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• 1. [Article] Accessibility, Income, and Person Trip Generation: Multilevel Model of Activity at Food Retail Establishments in Portland, Oregon

  In the past decade, the methods for estimating multimodal transportation impacts of urban land use development have improved substantially. One assumption commonly made in these new methods is that overall ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Accessibility, Income, and Person Trip Generation: Multilevel Model of Activity at Food Retail Establishments in Portland, Oregon Author: Currans, Kristina Marie, Clifton, Kelly Year: 2017 In the past decade, the methods for estimating multimodal transportation impacts of urban land use development have improved substantially. One assumption commonly made in these new methods is that overall person-trip rates at similarly-sized establishments of the same land use do not vary across a region. This is an assumption of convenience to permit the adjustment of ITE Trip Generation vehicle trip rates for use in different urban environments. However, this assumption is inconsistent with theories of urban economics, which recognize that businesses pay a premium to locate in areas with high levels of accessibility to attract more customers. In addition, most transportation impact analyses have ignored income effects, even though socio-economics are a proven driver of travel behavior. To test this assumption and understand the effects of accessibility and income on levels of activity at the establishment level, we examine transaction counts for 97 grocery and convenience markets in Portland, Oregon. In a multilevel negative binomial regression, we test the relationship of regional accessibility, local accessibility, and income on weekly and daily transaction rates. While there was not enough evidence to suggest a significant relationship between accessibility and transaction rates, the results indicated a significant relationship with median income of the surrounding area. The implications point to the need to consider area-wide socio-demographics in site-level transportation impact analysis. The study also provides some important discussion about the use of transaction as a proxy for person-trip rates. Title: Accessibility, Income, and Person Trip Generation: Multilevel Model of Activity at Food Retail Establishments in Portland, Oregon Author: Currans, Kristina Marie, Clifton, Kelly Year: 2017 In the past decade, the methods for estimating multimodal transportation impacts of urban land use development have improved substantially. One assumption commonly made in these new methods is that overall person-trip rates at similarly-sized establishments of the same land use do not vary across a region. This is an assumption of convenience to permit the adjustment of ITE Trip Generation vehicle trip rates for use in different urban environments. However, this assumption is inconsistent with theories of urban economics, which recognize that businesses pay a premium to locate in areas with high levels of accessibility to attract more customers. In addition, most transportation impact analyses have ignored income effects, even though socio-economics are a proven driver of travel behavior. To test this assumption and understand the effects of accessibility and income on levels of activity at the establishment level, we examine transaction counts for 97 grocery and convenience markets in Portland, Oregon. In a multilevel negative binomial regression, we test the relationship of regional accessibility, local accessibility, and income on weekly and daily transaction rates. While there was not enough evidence to suggest a significant relationship between accessibility and transaction rates, the results indicated a significant relationship with median income of the surrounding area. The implications point to the need to consider area-wide socio-demographics in site-level transportation impact analysis. The study also provides some important discussion about the use of transaction as a proxy for person-trip rates. Close

• 2. [Article] Development of a Pedestrian Demand Estimation Tool

  Most research on walking behavior has focused on mode choice or walk-trip frequency. In contrast, this study is one of the first to analyze the destination choice behaviors of pedestrians. Using about ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a Pedestrian Demand Estimation Tool Author: Clifton, Kelly, Singleton, Patrick Allen, Muhs, Christopher D., Schneider, Robert J. Year: 2015 Most research on walking behavior has focused on mode choice or walk-trip frequency. In contrast, this study is one of the first to analyze the destination choice behaviors of pedestrians. Using about 4,500 walk trips from a 2011 household travel survey in the Portland, OR, region, we estimated multinomial logit pedestrian destination choice models for six trip purposes. Independent variables included terms for impedance (walk-trip distance); size (employment by type, households); supportive pedestrian environments (parks, a pedestrian index of the environment variable called PIE); barriers to walking (terrain, industrial-type employment); and traveler characteristics. Unique to this study was the use of small-scale destination zone alternatives. Distance was a significant deterrent to pedestrian destination choice, and people in carless or childless households were less sensitive to distance for some purposes. Employment (especially retail) was a strong attractor: doubling the number of jobs nearly doubled the odds of choosing a destination for home-based shopping walk trips. More attractive pedestrian environments were also positively associated with pedestrian destination choice after controlling for other factors. These results shed light on determinants of pedestrian destination choice behavior, and sensitivities in the models highlight potential policy-levers to increase walking activity. In addition, the destination choice models can be used in regional travel demand models or as pedestrian planning tools to evaluate land use and transportation policy and investment scenarios. Title: Development of a Pedestrian Demand Estimation Tool Author: Clifton, Kelly, Singleton, Patrick Allen, Muhs, Christopher D., Schneider, Robert J. Year: 2015 Most research on walking behavior has focused on mode choice or walk-trip frequency. In contrast, this study is one of the first to analyze the destination choice behaviors of pedestrians. Using about 4,500 walk trips from a 2011 household travel survey in the Portland, OR, region, we estimated multinomial logit pedestrian destination choice models for six trip purposes. Independent variables included terms for impedance (walk-trip distance); size (employment by type, households); supportive pedestrian environments (parks, a pedestrian index of the environment variable called PIE); barriers to walking (terrain, industrial-type employment); and traveler characteristics. Unique to this study was the use of small-scale destination zone alternatives. Distance was a significant deterrent to pedestrian destination choice, and people in carless or childless households were less sensitive to distance for some purposes. Employment (especially retail) was a strong attractor: doubling the number of jobs nearly doubled the odds of choosing a destination for home-based shopping walk trips. More attractive pedestrian environments were also positively associated with pedestrian destination choice after controlling for other factors. These results shed light on determinants of pedestrian destination choice behavior, and sensitivities in the models highlight potential policy-levers to increase walking activity. In addition, the destination choice models can be used in regional travel demand models or as pedestrian planning tools to evaluate land use and transportation policy and investment scenarios. Close