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• 41. [Article] Bibliography of Douglas-fir provenance studies, 1907-1974

  Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) is one of the world's most important and valuable timber trees. Its natural distribution in North America resembles an inverted V with uneven sides. From ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bibliography of Douglas-fir provenance studies, 1907-1974 Author: Ching, Kim K., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hermann, Richard K. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) is one of the world's most important and valuable timber trees. Its natural distribution in North America resembles an inverted V with uneven sides. From the apex in British Columbia, the western half extends along the Pacific mountain ranges into California for about 2,200 km (1,400 miles). The eastern half stretches along the Rocky Mountains of Canada and the United States into the mountains of central Mexico over a distance of about 4,500 km (2,800 miles). Douglas-fir was introduced into the British Isles 35 years after its discovery by Archibald Menzies on Vancouver Island in 1792. Since then, the cultivation of this species has spread to many parts of Europe, New Zealand, Australia, and some of the temperate regions of South America. At the beginning of the present century, foresters became aware that the tremendous divergence of climate, topography, soils, and other environmental conditions throughout the range of Douglas-fir was accompanied by an equally great genetic diversity within this species. The first provenance studies of Douglas-fir date back to that period, and additional provenance tests were initiated in subsequent decades. Interest in provenance studies for better understanding of variation in growth and development of the species, and their implications for improvement of future crops of trees, has continued to this day. The international Douglas-fir study that was begun in 1966-67 with the cooperation of many nations, and the IUFRO meeting in 1973 dealing with the various aspects of Douglas-fir provenance research are indicative of the efforts in this field. Results of provenance studies are contained in many publications, dissertations, and unpublished reports. Because many of these papers are obscure or not easily accessible, we have prepared this bibliography for all those interested in Douglas-fir provenance research. However hard we have tried to include all relevant publications, some worthwhile papers may have been omitted. We hope that our continuing search for additional materials, in conjunction with comments and suggestions from readers of this bibliography, will rectify the situation. Title: Bibliography of Douglas-fir provenance studies, 1907-1974 Author: Ching, Kim K., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hermann, Richard K. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) is one of the world's most important and valuable timber trees. Its natural distribution in North America resembles an inverted V with uneven sides. From the apex in British Columbia, the western half extends along the Pacific mountain ranges into California for about 2,200 km (1,400 miles). The eastern half stretches along the Rocky Mountains of Canada and the United States into the mountains of central Mexico over a distance of about 4,500 km (2,800 miles). Douglas-fir was introduced into the British Isles 35 years after its discovery by Archibald Menzies on Vancouver Island in 1792. Since then, the cultivation of this species has spread to many parts of Europe, New Zealand, Australia, and some of the temperate regions of South America. At the beginning of the present century, foresters became aware that the tremendous divergence of climate, topography, soils, and other environmental conditions throughout the range of Douglas-fir was accompanied by an equally great genetic diversity within this species. The first provenance studies of Douglas-fir date back to that period, and additional provenance tests were initiated in subsequent decades. Interest in provenance studies for better understanding of variation in growth and development of the species, and their implications for improvement of future crops of trees, has continued to this day. The international Douglas-fir study that was begun in 1966-67 with the cooperation of many nations, and the IUFRO meeting in 1973 dealing with the various aspects of Douglas-fir provenance research are indicative of the efforts in this field. Results of provenance studies are contained in many publications, dissertations, and unpublished reports. Because many of these papers are obscure or not easily accessible, we have prepared this bibliography for all those interested in Douglas-fir provenance research. However hard we have tried to include all relevant publications, some worthwhile papers may have been omitted. We hope that our continuing search for additional materials, in conjunction with comments and suggestions from readers of this bibliography, will rectify the situation. Close

• 42. [Article] Wood and bark residues in Oregon : trends in their use

  The forest-products industries are most important to the state of Oregon. Oregon leads the nation in the production of plywood, lumber, and particle board. More than half of softwood plywood production ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wood and bark residues in Oregon : trends in their use Author: Scroggins, T. L., Corder, Stanley E., Everson, G. D., Meade, W. E., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory The forest-products industries are most important to the state of Oregon. Oregon leads the nation in the production of plywood, lumber, and particle board. More than half of softwood plywood production in the United States came from Oregon at the time of this survey, and more than a fifth of the lumber and about a third of the particle board were produced in Oregon. Over 90 percent of the logs harvested in the state at the time of this survey were destined for sawmills and plywood plants. In producing lumber and plywood from logs, less than half of the entering log volume emerges as the finished primary product. That portion of the log remaining consists of such items as bark, sawdust, shavings, slabs; veneer trim, plywop-dArim, cores, and sander dust. This portion that remains after primary manufacture frequently is called residue.f Ouch of this residue formerly was considered waste and usually was disposed of by burning. But now a large portion of this residue material is recovered for other uses-primarily as raw material for paper and wood-composition board manufacture. If residue is not used, it presents a problem of disposal within allowable limits of pollution ! Because these residue materials are a valuable raw material, we conducted a survey of virtually all sawmills and plywood plants in the state to determine how these residues were being used; to point out what quantities might be available for future use; and to note the changes that had occurred in residue usage since previous surveys. An additional objective was to obtain information on a material balance' for sawmill and plywood plants, so that conversion factors could be developed for estimating average quantities of different types of residue generated from a given production of lumber or plywood. From these conversion factors, the average amount of a given type of residue that might be expected in producing a given board footage of lumber or a given square footage of plywood can be estimated. Title: Wood and bark residues in Oregon : trends in their use Author: Scroggins, T. L., Corder, Stanley E., Everson, G. D., Meade, W. E., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory The forest-products industries are most important to the state of Oregon. Oregon leads the nation in the production of plywood, lumber, and particle board. More than half of softwood plywood production in the United States came from Oregon at the time of this survey, and more than a fifth of the lumber and about a third of the particle board were produced in Oregon. Over 90 percent of the logs harvested in the state at the time of this survey were destined for sawmills and plywood plants. In producing lumber and plywood from logs, less than half of the entering log volume emerges as the finished primary product. That portion of the log remaining consists of such items as bark, sawdust, shavings, slabs; veneer trim, plywop-dArim, cores, and sander dust. This portion that remains after primary manufacture frequently is called residue.f Ouch of this residue formerly was considered waste and usually was disposed of by burning. But now a large portion of this residue material is recovered for other uses-primarily as raw material for paper and wood-composition board manufacture. If residue is not used, it presents a problem of disposal within allowable limits of pollution ! Because these residue materials are a valuable raw material, we conducted a survey of virtually all sawmills and plywood plants in the state to determine how these residues were being used; to point out what quantities might be available for future use; and to note the changes that had occurred in residue usage since previous surveys. An additional objective was to obtain information on a material balance' for sawmill and plywood plants, so that conversion factors could be developed for estimating average quantities of different types of residue generated from a given production of lumber or plywood. From these conversion factors, the average amount of a given type of residue that might be expected in producing a given board footage of lumber or a given square footage of plywood can be estimated. Close

• 43. [Article] Annotated references on managing young forests in the Douglas-fir region

  This bibliography lists selected references useful to the forester in managing young forests in the Douglas-fir region. The references pertain to those management activities that are carried on in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annotated references on managing young forests in the Douglas-fir region Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Berg, Alan B. This bibliography lists selected references useful to the forester in managing young forests in the Douglas-fir region. The references pertain to those management activities that are carried on in the forest from stand regeneration until final harvest. Emphasis is on silvicultural, operational, and economic aspects of management, but social and ecological aspects are also included. The publications are those that a practicing forester in the Pacific Northwest should have in his library or should at least be aware of. Most publications listed can be obtained by writing to the author or the issuing agency. The general publications and proceedings cover a variety of subjects on forest management. For example, subjects such as economics, ecology, and operations, although not listed by subject, are covered in the proceedings. Spacing tests begun in 1925 at the Wind River Douglas-fir plantation by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station with 1-1 seedlings are the oldest tests in the Pacific Northwest. They show trends in stand growth and development for spacings of 4 x 4, 5 x 5, 6 x 6, 8 x 8, 10 x 10, and 12 x 12 feet. Table 1 is a summary of that information periodically for the first 43 years. ' The levels-of-growing-stock cooperative study in Douglas-fir is in its early years. The publications describe the thinning regimes, the study areas, and the cooperators. During the next year, publications on several of the study areas will cover early response. The bibliography is not exhaustive, and the selection of publications is the sole responsibility of the author. Title: Annotated references on managing young forests in the Douglas-fir region Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Berg, Alan B. This bibliography lists selected references useful to the forester in managing young forests in the Douglas-fir region. The references pertain to those management activities that are carried on in the forest from stand regeneration until final harvest. Emphasis is on silvicultural, operational, and economic aspects of management, but social and ecological aspects are also included. The publications are those that a practicing forester in the Pacific Northwest should have in his library or should at least be aware of. Most publications listed can be obtained by writing to the author or the issuing agency. The general publications and proceedings cover a variety of subjects on forest management. For example, subjects such as economics, ecology, and operations, although not listed by subject, are covered in the proceedings. Spacing tests begun in 1925 at the Wind River Douglas-fir plantation by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station with 1-1 seedlings are the oldest tests in the Pacific Northwest. They show trends in stand growth and development for spacings of 4 x 4, 5 x 5, 6 x 6, 8 x 8, 10 x 10, and 12 x 12 feet. Table 1 is a summary of that information periodically for the first 43 years. ' The levels-of-growing-stock cooperative study in Douglas-fir is in its early years. The publications describe the thinning regimes, the study areas, and the cooperators. During the next year, publications on several of the study areas will cover early response. The bibliography is not exhaustive, and the selection of publications is the sole responsibility of the author. Close

• 44. [Article] Production and costs of cut-to-length thinning : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project

  Young Douglas-fir stands were commercially thinned to achieve vegetation- and wildlife-related objectives. Harvesting and forwarding production and costs were compared among three mechanized thinning treatments: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production and costs of cut-to-length thinning : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Spong, Ben, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Young Douglas-fir stands were commercially thinned to achieve vegetation- and wildlife-related objectives. Harvesting and forwarding production and costs were compared among three mechanized thinning treatments: light thin [(115 residual trees per acre (tpa)], light thin with 0.5-ac openings (92 residual tpa), and heavy thin (53 residual tpa). The sites were 40- to 50-yr-old stands in the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of central western Oregon. Using multiple linear regression equations with indicator variables, we compared both harvesting and forwarding cycle times among treatments. We conducted detailed time studies on a harvester and a forwarder and used these data to develop two regression equations to predict delay-free harvest cycle times and delay-free forwarding cycle times. Delay information was gathered from both shift-level and detailed time studies. Total costs for each treatment were obtained by combining costs for harvesting, forwarding, and moving equipment in and out for the entire operation. Harvesting and forwarding costs did not differ significantly between light and heavy treatments, but were higher in the light-thin-with- openings treatment. Total thinning costs among the three treatments ranged from $28.08 to $34.62/100 ft³. Title: Production and costs of cut-to-length thinning : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Spong, Ben, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Young Douglas-fir stands were commercially thinned to achieve vegetation- and wildlife-related objectives. Harvesting and forwarding production and costs were compared among three mechanized thinning treatments: light thin [(115 residual trees per acre (tpa)], light thin with 0.5-ac openings (92 residual tpa), and heavy thin (53 residual tpa). The sites were 40- to 50-yr-old stands in the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of central western Oregon. Using multiple linear regression equations with indicator variables, we compared both harvesting and forwarding cycle times among treatments. We conducted detailed time studies on a harvester and a forwarder and used these data to develop two regression equations to predict delay-free harvest cycle times and delay-free forwarding cycle times. Delay information was gathered from both shift-level and detailed time studies. Total costs for each treatment were obtained by combining costs for harvesting, forwarding, and moving equipment in and out for the entire operation. Harvesting and forwarding costs did not differ significantly between light and heavy treatments, but were higher in the light-thin-with- openings treatment. Total thinning costs among the three treatments ranged from $28.08 to $34.62/100 ft³. Close

• 45. [Article] Skyline thinning production and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project

  Production rates and costs for skyline harvesting were examined over a range of residual thinning intensities, operational methods, and sites. The sites included three stands of 40- to 50-yr-old Douglas-fir ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Skyline thinning production and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Miller, Mark E., Olsen, Eldon D., Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Production rates and costs for skyline harvesting were examined over a range of residual thinning intensities, operational methods, and sites. The sites included three stands of 40- to 50-yr-old Douglas-fir on the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Three silvicultural treatments were studied at two sites, and one silvicultural treatment at the third site. Detailed time studies were conducted on manual felling and uphill skyline yarding with small or mid-size yarders. Separate regression equations were developed to predict delay-free felling cycle time and delay-free yarding cycle time at each site. The three silvicultural treatments had no consistent influence on production rates and costs, because the initial stocking levels varied among treatments and the volume harvested did not necessarily correspond to the silvicultural treatment. Cost differences within sites, where operational methods were uniform, were small. Cost differences among sites for each activity, such as felling or yarding, were larger because of differences in operational methods. Total harvesting costs among the three sites were similar, ranging from $58 to $64/100 ft³. Title: Skyline thinning production and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Miller, Mark E., Olsen, Eldon D., Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Production rates and costs for skyline harvesting were examined over a range of residual thinning intensities, operational methods, and sites. The sites included three stands of 40- to 50-yr-old Douglas-fir on the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Three silvicultural treatments were studied at two sites, and one silvicultural treatment at the third site. Detailed time studies were conducted on manual felling and uphill skyline yarding with small or mid-size yarders. Separate regression equations were developed to predict delay-free felling cycle time and delay-free yarding cycle time at each site. The three silvicultural treatments had no consistent influence on production rates and costs, because the initial stocking levels varied among treatments and the volume harvested did not necessarily correspond to the silvicultural treatment. Cost differences within sites, where operational methods were uniform, were small. Cost differences among sites for each activity, such as felling or yarding, were larger because of differences in operational methods. Total harvesting costs among the three sites were similar, ranging from $58 to $64/100 ft³. Close

• 46. [Article] Tractor thinning productivity and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project

  Harvesting productivity rates and costs were determined for three silvicultural treatments used in commercial ground-based thinning of young stands to achieve timber management objectives and enhance wildlife ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tractor thinning productivity and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Davis, Chad T. (Chad Thomas), Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Harvesting productivity rates and costs were determined for three silvicultural treatments used in commercial ground-based thinning of young stands to achieve timber management objectives and enhance wildlife habitat. Treatment definitions were based on residual trees per acre (tpa) after thinning. The treatments were light thin (115 residual tpa), light thin with 0.5-ac openings (92 residual tpa), and heavy thin (53 residual tpa). The three study sites were 44- to 46- yr-old stands of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] located in the Cascade Mountains of west central Oregon. Detailed time studies were conducted on timber fallers and crawler tractors and used to develop multiple linear regression models to predict delay-free felling and skidding cycle times for each site. The independent variables common to the regression models to determine delay-free felling cycle time at all sites were diameter at breast height, number of cuts, and number of limbs cut. Only skidding distance was common to all regression models for determining delay-free skidding cycle time. Total costs for each treatment were obtained by combining felling, skidding, and moving costs for the entire operation. Felling costs ranged from $7.20/CCF to $17.73/CCF. Skidding and loading costs ranged from $15.42/CCF to $38.69/ CCF. The cost and productivity results from this study emphasize the importance for forest managers to consider factors such as volume removed and skidding distance when prescribing alternative silvicultural treatments for young Douglas-fir stands. Title: Tractor thinning productivity and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Davis, Chad T. (Chad Thomas), Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Harvesting productivity rates and costs were determined for three silvicultural treatments used in commercial ground-based thinning of young stands to achieve timber management objectives and enhance wildlife habitat. Treatment definitions were based on residual trees per acre (tpa) after thinning. The treatments were light thin (115 residual tpa), light thin with 0.5-ac openings (92 residual tpa), and heavy thin (53 residual tpa). The three study sites were 44- to 46- yr-old stands of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] located in the Cascade Mountains of west central Oregon. Detailed time studies were conducted on timber fallers and crawler tractors and used to develop multiple linear regression models to predict delay-free felling and skidding cycle times for each site. The independent variables common to the regression models to determine delay-free felling cycle time at all sites were diameter at breast height, number of cuts, and number of limbs cut. Only skidding distance was common to all regression models for determining delay-free skidding cycle time. Total costs for each treatment were obtained by combining felling, skidding, and moving costs for the entire operation. Felling costs ranged from $7.20/CCF to $17.73/CCF. Skidding and loading costs ranged from $15.42/CCF to $38.69/ CCF. The cost and productivity results from this study emphasize the importance for forest managers to consider factors such as volume removed and skidding distance when prescribing alternative silvicultural treatments for young Douglas-fir stands. Close

• 47. [Article] Riparian forest buffers on agricultural lands in the Oregon coast range : Beaver Creek riparian project as a case study

  Riparian areas in the Pacific Northwest have traditionally been a source of natural resources, such as timber and grazing, and have been used as transportation corridors and homestead sites. A primary impact ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian forest buffers on agricultural lands in the Oregon coast range : Beaver Creek riparian project as a case study Author: Rogers, William Reinhold, Bishaw, Badege, Emmingham, William H., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Riparian areas in the Pacific Northwest have traditionally been a source of natural resources, such as timber and grazing, and have been used as transportation corridors and homestead sites. A primary impact of use has been the removal of riparian trees, the crowns and roots of which provide shade and stream bank protection. Increases in water temperature can be lethal to salmonid fish, and decreasing salmon populations over the past few decades have resulted in an urgent need for improving the management of watersheds, fish habitat, and water quality. Leaving stream-side buffers is now required by state forest practices regulations on forest lands, but no regulations are in place on agricultural lands, where riparian trees have frequently been removed. In 1995, the Beaver Creek Riparian Buffer Project was established to develop better information about how to establish riparian buffers on coastal pastureland near Newport, Oregon. No riparian trees were present when the trial was begun. A replicated tree filter belt trial was established along the south bank of the creek to compare unplanted pasture (controls) with commercially valued red alder (Alnus rubra) planted at 6-ft spacing in belts 1 row, 3 rows, and 6 rows wide. Tree survival and height and diameter growth were compared, as well as the amount of shade produced by the three treatments and control. We used a LI-COR LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer to quantify shade. We found that intensive site preparation, continued vegetation management, and both fencing and tubing of tree seedlings were necessary to gain survival and protect seedlings from small rodents, beaver, and cattle. Fencing out cattle provided stream bank protection within 1 yr. Significant shading of the stream occurred 2–6 yr after planting, as trees grew tall enough to intercept a significant amount of light. Single row plantings that take a minimal amount of pasture offer significant shading only after 4–7 yr. A wider 6-row filter belt occupies a greater amount of pasture, but provides stream shading sooner than the other treatments. Title: Riparian forest buffers on agricultural lands in the Oregon coast range : Beaver Creek riparian project as a case study Author: Rogers, William Reinhold, Bishaw, Badege, Emmingham, William H., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Riparian areas in the Pacific Northwest have traditionally been a source of natural resources, such as timber and grazing, and have been used as transportation corridors and homestead sites. A primary impact of use has been the removal of riparian trees, the crowns and roots of which provide shade and stream bank protection. Increases in water temperature can be lethal to salmonid fish, and decreasing salmon populations over the past few decades have resulted in an urgent need for improving the management of watersheds, fish habitat, and water quality. Leaving stream-side buffers is now required by state forest practices regulations on forest lands, but no regulations are in place on agricultural lands, where riparian trees have frequently been removed. In 1995, the Beaver Creek Riparian Buffer Project was established to develop better information about how to establish riparian buffers on coastal pastureland near Newport, Oregon. No riparian trees were present when the trial was begun. A replicated tree filter belt trial was established along the south bank of the creek to compare unplanted pasture (controls) with commercially valued red alder (Alnus rubra) planted at 6-ft spacing in belts 1 row, 3 rows, and 6 rows wide. Tree survival and height and diameter growth were compared, as well as the amount of shade produced by the three treatments and control. We used a LI-COR LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer to quantify shade. We found that intensive site preparation, continued vegetation management, and both fencing and tubing of tree seedlings were necessary to gain survival and protect seedlings from small rodents, beaver, and cattle. Fencing out cattle provided stream bank protection within 1 yr. Significant shading of the stream occurred 2–6 yr after planting, as trees grew tall enough to intercept a significant amount of light. Single row plantings that take a minimal amount of pasture offer significant shading only after 4–7 yr. A wider 6-row filter belt occupies a greater amount of pasture, but provides stream shading sooner than the other treatments. Close