Supreme Court ruled against Asian naturalization in 1922 and 1923, the Oregonian dropped its push for such rights. Nativism was another theme that influenced opinions at this time, and before 1923 the Oregonian generally opposed extreme nativist positions, while at the same time advocating for limits to Japanese immigration and against mixed marriages. This paper does not deal with the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II because naturalization was not the issue for the anti-exclusion movement at the time. Citizenship did not give the Nisei, second generation Japanese American citizens, any protection against their wartime removal from the West Coast. This study returns to the issue of naturalization for Japanese immigrants after the war, as a number of Issei, first generation Japanese immigrants, still lived in the United States but were denied citizenship, even though most had been in the country for decades at that point. There was less opposition to Japanese naturalization after the war due to the noted loyalty of the Japanese during the war, the focus on human rights as an issue promoted by the new United Nations, and Cold War politics which demanded better relations with Japan and thus fairer treatment of Japanese living in the United States. The Oregonian editorials reflected the shift in public opinion throughout the country in favor of lifting the racial bar to citizenship. Japanese Americans in Oregon were active in the campaign to change U.S. naturalization law. The issue was more important to the Japanese American community than it was to the Oregonian editorial board by then, as other Cold War events took precedence on the front and op-ed pages of the newspaper. Close

• 73. [Article] The Empire and the Editor: the Ku Klux Klan in Heppner, Oregon

  50 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of History and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2015...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Empire and the Editor: the Ku Klux Klan in Heppner, Oregon Author: Cronkrite, Gavin Year: 2015 50 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of History and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2015. Title: The Empire and the Editor: the Ku Klux Klan in Heppner, Oregon Author: Cronkrite, Gavin Year: 2015 50 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of History and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2015. Close

• 74. [Article] More than Meets the Eye: Latino Students in a Two-Way Immersion Program and Stereotype Threat

  Figures from the 2010 Census indicate that there are 50.5 million Latinos (16% of the total population) living in the United States (US) today. From 2000 to 2010, the Latino population experienced a very ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: More than Meets the Eye: Latino Students in a Two-Way Immersion Program and Stereotype Threat Author: Solares Vega, Edgar Ubaldino Year: 2016 Figures from the 2010 Census indicate that there are 50.5 million Latinos (16% of the total population) living in the United States (US) today. From 2000 to 2010, the Latino population experienced a very rapid growth rate of 43%, which accounted for over half the total population growth. More and more Latino students are entering our public schools and face the reality that 62 years after the Brown V. Board of Education ruling to integrate schools and equalize educational opportunities, schools are more racially and economically segregated and more unequal than they were more than half a century ago. As a group, Latinos continue to struggle academically and there is a large academic achievement gap between Latino students and White students. Using the lens of Latino Critical race theory, this narrative study was an attempt to understand the educational experience of five Latino students in a two-way immersion program within a racialized public education system in which negative stereotypes, such as lack of intellectual abilities, could create a threatening environment hindering their academic success. This narrative inquiry study sought to understand how, if at all, Latino students in a fifth grade two-way immersion program experienced anxiety about the ways they believe to be perceived in the classroom and school settings by their teachers and other classmates. Finding of this study confirmed the relative success of two-way immersion programs educating Latino students and highlighted the urgent need to conduct more research in bilingual settings trying to understand the role stereotype threat might play in the educational experience of Latino students. The fact that Latino students were still lagging behind their native English-speaking counterparts in the TWI program is a reality that must be researched further to understand the lived experiences of Latino students in bilingual programs. Title: More than Meets the Eye: Latino Students in a Two-Way Immersion Program and Stereotype Threat Author: Solares Vega, Edgar Ubaldino Year: 2016 Figures from the 2010 Census indicate that there are 50.5 million Latinos (16% of the total population) living in the United States (US) today. From 2000 to 2010, the Latino population experienced a very rapid growth rate of 43%, which accounted for over half the total population growth. More and more Latino students are entering our public schools and face the reality that 62 years after the Brown V. Board of Education ruling to integrate schools and equalize educational opportunities, schools are more racially and economically segregated and more unequal than they were more than half a century ago. As a group, Latinos continue to struggle academically and there is a large academic achievement gap between Latino students and White students. Using the lens of Latino Critical race theory, this narrative study was an attempt to understand the educational experience of five Latino students in a two-way immersion program within a racialized public education system in which negative stereotypes, such as lack of intellectual abilities, could create a threatening environment hindering their academic success. This narrative inquiry study sought to understand how, if at all, Latino students in a fifth grade two-way immersion program experienced anxiety about the ways they believe to be perceived in the classroom and school settings by their teachers and other classmates. Finding of this study confirmed the relative success of two-way immersion programs educating Latino students and highlighted the urgent need to conduct more research in bilingual settings trying to understand the role stereotype threat might play in the educational experience of Latino students. The fact that Latino students were still lagging behind their native English-speaking counterparts in the TWI program is a reality that must be researched further to understand the lived experiences of Latino students in bilingual programs. Close

• 75. [Article] Historic Douglas-Fir Colonization and Land Use Practices at Restoration Sites Near Eugene, OR

  49 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Environment Science and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historic Douglas-Fir Colonization and Land Use Practices at Restoration Sites Near Eugene, OR Author: Martin, Wade Year: 2015 49 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Environment Science and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2015. Title: Historic Douglas-Fir Colonization and Land Use Practices at Restoration Sites Near Eugene, OR Author: Martin, Wade Year: 2015 49 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Environment Science and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2015. Close

• 76. [Article] Prosodic Realization of Focus in Second Language Speech: Effects of Language Experience

  Prosodic focus is phonetically realized by increasing duration, F0 and intensity on the focused constituents in a sentence. In some languages, there is a concomitant compression of F0 and intensity after ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prosodic Realization of Focus in Second Language Speech: Effects of Language Experience Author: Chen, Ying Year: 2014 Prosodic focus is phonetically realized by increasing duration, F0 and intensity on the focused constituents in a sentence. In some languages, there is a concomitant compression of F0 and intensity after the focused item, referred to as post-focus compression (PFC). Southern Min is a tone language that does not have PFC, while Beijing Mandarin is a tone language that does. Like Mandarin, American English has PFC; unlike Mandarin, American English has lexical stress rather than lexical tone. The current dissertation investigated the phonetic realization of focus in second language Mandarin by Southern Min and English learners and its realization in English by Mandarin learners. Second language experience was also manipulated in each of the investigations. The findings were that younger Southern Min speakers, who used more L2 Mandarin than the mid-age and older speakers, produced substantial PFC in Mandarin. Chinese-heritage American learners, who were exposed to Mandarin earlier than non-Chinese-heritage learners, produced some PFC in Mandarin while non-Chinese-heritage learners did not produce any. Finally, Chinese students in college with longer residencies in the United States produced more PFC in English than those with shorter residencies. American English speakers were also found to have more difficulties producing contour tones compared to the high-level tone on target focused items in L2 Mandarin while Mandarin Chinese speakers had more difficulties in producing unstressed syllables compared to stressed syllables on target focused items in L2 English. Overall, the results support the Speech Learning Model prediction that similarities in L1 and L2 sound system result in difficulty acquiring L2 sounds. This may be especially true for prosody because there are interactions between word- and sentence-level patterns. The results also confirm that age of learning is especially important for native-like acquisition of an L2; however, for early learners, the amount of L2 use and length of residence in the L2-speaking environment also clearly impact the acquisition of L2 prosody. Finally, the results suggest that production of PFC in a language that requires it provides a good index of second language speech proficiency. Title: Prosodic Realization of Focus in Second Language Speech: Effects of Language Experience Author: Chen, Ying Year: 2014 Prosodic focus is phonetically realized by increasing duration, F0 and intensity on the focused constituents in a sentence. In some languages, there is a concomitant compression of F0 and intensity after the focused item, referred to as post-focus compression (PFC). Southern Min is a tone language that does not have PFC, while Beijing Mandarin is a tone language that does. Like Mandarin, American English has PFC; unlike Mandarin, American English has lexical stress rather than lexical tone. The current dissertation investigated the phonetic realization of focus in second language Mandarin by Southern Min and English learners and its realization in English by Mandarin learners. Second language experience was also manipulated in each of the investigations. The findings were that younger Southern Min speakers, who used more L2 Mandarin than the mid-age and older speakers, produced substantial PFC in Mandarin. Chinese-heritage American learners, who were exposed to Mandarin earlier than non-Chinese-heritage learners, produced some PFC in Mandarin while non-Chinese-heritage learners did not produce any. Finally, Chinese students in college with longer residencies in the United States produced more PFC in English than those with shorter residencies. American English speakers were also found to have more difficulties producing contour tones compared to the high-level tone on target focused items in L2 Mandarin while Mandarin Chinese speakers had more difficulties in producing unstressed syllables compared to stressed syllables on target focused items in L2 English. Overall, the results support the Speech Learning Model prediction that similarities in L1 and L2 sound system result in difficulty acquiring L2 sounds. This may be especially true for prosody because there are interactions between word- and sentence-level patterns. The results also confirm that age of learning is especially important for native-like acquisition of an L2; however, for early learners, the amount of L2 use and length of residence in the L2-speaking environment also clearly impact the acquisition of L2 prosody. Finally, the results suggest that production of PFC in a language that requires it provides a good index of second language speech proficiency. Close

• 77. [Article] Tsunami and Salvage: The Archaeological Landscape of the Beeswax Wreck, Oregon, USA

  Unidentified shipwrecks were a relatively common sight on the beaches of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America in the nineteenth century, as recorded in accounts written in newspapers and journals ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tsunami and Salvage: The Archaeological Landscape of the Beeswax Wreck, Oregon, USA Author: Williams, Scott S., Marken, Mitch, Peterson, Curt Year: 2017 Unidentified shipwrecks were a relatively common sight on the beaches of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America in the nineteenth century, as recorded in accounts written in newspapers and journals of the period. Such wrecks were common enough that they typically warranted only brief mention, and the vessels were usually assumed to be Asian junks or early traders or whalers who wrecked on the coast before the settlers moved in. One wreck, however, drew much more attention due to its unusual cargo and a set of unique circumstances that led to the concentration and later visibility of that cargo: the Beeswax Wreck of Nehalem, Oregon. The Beeswax Wreck was a large vessel constructed of Asian hardwoods, carrying a very large cargo of beeswax in the form of candles and blocks marked with Spanish shipping symbols. Both the beeswax and ships timbers, along with porcelain vessels and other items of flotsam, were concentrated on the barren, Aeolian sandspit separating the Nehalem River from the ocean. This wreckage was deposited above the reach of tides and storm waves, and on a spit of unvegetated sand which alternately covered and exposed wreck materials as Aeolian dunes migrated across the spit. The mechanism of this deposition was a large tsunami that deposited buoyant wreck material on tsunami strandlines of the spit and river valley, creating an archaeological landscape formed first by the wreck processes, then reshaped by the tsunami, and then reshaped again as first local Indians and then later Euro-American settlers mined the wreckage for valued goods and a rumored treasure. Changing environmental conditions, including tectonic uplift, sand accretion, and stabilization of the spit dunes by non-native vegetation have altered the landscape even more since the vessel wrecked. This unique set of events and environmental conditions that preserved wreckage for archaeological investigation allows us to say with some certainty that the vessel was the Manila galleon Santo Cristo de Burgos, which left the Philippines in 1693 and was never seen again. Title: Tsunami and Salvage: The Archaeological Landscape of the Beeswax Wreck, Oregon, USA Author: Williams, Scott S., Marken, Mitch, Peterson, Curt Year: 2017 Unidentified shipwrecks were a relatively common sight on the beaches of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America in the nineteenth century, as recorded in accounts written in newspapers and journals of the period. Such wrecks were common enough that they typically warranted only brief mention, and the vessels were usually assumed to be Asian junks or early traders or whalers who wrecked on the coast before the settlers moved in. One wreck, however, drew much more attention due to its unusual cargo and a set of unique circumstances that led to the concentration and later visibility of that cargo: the Beeswax Wreck of Nehalem, Oregon. The Beeswax Wreck was a large vessel constructed of Asian hardwoods, carrying a very large cargo of beeswax in the form of candles and blocks marked with Spanish shipping symbols. Both the beeswax and ships timbers, along with porcelain vessels and other items of flotsam, were concentrated on the barren, Aeolian sandspit separating the Nehalem River from the ocean. This wreckage was deposited above the reach of tides and storm waves, and on a spit of unvegetated sand which alternately covered and exposed wreck materials as Aeolian dunes migrated across the spit. The mechanism of this deposition was a large tsunami that deposited buoyant wreck material on tsunami strandlines of the spit and river valley, creating an archaeological landscape formed first by the wreck processes, then reshaped by the tsunami, and then reshaped again as first local Indians and then later Euro-American settlers mined the wreckage for valued goods and a rumored treasure. Changing environmental conditions, including tectonic uplift, sand accretion, and stabilization of the spit dunes by non-native vegetation have altered the landscape even more since the vessel wrecked. This unique set of events and environmental conditions that preserved wreckage for archaeological investigation allows us to say with some certainty that the vessel was the Manila galleon Santo Cristo de Burgos, which left the Philippines in 1693 and was never seen again. Close

• 78. [Article] Second Language Acquisition in 6- to 8-Year-Old Native Spanish-Speaking Children: ERP Studies of Phonological Awareness, Semantics, and Syntax

  Most people in the world and about a fifth of all school-aged Americans speak at least two languages. Nevertheless, little is known about second language (L2) processing in development, even though language ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Second Language Acquisition in 6- to 8-Year-Old Native Spanish-Speaking Children: ERP Studies of Phonological Awareness, Semantics, and Syntax Author: Andersson, Annika Year: 2012, 2014 Most people in the world and about a fifth of all school-aged Americans speak at least two languages. Nevertheless, little is known about second language (L2) processing in development, even though language proficiency is strongly related to success in almost all domains. Whereas behavioral studies of L2 acquisition in children are abundant, neurocognitive studies of L2 processing typically are limited to adults with several years of exposure, who may use general cognitive mechanisms to compensate for any difficulties in L2 processing. Research on bilingual adults suggests that age of acquisition (AoA) and proficiency have different effects on different aspects of L2 processing. The present study therefore recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in order to index processes of phonological awareness (Rhyming effect: RE), semantics (N400), and syntax (LAN, P600) in bilingual and monolingual children 6-8 years of age. Even though behaviorally, bilingual children with an average AoA of 4 years had lower English proficiency than monolingual children, proficiency predicted similar differences in ERPs across groups: greater proficiency was linked with shorter latencies and higher amplitudes of all ERP components. Latency in these cases represents speed of processing while amplitude of ERP effects in children can be thought of as an indication of detection of the introduced violations. The appearance of the anterior rhyming effect, latency of the posterior rhyming effect, along with the distribution of the anterior ERP effect for phrase structure violations were related to AoA. More specifically, bilingual 6- to 8-year olds of higher English proficiency processed rhyming nonwords slower than 3- to 5-year-old monolingual children, which could have a strong impact on later vocabulary acquisition. Differences across lingualism groups in distribution of the anterior negativity elicited by phrase structure violations could indicate different neural generators for processing of syntax. Noteworthy is that differences in processing as illustrated by these ERP effects were recorded even though in both these cases bilingual children's English proficiency were within the normal range expected of monolingual children of similar age. Early acquisition was thus important for processing of rhyming and for more automatic syntactic processing as revealed by differences in the anterior negativity. Title: Second Language Acquisition in 6- to 8-Year-Old Native Spanish-Speaking Children: ERP Studies of Phonological Awareness, Semantics, and Syntax Author: Andersson, Annika Year: 2012, 2014 Most people in the world and about a fifth of all school-aged Americans speak at least two languages. Nevertheless, little is known about second language (L2) processing in development, even though language proficiency is strongly related to success in almost all domains. Whereas behavioral studies of L2 acquisition in children are abundant, neurocognitive studies of L2 processing typically are limited to adults with several years of exposure, who may use general cognitive mechanisms to compensate for any difficulties in L2 processing. Research on bilingual adults suggests that age of acquisition (AoA) and proficiency have different effects on different aspects of L2 processing. The present study therefore recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in order to index processes of phonological awareness (Rhyming effect: RE), semantics (N400), and syntax (LAN, P600) in bilingual and monolingual children 6-8 years of age. Even though behaviorally, bilingual children with an average AoA of 4 years had lower English proficiency than monolingual children, proficiency predicted similar differences in ERPs across groups: greater proficiency was linked with shorter latencies and higher amplitudes of all ERP components. Latency in these cases represents speed of processing while amplitude of ERP effects in children can be thought of as an indication of detection of the introduced violations. The appearance of the anterior rhyming effect, latency of the posterior rhyming effect, along with the distribution of the anterior ERP effect for phrase structure violations were related to AoA. More specifically, bilingual 6- to 8-year olds of higher English proficiency processed rhyming nonwords slower than 3- to 5-year-old monolingual children, which could have a strong impact on later vocabulary acquisition. Differences across lingualism groups in distribution of the anterior negativity elicited by phrase structure violations could indicate different neural generators for processing of syntax. Noteworthy is that differences in processing as illustrated by these ERP effects were recorded even though in both these cases bilingual children's English proficiency were within the normal range expected of monolingual children of similar age. Early acquisition was thus important for processing of rhyming and for more automatic syntactic processing as revealed by differences in the anterior negativity. Close