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• 31. [Article] A cost analysis of U.S. Forest Service campgrounds in the Pacific Northwest

  A detailed cost analysis was performed on 111 U.S. Forest Service campgrounds in the Pacific Northwest (Region 6). Five experience levels were analyzed to estimate facility, operation and maintenance, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A cost analysis of U.S. Forest Service campgrounds in the Pacific Northwest Author: Gibbs, Kenneth C., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Van Hees, Willem W. S. A detailed cost analysis was performed on 111 U.S. Forest Service campgrounds in the Pacific Northwest (Region 6). Five experience levels were analyzed to estimate facility, operation and maintenance, and opportunity costs. Cost functions, estimated by multiple linear regression analysis to predict the effect of size (number of sites) and use, should help planners better predict average costs of both existing campgrounds and new developments for each experience level. Total annual costs per campground ranged from $800 (experience level 1) to $65,000 (experience level 5) at a 10-percent interest rate. Costs averaged $1.53 per recreation visitor-day and $886 per site across all experience levels. Title: A cost analysis of U.S. Forest Service campgrounds in the Pacific Northwest Author: Gibbs, Kenneth C., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Van Hees, Willem W. S. A detailed cost analysis was performed on 111 U.S. Forest Service campgrounds in the Pacific Northwest (Region 6). Five experience levels were analyzed to estimate facility, operation and maintenance, and opportunity costs. Cost functions, estimated by multiple linear regression analysis to predict the effect of size (number of sites) and use, should help planners better predict average costs of both existing campgrounds and new developments for each experience level. Total annual costs per campground ranged from $800 (experience level 1) to $65,000 (experience level 5) at a 10-percent interest rate. Costs averaged $1.53 per recreation visitor-day and $886 per site across all experience levels. Close

• 32. [Article] Equations for predicting the height to crown base of six tree species in the central western Willamette Valley of Oregon

  This paper presents equations developed to predict the height to live crown base of six species in the central western Willamette Valley of Oregon. Weighted nonlinear regression was used to fit a separate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Equations for predicting the height to crown base of six tree species in the central western Willamette Valley of Oregon Author: Zumrawi, Abdel Azim M. A., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hann, David W. This paper presents equations developed to predict the height to live crown base of six species in the central western Willamette Valley of Oregon. Weighted nonlinear regression was used to fit a separate logistic equation for each species. The predictor variables are total tree height, crown competition factor in trees with larger diameter at breast height than the subject tree, stand basal area, and diameter-height ratio. The equations will be used in two ways: 1) to estimate crown ratio on trees for which that measurement is missing, and 2) to simulate crown change in a single-tree/distance-independent growth and yield model. Application of these equations will be most reliable in stands that are free from thinning effect. Title: Equations for predicting the height to crown base of six tree species in the central western Willamette Valley of Oregon Author: Zumrawi, Abdel Azim M. A., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hann, David W. This paper presents equations developed to predict the height to live crown base of six species in the central western Willamette Valley of Oregon. Weighted nonlinear regression was used to fit a separate logistic equation for each species. The predictor variables are total tree height, crown competition factor in trees with larger diameter at breast height than the subject tree, stand basal area, and diameter-height ratio. The equations will be used in two ways: 1) to estimate crown ratio on trees for which that measurement is missing, and 2) to simulate crown change in a single-tree/distance-independent growth and yield model. Application of these equations will be most reliable in stands that are free from thinning effect. Close

• 33. [Article] Flexural tests of large glued-laminated beams made from visually graded hem-fir lumber

  Fifteen large glued-laminated beams made from visually graded hem-fir lumber were designed, fabricated, and tested to failure in static bending. When tested, the beams had an average moisture content of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flexural tests of large glued-laminated beams made from visually graded hem-fir lumber Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Johnson, James W. Fifteen large glued-laminated beams made from visually graded hem-fir lumber were designed, fabricated, and tested to failure in static bending. When tested, the beams had an average moisture content of 7.5 percent. The beams were 40 feet long, 5 t/s inches wide and 24 inches deep. Before laminating, individual pieces of lumber were graded by specifications similar to those for the L-grades and the AITC recommendations for face laminations for Douglas fir. Three combinations (designs) were included, with 5 beams in each.Performances of the beams during testing are tabulated and graphed. Guidelines were established for the grades and locations of material needed for different levels of modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). Least values of MOE and MOR obtained from beams of each design were: combination 1, 1,788,000 and 5,350: combination 2, 1,660,000 and 4,580; and combination 3, 1,724,000 and 3,950 psi. Results of the tests will provide a basis for the development of industry laminating specifications for visually graded hem-fir lumber. Title: Flexural tests of large glued-laminated beams made from visually graded hem-fir lumber Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Johnson, James W. Fifteen large glued-laminated beams made from visually graded hem-fir lumber were designed, fabricated, and tested to failure in static bending. When tested, the beams had an average moisture content of 7.5 percent. The beams were 40 feet long, 5 t/s inches wide and 24 inches deep. Before laminating, individual pieces of lumber were graded by specifications similar to those for the L-grades and the AITC recommendations for face laminations for Douglas fir. Three combinations (designs) were included, with 5 beams in each.Performances of the beams during testing are tabulated and graphed. Guidelines were established for the grades and locations of material needed for different levels of modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). Least values of MOE and MOR obtained from beams of each design were: combination 1, 1,788,000 and 5,350: combination 2, 1,660,000 and 4,580; and combination 3, 1,724,000 and 3,950 psi. Results of the tests will provide a basis for the development of industry laminating specifications for visually graded hem-fir lumber. Close

• 34. [Article] Urban owners of forests in western Oregon

  Urbanites who own forest land belong to a larger category of owners often referred to as small woodland owners. As a group, small woodland owners have been the subject of much investigation. Little research, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Urban owners of forests in western Oregon Author: Connaughton, Kent P., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hopkins, Walter S., Downing, Kent. Urbanites who own forest land belong to a larger category of owners often referred to as small woodland owners. As a group, small woodland owners have been the subject of much investigation. Little research, however, has focused specifically on urban-dwelling owners who, as defined by the Census Bureau, live in communities of 2,500 persons or more and, for the most part, work at occupations unrelated to forest land ownership. What are their reasons for owning forest land? How are they using their land now, and what plans do they have for the future? This publication reports findings of a study undertaken to answer these questions. The report gives a profile of characteristics of urban-dwelling owners and their forest ownerships. Sources for names and addresses of these owners are discussed as well as reasons for stratifying ownerships by size class for more effective planning and delivery of programs in forestry education. We hope that personnel in extension and service forestry who work with management problems of small woodland owners will find information in this report helpful in developing programs in educational and technical assistance that better meet needs of their urban clientele. Title: Urban owners of forests in western Oregon Author: Connaughton, Kent P., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hopkins, Walter S., Downing, Kent. Urbanites who own forest land belong to a larger category of owners often referred to as small woodland owners. As a group, small woodland owners have been the subject of much investigation. Little research, however, has focused specifically on urban-dwelling owners who, as defined by the Census Bureau, live in communities of 2,500 persons or more and, for the most part, work at occupations unrelated to forest land ownership. What are their reasons for owning forest land? How are they using their land now, and what plans do they have for the future? This publication reports findings of a study undertaken to answer these questions. The report gives a profile of characteristics of urban-dwelling owners and their forest ownerships. Sources for names and addresses of these owners are discussed as well as reasons for stratifying ownerships by size class for more effective planning and delivery of programs in forestry education. We hope that personnel in extension and service forestry who work with management problems of small woodland owners will find information in this report helpful in developing programs in educational and technical assistance that better meet needs of their urban clientele. Close

• 35. [Article] Regenerating coastal forests in Oregon : an annotated bibliography of selected ecological literature

  This annotated bibliography was compiled to provide a comprehensive list of sources on the ecological factors that affect forest regeneration. Abstracts from 494 publications are indexed by author, species, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regenerating coastal forests in Oregon : an annotated bibliography of selected ecological literature Author: Loucks, Donna M., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Shainsky, Lauri J., Knowe, Steven A. (Steven Alan), 1954-, Pancheco, Alex A. This annotated bibliography was compiled to provide a comprehensive list of sources on the ecological factors that affect forest regeneration. Abstracts from 494 publications are indexed by author, species, and subject, and are arranged into 4 major sections. Topics include the effects of biotic factors, abiotic factors, and stand and site history on vegetation, effects of vegetation on aerial and soil resources, effects of vegetation on stand development, vegetation management, plant succession, and response of vegetation to silvicultural activities and disturbances. The citations are predominately for coastal Douglas-fir occurring west of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington; however, applicable citations for associated conifers, hardwoods, shrubs, and herbs and for Alaska, California, and British Columbia are also included. Citations on forest genetics, seeds, seedling physiology, and insects are not included in the bibliography. Title: Regenerating coastal forests in Oregon : an annotated bibliography of selected ecological literature Author: Loucks, Donna M., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Shainsky, Lauri J., Knowe, Steven A. (Steven Alan), 1954-, Pancheco, Alex A. This annotated bibliography was compiled to provide a comprehensive list of sources on the ecological factors that affect forest regeneration. Abstracts from 494 publications are indexed by author, species, and subject, and are arranged into 4 major sections. Topics include the effects of biotic factors, abiotic factors, and stand and site history on vegetation, effects of vegetation on aerial and soil resources, effects of vegetation on stand development, vegetation management, plant succession, and response of vegetation to silvicultural activities and disturbances. The citations are predominately for coastal Douglas-fir occurring west of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington; however, applicable citations for associated conifers, hardwoods, shrubs, and herbs and for Alaska, California, and British Columbia are also included. Citations on forest genetics, seeds, seedling physiology, and insects are not included in the bibliography. Close

• 36. [Article] Reanalysis of the SMC-ORGANON equations for diameter-growth rate, height-growth rate, and mortality rate of Douglas-fir

  Using existing data from untreated research plots, we developed equations for predicting 5-yr diameter-growth rate (ΔD₅), 5-yr height-growth rate (ΔH₅), and 5-yr mortality rate (PM₅) for Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reanalysis of the SMC-ORGANON equations for diameter-growth rate, height-growth rate, and mortality rate of Douglas-fir Author: Hanus, Mark L., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hann, David W., Marshall, David D. Using existing data from untreated research plots, we developed equations for predicting 5-yr diameter-growth rate (ΔD₅), 5-yr height-growth rate (ΔH₅), and 5-yr mortality rate (PM₅) for Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] in the coastal region of the Pacific Northwest. These equations are revisions of the equations constructed in 1995–1997 for the Stand Management Cooperative's (SMC) version of the ORGANON growth-and-yield model, and they have been developed with substantially larger and more comprehensive data sets than were available in 1995–1997. The new ΔD₅ and ΔH₅ equations were validated with an independent data set. The PM₅ equation was evaluated by comparing 100-yr predictions of Reineke's (1933) stand density index to behavior previously reported from measurements taken on long-term research plots. The new ΔD₅, ΔH₅, and PM₅ equations appear to be considerably superior in predictive ability and behavior to the original equations. The effects of the new equations on stand-level predictions were evaluated by comparing the maximum mean annual increments (MAI) in total stem volume (ft³) and associated rotation ages (RA) predicted from the original SMC-ORGANON model to predictions from the revised SMC-ORGANON model. This analysis was done by making 100-yr projections using 170 plots in young stands from the SMC data sets. Some of the ending values for average crown ratio (CR) after 100 yr of projection were near 15%, however, and predictions of basal area (BA) for some of these stands peaked and then declined over stand age. Substituting the HCB equation published by Hann and Hanus in 2004 for predicting crown recession (ΔHCB₅) eliminated the problem with BA peaking over stand age and resulted in somewhat larger average ending CRs. The 100-yr projections were then made again with the 2004 HCB equation of Hann and Hanus. On average, the revised model reduced RA by 2.1 yr (or 4.3%) and maximum MAI by 55.7 ft³/ac/yr (18.9%). Title: Reanalysis of the SMC-ORGANON equations for diameter-growth rate, height-growth rate, and mortality rate of Douglas-fir Author: Hanus, Mark L., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hann, David W., Marshall, David D. Using existing data from untreated research plots, we developed equations for predicting 5-yr diameter-growth rate (ΔD₅), 5-yr height-growth rate (ΔH₅), and 5-yr mortality rate (PM₅) for Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] in the coastal region of the Pacific Northwest. These equations are revisions of the equations constructed in 1995–1997 for the Stand Management Cooperative's (SMC) version of the ORGANON growth-and-yield model, and they have been developed with substantially larger and more comprehensive data sets than were available in 1995–1997. The new ΔD₅ and ΔH₅ equations were validated with an independent data set. The PM₅ equation was evaluated by comparing 100-yr predictions of Reineke's (1933) stand density index to behavior previously reported from measurements taken on long-term research plots. The new ΔD₅, ΔH₅, and PM₅ equations appear to be considerably superior in predictive ability and behavior to the original equations. The effects of the new equations on stand-level predictions were evaluated by comparing the maximum mean annual increments (MAI) in total stem volume (ft³) and associated rotation ages (RA) predicted from the original SMC-ORGANON model to predictions from the revised SMC-ORGANON model. This analysis was done by making 100-yr projections using 170 plots in young stands from the SMC data sets. Some of the ending values for average crown ratio (CR) after 100 yr of projection were near 15%, however, and predictions of basal area (BA) for some of these stands peaked and then declined over stand age. Substituting the HCB equation published by Hann and Hanus in 2004 for predicting crown recession (ΔHCB₅) eliminated the problem with BA peaking over stand age and resulted in somewhat larger average ending CRs. The 100-yr projections were then made again with the 2004 HCB equation of Hann and Hanus. On average, the revised model reduced RA by 2.1 yr (or 4.3%) and maximum MAI by 55.7 ft³/ac/yr (18.9%). Close

• 37. [Article] Economic guidelines to reforestation for different ownerships : a case study for the coast range of western Oregon

  Some of the world's most productive timberland lies on the slopes of the coastal range in Oregon and Washington. More than one-half of the commercial forest land in that area is estimated as high site ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic guidelines to reforestation for different ownerships : a case study for the coast range of western Oregon Author: Beuter, John H., Handy, Jeffrey King, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Some of the world's most productive timberland lies on the slopes of the coastal range in Oregon and Washington. More than one-half of the commercial forest land in that area is estimated as high site quality for Douglas-fir, with a site index of 140 or better. But much of this land is not so well forested as it could be. A study of costs of reforestation was made with partial support by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Background An analysis of survey data and interviews of the U.S. Forest Service with forest land managers in 1972 revealed that about one-fourth of the high-site-quality land needs major reforestation or rehabilitation work, or both, to establish commercial softwoods (Beuter and Handy, Unpublished. 1972). The major problems to overcome in reforestation are brush, undesirable hardwood species, and animal damage to softwood seedlings. These interviews also revealed a variety of practices undertaken by forest land managers to reforest high-site-quality lands. Chemical and mechanical means, as well as fire, are used to rid sites of undesirable species. Chemical repellents and protective barriers are used to protect seedlings from animal damage. These practices are successful in varying degrees, but they are consistent in one aspect: they are expensive compared to reforestation costs on sites without problems. Costs for site preparation, planting, and seedling protection ranged from about $100 to over $400 per acre. These costs were based on one attempt at reforestation. Often, first efforts failed, and the land managers had to decide whether to abandon the reforestation effort or try again and face the same uncertainty as before. Many of them had no guidelines of how much they could or would be willing to spend to reforest their lands. Responses ranged from, "We'll spend whatever it takes," to some specific dollar limit the land manager had determined, either analytically or arbitrarily. That some economic guidelines for reforestation would be useful was evident. Objectives in Developing the Guidelines The primary audience for these guidelines is the forest land manager. Results, however, also should be useful for others in timber business analysis and forest economics research. The objective sought in developing guidelines is to answer the question: "Given a particular forest land ownership situation, what can the forest manager afford to spend to reforest the land?" Results are not prescriptions of what a land manager should do. They are only guidelines of what he can do if he identifies with the situation described. The key to usefulness of the guidelines is the ownership situation. A representative range of several variables is used to define ownership situations. Title: Economic guidelines to reforestation for different ownerships : a case study for the coast range of western Oregon Author: Beuter, John H., Handy, Jeffrey King, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Some of the world's most productive timberland lies on the slopes of the coastal range in Oregon and Washington. More than one-half of the commercial forest land in that area is estimated as high site quality for Douglas-fir, with a site index of 140 or better. But much of this land is not so well forested as it could be. A study of costs of reforestation was made with partial support by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Background An analysis of survey data and interviews of the U.S. Forest Service with forest land managers in 1972 revealed that about one-fourth of the high-site-quality land needs major reforestation or rehabilitation work, or both, to establish commercial softwoods (Beuter and Handy, Unpublished. 1972). The major problems to overcome in reforestation are brush, undesirable hardwood species, and animal damage to softwood seedlings. These interviews also revealed a variety of practices undertaken by forest land managers to reforest high-site-quality lands. Chemical and mechanical means, as well as fire, are used to rid sites of undesirable species. Chemical repellents and protective barriers are used to protect seedlings from animal damage. These practices are successful in varying degrees, but they are consistent in one aspect: they are expensive compared to reforestation costs on sites without problems. Costs for site preparation, planting, and seedling protection ranged from about $100 to over $400 per acre. These costs were based on one attempt at reforestation. Often, first efforts failed, and the land managers had to decide whether to abandon the reforestation effort or try again and face the same uncertainty as before. Many of them had no guidelines of how much they could or would be willing to spend to reforest their lands. Responses ranged from, "We'll spend whatever it takes," to some specific dollar limit the land manager had determined, either analytically or arbitrarily. That some economic guidelines for reforestation would be useful was evident. Objectives in Developing the Guidelines The primary audience for these guidelines is the forest land manager. Results, however, also should be useful for others in timber business analysis and forest economics research. The objective sought in developing guidelines is to answer the question: "Given a particular forest land ownership situation, what can the forest manager afford to spend to reforest the land?" Results are not prescriptions of what a land manager should do. They are only guidelines of what he can do if he identifies with the situation described. The key to usefulness of the guidelines is the ownership situation. A representative range of several variables is used to define ownership situations. Close

• 38. [Article] Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon

  Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon Author: Latta, Gregory S., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Adams, Darius Mainard, 1944- Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced growth. Over the same time period, harvest rates on private lands have varied, with no distinct trend to the variation. In the most recent survey (1999), industrial and NIPF inventories differed by less than 8% (1.786 billion ft³ versus 1.655 billion ft³), while the NIPF timberland base was only two-thirds of the industrial base (1.105 million ac versus 1.603 million ac). This study employs recent inventories and even-flow and market-based harvest simulators to develop projections of future harvest potentials. For industrial lands, even-flow and market-based projections of future harvest potential over the next 50 yr are approximately half of average harvests over the past 40 yr. For NIPF lands the even-flow projection is 20% higher than the historical harvest average, while the market-based projection indicates potential for a substantial but short-lived increase in near-term harvest. Inventories on industrial lands rise under both projections, while NIPF inventories remain fairly stable. Continued loss of land from NIPF ownerships to other owners and uses has limited influence on the market-based NIPF harvest projection until after 2050. A simulated policy of expanded riparian protection zones reduces harvest on both ownerships roughly in proportion to the area removed from the harvestable land base. A simulated requirement to retain 30% more residual volume in partially cut stands reduces harvest by 5% on combined private ownerships and increases total inventory by 13% after 50 yr. Title: Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon Author: Latta, Gregory S., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Adams, Darius Mainard, 1944- Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced growth. Over the same time period, harvest rates on private lands have varied, with no distinct trend to the variation. In the most recent survey (1999), industrial and NIPF inventories differed by less than 8% (1.786 billion ft³ versus 1.655 billion ft³), while the NIPF timberland base was only two-thirds of the industrial base (1.105 million ac versus 1.603 million ac). This study employs recent inventories and even-flow and market-based harvest simulators to develop projections of future harvest potentials. For industrial lands, even-flow and market-based projections of future harvest potential over the next 50 yr are approximately half of average harvests over the past 40 yr. For NIPF lands the even-flow projection is 20% higher than the historical harvest average, while the market-based projection indicates potential for a substantial but short-lived increase in near-term harvest. Inventories on industrial lands rise under both projections, while NIPF inventories remain fairly stable. Continued loss of land from NIPF ownerships to other owners and uses has limited influence on the market-based NIPF harvest projection until after 2050. A simulated policy of expanded riparian protection zones reduces harvest on both ownerships roughly in proportion to the area removed from the harvestable land base. A simulated requirement to retain 30% more residual volume in partially cut stands reduces harvest by 5% on combined private ownerships and increases total inventory by 13% after 50 yr. Close

• 39. [Article] Timber harvest projections for private land in western Oregon

  In this analysis, volume-flow and market-based models of the western Oregon timber sector are developed. The volume-flow model finds the maximum, long-term, even-flow level of cut for each ownership (industry ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Timber harvest projections for private land in western Oregon Author: Van Nalts, Adrienne, Latta, Gregory S., Schillinger, Randall R., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Adams, Darius Mainard, 1944- In this analysis, volume-flow and market-based models of the western Oregon timber sector are developed. The volume-flow model finds the maximum, long-term, even-flow level of cut for each ownership (industry and non-industrial private forest). The market model simulates the interaction of log demand and timber owner supply to find the market balancing harvest quantity and log price. In both models, owner decisions on the intensity of timber management (silviculture) are made within the models consistent with owner objectives (volume or wealth maximization). Model projections suggest that western Oregon forest industry owners could sustain cut at recent (1995–1999) levels, stemming the 40-yr declining trend in their harvest. Nonindustrial private forest owners could raise harvests to near historical peak levels. These harvests could be maintained over the next five decades with no reduction in the growing stock inventory. Management would continue to shift toward the more intensive forms on both ownerships. The average age of the inventory would decline over the projection. Simulated riparian protection policies lower harvest roughly in proportion to the land base reduction and raise log prices. A policy to increase the minimum age of clearcut harvests would lead to large near-term reductions in industrial harvest but less marked reductions on NIPF lands. Prices would rise sharply in the near term. Over the longer term, the policy would act to expand inventory, raising harvest, and to depress prices. Title: Timber harvest projections for private land in western Oregon Author: Van Nalts, Adrienne, Latta, Gregory S., Schillinger, Randall R., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Adams, Darius Mainard, 1944- In this analysis, volume-flow and market-based models of the western Oregon timber sector are developed. The volume-flow model finds the maximum, long-term, even-flow level of cut for each ownership (industry and non-industrial private forest). The market model simulates the interaction of log demand and timber owner supply to find the market balancing harvest quantity and log price. In both models, owner decisions on the intensity of timber management (silviculture) are made within the models consistent with owner objectives (volume or wealth maximization). Model projections suggest that western Oregon forest industry owners could sustain cut at recent (1995–1999) levels, stemming the 40-yr declining trend in their harvest. Nonindustrial private forest owners could raise harvests to near historical peak levels. These harvests could be maintained over the next five decades with no reduction in the growing stock inventory. Management would continue to shift toward the more intensive forms on both ownerships. The average age of the inventory would decline over the projection. Simulated riparian protection policies lower harvest roughly in proportion to the land base reduction and raise log prices. A policy to increase the minimum age of clearcut harvests would lead to large near-term reductions in industrial harvest but less marked reductions on NIPF lands. Prices would rise sharply in the near term. Over the longer term, the policy would act to expand inventory, raising harvest, and to depress prices. Close

• 40. [Article] Snow damage to young Western hemlock and Douglas-fir

  Data collected from permanent sample plots at medium and high elevations in Oregon's coastal forest clearly indicate that snow damage adversely influences stand development. Sapling stands of western hemlock ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Snow damage to young Western hemlock and Douglas-fir Author: Kangur, Rudolf, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Data collected from permanent sample plots at medium and high elevations in Oregon's coastal forest clearly indicate that snow damage adversely influences stand development. Sapling stands of western hemlock and Douglas-fir were subjected to severe snow damage above 1,000 feet in the early parts of 1965 and 1966 and above 2,500 feet in the winter of 1968-69. These data were collected from thirty-two 1/10-acre plots in four locations in western Oregon. The plots, thinned and unthinned, were in site-quality classes III and IV. Damage varied among the locations and also among the plots in each location. The percentage of damaged trees ranged from 0 to 77.9. Damage was considered severe when 30 percent of the trees were injured in stands spaced about 4 by 4 feet, equivalent to about 2,700 trees per acre before the snowfall. The study showed that: Trees growing openly at seedling and early sapling stages offered more resistance to snow injuries than trees in densely stocked stands. Sapling stands 21 years old, thinned 2 years before the snowfall, had more damage than an adjacent unthinned stand. Extremely heavy snowfall caused severe damage in a dense, unthinned stand, hut damage in an adjacent stand thinned 6 years before the snowfall was very light. The percentage of damaged trees in sapling stands decreased with increase of tree diameter. In mixed stands of saplings, Douglas-fir trees were more susceptible to snow injuries than western hemlock. Early, heavy thinning is recommended to avoid damage from snow. Title: Snow damage to young Western hemlock and Douglas-fir Author: Kangur, Rudolf, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Data collected from permanent sample plots at medium and high elevations in Oregon's coastal forest clearly indicate that snow damage adversely influences stand development. Sapling stands of western hemlock and Douglas-fir were subjected to severe snow damage above 1,000 feet in the early parts of 1965 and 1966 and above 2,500 feet in the winter of 1968-69. These data were collected from thirty-two 1/10-acre plots in four locations in western Oregon. The plots, thinned and unthinned, were in site-quality classes III and IV. Damage varied among the locations and also among the plots in each location. The percentage of damaged trees ranged from 0 to 77.9. Damage was considered severe when 30 percent of the trees were injured in stands spaced about 4 by 4 feet, equivalent to about 2,700 trees per acre before the snowfall. The study showed that: Trees growing openly at seedling and early sapling stages offered more resistance to snow injuries than trees in densely stocked stands. Sapling stands 21 years old, thinned 2 years before the snowfall, had more damage than an adjacent unthinned stand. Extremely heavy snowfall caused severe damage in a dense, unthinned stand, hut damage in an adjacent stand thinned 6 years before the snowfall was very light. The percentage of damaged trees in sapling stands decreased with increase of tree diameter. In mixed stands of saplings, Douglas-fir trees were more susceptible to snow injuries than western hemlock. Early, heavy thinning is recommended to avoid damage from snow. Close